angielski1

Phonemic symbols

The symbols in this chart represent the sounds used in standard British English and some of the most common variations in American English. We have used the symbols in the Teaching notes to help clarify pronunciation points dealt with in the lesson. We have not included them in the Students' Book, because we feel it is not always easy or practical to teach them on a short course or a course involving continuous enrolment.

However, you may find it useful to introduce certain symbols to students to help them with their individual pronunciation needs. If you do. we would recommend that you:

•    only teach a few symbols at a time - little and often;

•    get students to practise the sounds. but do not aim for perfection -a comprehensible approximation is good enough;

•    relate the symbols to words which students already know.

The example words here are all taken from the Longman defining vocabulary of 2,000 words used in The Longman Active Study Dictionary and The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.

Consonants		Vowels
P	pen; paper	i	it; sister
b	boy; table	e	egg; said
t	to; sit	ae	at; have
d	do; madę	D	on; dog (UK)
k	car; make	o:	on; dog (US)
9	go; big	A	up; mother
f	four; wife	U	put; book
V	very; live	3	address; brother
0	think; tooth	i:	easy; she
6	this; other	a:	art; father
s	say; bus	o:	all; door
z	zero; has	u:	boot; shoe
/	shop; wash	3:	early; work
3 h	television; pleasure have; ahead	Diphthongs
tf	cheese; watch	ei	able; wait
dl	job; bridge	ai	1; buy
m	man; come	DI	toy; noise
n	name; ten •	3U	over; go (UK)
0	thing; singer	ou	over; go (US)
w	water; flower	au	out; town
I	late; yellow	13	ear; here
r	run; carry	ea	air; there (UK)
j	yes; you	03	surę; poor