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Ctuetzalcoatl

This carved stone head is of Quetzalcoatl_; a Mesoamerican god of naturę whose name means “feathered serpent.”

Wall paintings

Frescoes and paintings discovered at Teotihuacan include images of people, gods, and animals such as coyotes and jaguars.

Burial masks

The people of Teotihuacan covered the faces of their dead with burial masks, such as this one madę of turguoise and coral.

Ancient warfare |T|\ Wars, fought for control of water w and trade, were frequent between the early city-states of Mesopotamia.

C!\ Light, highly mobile two-wheeled / war chariots were in use by 1 700 BCE.

|T!VThe composite bow—a short >1!' bow that would bend without breaking—spread to the Middle East from Central Asia.

1“?!^ Iron swords came into use

in c.1000 bce. They had a sharper edge than bronze swords and were cheaper to produce.

jt|\ The first crossbows were in use in V China c.500 bce.

|J|VThe Greeks fought on foot with long spears. They charged the enemy in tight formations, called phalanxes, behind a wali of shields.

The Greeks also fought sea battles **2/ with warships called triremes.

|TJ\The Romans had the first w professional army in the world.

Mohenjo-Daro

From around 2600 bce, the people of the Indus Valley in Asia started building the world's first planned cities. The city of Mohenjo-Daro is the best preserved Indus city. Built on a grid pattem, it had a population of up to 40,000 and contained mud-brick houses, temples, and workshops as well as a centrally heated public -    bath house.

Ul ■ Great Pyramid of Giza (above) Built in Egypt in 2530 bce

02    ■ Hanging Gardens of Babylon Thought to be the pałace gardens of King Nebuchadnezzar II

03    ■ Statuę of Zeus at

Olympia Carved by Greek sculptor Phidias in 435 bce

04    ■ Tempie of Artemis at Ephesus Destroyed by Gothic tribes in 262 ce

05    ■ Mausoleum at

Halicarnassus Marble tomb of King Mausolus

06: Colossus of Rhodes Giant statuę of the Sun god Helios

07 ■ Lighthouse of

Alexandria The second highest building after the pyramids, destroyed 1365 ce

Minoans and Mycenaeans

01: The Minoans, who lived on the island of Crete, were the first European civilization.

02: Their kings built great palaces decorated with wali paintings.

03: The Minoans were skilled sailors and traded throughout the Mediterranean.

04: Many Minoan palaces were damaged by a volcanic eruption that blew apart the neighboring island of Thera in 1626 bce.

05: In 1450 bce, the

Mycenaeans invaded Crete, bringing Minoan civilization to an end.

06: The Mycenaeans were a warrior people from mainland Greece.

07: They lived in fortified palaces and loved gold, hunting, and warfare.

08: Their civilization collapsed c.1200 bce when the eastern Mediterranean was attacked by invaders known as the Sea Peoples

Mycenaean gold death mask

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Early civilizations 270|271

(c) 2011 Dorlini