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The Basques, the Franco Years and Beyond

Autorzy Robert P. Clark

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and early 1970s, it was practiced by the Spanish State. The first death in the struggle between ETA and the Guardia Civil was that of the ETA activist, Javier Echebarrieta. After his death, in June 1968, ETA retaliated with the assassination of Meliton Manzanas, the action that led to the controversial trial of Bur-gos in 1970. The violence escalated from that point onward, with each side attempting to wreak vengeance for the other's actions. But the first step in the terrorist spiral was taken by the Guardia Civil. If I observed any genuine fear among Basques

*Aut)wr's Notc: The lines above were writtcn early in 1979. On July 29, 1979, three bomb blasts ripped through two Madrid railroad stations and the Madrid airport, killing 4 and wounding at least 113. About half an hour before the blast, a person claiming to be a member of ETA telephoned the Spanish National News Agency (EFE) to warn them of the impending explosion. If it turns out that ETA was indeed re-sponsible for this attack, it is the first such indiscriminate attack on civilians launched by the group, at least to my knowledge. If such attacks continue, they would definitely mark a new and morę des-perate phase in the history of the organization.

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The Basques, the Franco Years and Beyond

Autorzy Robert P. Clark guardia civil ETA Wyszukaj

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170    The Basques: The Franco Years and Beyond

during my visit to the Basque country in 1973, it was fear of the

Guardia Civil, not of ETA.

The Spanish Govemment Response to ETA: The "State of Exception"

One of the enduring tests of a political regime is how well it continues to protect fundamental human rights under con-ditions of stress, disorder, and crisis. In Spain, the offirial violence of the police and the Guardia Civil were unleashed during times of sperial stress by means of a juridical device known as the "state of exception." The State of exception is one step short of martial law. It is a temporary abrogation by the government of six rights theoretically preserved and guaran-teed by the Fuero de los Espańoles: freedom of expression, pri-vacy of the mail, assembly and assoriation, habeas corpus, freedom of movement and residence, and freedom from arbi-

trary house arrest.

In moving from a regime of law to one of arbitrary coerdon, the most significant abrogation was that affecting the right of habeas corpus. In Spain, when the right is in effect, persons