skanowanie0021 (22)

children, and that adult classroom learning therefore has to be designed in a different way than how first languages are leamed by children.

Another crucial distinction within the process of teaching and learning rests in the role of perception versus production in early stages of language learning. One school of thought claims that leamers should begin to use the target language actively from the very beginning (e.g. Audio-lingual method, Silent way), while other group of methodologists supports the idea that an initial and prolonged period of reception (listening, reading) should precede any attempts at production (e.g. Natural approach).

Used sources

Candlin, Ch.N. (ed.) 1983. The Communicative Teaching of English. Principles and Exercise Typology. Longman Group Limited.

Richards, I., Platt, J., Weber, H. 1992. Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. Longman.

Asher, J.J. 1977. Learning Another Language Through Actions. Complete Teachers' Guidebook. Pajaro Press.

Silvers, S.M. 1986. The Total Physical Response or Learning Another Language through Actions. A Forum Anthology. Selected Articles from The English Teaching Forum 1979-1983. Washington: USIA, pp 60-62.

Littlewood, W. 1986. Communicative Language Teaching. An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.

Bamet, M.A. 1989. Morę Than Meets the Eye. Foreign Language Reading: Theory and Practice. Prentice Hall Regents.

Brown, H.D. 1987. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Prentice Hall Regents.

Nunan, D. 1991. Language Teaching Methodology. A textbook for teachers. Prentice Hall.

Strauss, H. (ed.) 1984. English for Methodological Purposes 3. Texts for Independent Study. Leipzig.

Chapter three

LANGUAGE TEACHING AND SOME DEYELOPMENTS IN LINGUISTICS

3.1. Background

Over the past hundred years, the developing language Sciences have madę an immense impact on language teaching and learning. Language pedagogy has attempted to absorb the developing linguistic theories into its own language teaching theories. Conseąuently, in morę recent writings on language teaching and in course materials, we can observe the shift from traditional grammar to structural linguistics, then, morę recently, to generative grammar, and in present-day thought, to the rising interest in semantics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, and pragmalinguistics.

3.2. Three approaches

The aim of this chapter is to define three approaches; to show what each approach offers, how the approaches have modified and been modified by each other.

3.2.1, Traditional grammar

Traditional grammar freąuently presented in an abbreviated form asfunctional grammar, is the collection of grammatical explanations and rules that, with many variations and modifications, has been used by foreign language teachers for the past 200 years.

It has its foundations in the 18* century studies of the so-called prescriptive grammarians - scholars who were primarily concemed

43