P1190364

284    Elżbieta Małgorzata Kłosińska

Together w uh those changes, connccted mosl probably wiih somc major popu-lation flow, in the Lublin region appcared metal artclacts of Scythian and Thraco-Scythian pitnenance - therc were mostly elemenis of rider-warrior equipmcnt and comparativcly numerous jewellery. The lattcr is represented only by nail-shaped eamngs of various types. Besides thc earrings known from the literaturę - from Puławy (Wlostowice) (Fig. 2:4-6) (Czubaszek 1980), and from Gródek, commu-ne of Hrubieszów, sile 6 (Fig. 2: 7-9) (Niedźwiedź 1997) - we should also men-tko twclve other ercmplars of jewellery discovercd recently in the Lublin region. Among ihe elements of a horse headstall there are bosses-phalerae found nenr Puławy (Fig. 2:1), in Hrubieszów (Fig. 2:2), and in Gródek, communc of Hrubieszów - Fig. 2: | (Kłosińska 200Ib) - as well as uniquc bosses - bird-shaped parts of a horse headstall (Fig. 2:26.27) from Swaryczów, communc of Komarów-Osada. A similar probably boss was discovercd many years ago in Przewodów, com-munc of Dołhobyczów, and it was recorded in thc literaturę as “a bronze pendant ofashapeofabird-hcadwithacrookedbeak”(Sulimirski 1939(1948]: 77).

The connections of thc Lublin region with the areas inhabited by warlike nomads are also reflected by minor elements of arms and aimour. especially ar-rowheads of \arious types (such as e.g. the spccimcns discovcrcd on the surface ofihe famous cemetery in Kosin, site 3 - Fig. 2:20-22), the number of which hns increased to 33 in the last few years. They were sharpened with whetstones, which were discovered during the excavations carried out in the last few years in Sobi-bor, communc of Włodawa - Fig. 2: 23 (Telepko 1986) - and in Koczów, com-mune of Kamień (Fig. 2:24). An exemplar from Hrebenne, commune of Lubycza Królewska (Fig. 2: 25), was found by accidcnt and had some traces of oxidized bronze ncar the hole. lt should be added that usage of arrowheads of Scythian pro-vcnance is also confirmed by the discovery of bronze cover piąte of a quiver from Bood>r7, commune of Adamów in Roztocze (Koman 1989).

Cettain group of finds seems to prove somc connections of the Lublin region mm the Vekerzug culturc from the Great Hungarian Platę. Undoubtedly to that grotm belong a well preservcd iron battle-axe of the Eger type (Fig, 2: 18) found in Werchrata. commune of Horyniec (Kłosińska 200la), as well as a seriously damaged iron chcekpiece from nearby Hrebenne, communc of Lubycza Królewska (Fig. 2:17). clearly referring to the Vekerzug type cheekpieces (cf. Chochorowski IÓS5: 11$. Fig. 40). Perhaps two bronze bucklcs, part of leather horse headstall. found ncar Hrebenne (Fig. 2:11,12) should be qualified to the group of thc finds of similar provenancc. However. it is difficult to unequivocally determine the origin of a Shon iron sword blade from Slipcze, commune of Hrubieszów (Fig. 2:19). Ihe >word probably had a bronze hilt (some traces of green coating remained). Neverthcless. it is possible that this artcfact was a local product of so-called Trans-ilvanian group. which had some Scythian rcfercnces and developed on thc Mureę in ft^Ul and in the firn half of S* c. BC (Meljukova 1989a: 87, 88, Platę 28: 18).

The review of selectcd artefacts from the younger periods of the Bronze Age and the carly Iron Age introduced abovc clearly shows multidirectional connec-

now of thc Lublin region - not only central Europenn but also distant, Eurasian. «hich took place during thc population influx and establishing cxchange contacts The size and intensity of thcsc phenomena were diversified, what depended on wvetal factors. The distance itself seemed not to be important, because in the era of developing horse-drawn, vehicular and undoubtedly water transpom, both raw naicnals and ready-made products reached distant territories. far from their sour-9 of origin. The developmcnt of exchange was bascd on the laws of the market known from our contemporary experience — wherc an introduced offer requires ccitain equivnlcnt. The zonę of the Umfreld and later the Hallstatt culture circlcs with its deposits of raw materials and designs was for the Lusatian population inhabiting Silesia a much morę attractivc than the Lublin region: in a similar way ihe Nordic zonę and the Volga—Kama centrę was morę attractive for the inhabi-lants of East Halne zonę. Amber was undoubtedly a desirable cquivalent. Never-theless, single bronze products, madę in workshops in Silesia or in the eastem Bahic coast. arrived to the Lublin region. The type of those finds indicates that in thc Bronze Age the inhabitanls of the Lublin region were especially interested in tools. It also seems that the exchange contacts directed in this way had cpisodic naturę, and were realised by single people or minor groups engaged in bronze Processing. We shall also allow a possibility of chain-exchange.

It is possible that the distribution was conducted by wandering craflsmcn, the owners and the only users of blacksmith’s and casting tools (Gediga 1982: 123). who due to their mysterious skills to create products from shapeless ore were people of a great charisma (Kłosińska 2004c: 29). The producers had not only raw materiał and ready-made products intended for exchange, but could also próvtdc service “on the spot”, in the settlements of the Lusatian culture population in the Lublin region, remelting and repairing damaged objeets.

A cjuestion arises. what equivalent the producent received for their scrvice and ready-made products. It musi have been sufficiently \ aluable, corresponding to the valuc of bronze and real purchasing power of a client. There were probably sontc foodstufTs, but undoubtedly they were diffrcult to transport (Dąbrowski 1985: 48). We should also considcr other potential \ aluable goods of those 11 mes I animals and leather, fabric, salt, honey and wax used in mctallurgy. Perhaps women were also an object of exchange.¹

In thc younger period of thc early Iron Age Great Poland and Kuyavta becamc an important distribution centre. U seems that thc local producers of bronze objeets directed exchangc to thc east and south-cast w hen the activity of thc Silesian group of thc Lusatian culture dccreascd. Omamcnts were the only subject of exchangc.

1

There nrc somc premises that women were treated as objeets in thc younger penods of thc Bronze Age at thc temtory ncighbouring to thc Lublin region which was cmbraccd b> thc Wysocko cullurc, smcc somc double gravcs - ofa man and a woman happen to be found at thc ccmctcnea of that culture. whcrc thc woman occurs a* a gravc gift (cf. Bandmskij 2002: 36-37).