37060 P1190353

262 Hal ma fara*

IW2: 52l The western bordcr of their occurrcnce embraccs thc Lublin region (Ikm 1995: 67 -6K). from wbere we know 9 cxemplnrs (Fig. 2). Somc of ihcm wcrc found ai ihc TC sites (Dubeczno. Guciów. Garbatówka Kolonia. Teptiuków, Żctocui) or tbe esrly LC sites (Teptiuków); otbcr wcrc single finds (Puzenki, Hanna). Setting asidc rich religious symbolics of thosc objects and ■king no account H thc materiał used in their production, one can not cxclude, ihat tfco had aa tdenbcal tunction as stone macc-heads (Dąbrowski 2005: 228). k is potubte. that tbe appearance of thc stonc mace-hcads, “hom-shaped spindle whorH~. as welł as many otbcr objects and ideas in thc east-Europcan forcst zonę and IsnMeppe sonę. was causcd by tbe proximity of pastorał tribcs from tbe Pontian ncppcs <Kodko 2002: 72-73). Such neighbourhood - both in prehistory andalMtanc ttmes - was a political and economic threat. Stone macc-heads. md prababły dtctr ciay replicas “hom-shapcd spindle whorls" — appearcd probably tpjgetber with somc looo-cultural pattcms cbaractcristic of pastorał steppe com-■amttea.

Chotes types of products analysed above show that tbe demand for prestigc annbutes belonged to thc most significant carriers in thc process of disscmi-aattaa of cnhural pattcms. However. in thc light of thc archacological sources avatlabłc today, one may judge that m thc discussed zonę disseminating sym-kolie awningi wcrc rarely accompanied by imports of objects - materiał sigm of prestigc Import of ideas was a typical behaviour for thc older stages of tbe Bnaue Agc. but materiał signs of new ideas were produced Iocally if only it |pk.9MdMe. Iraitation of the form and emphasizing their own style through ■■PldHlib - tłiis is how one may generalize thc character of “fashionable" obyccts m their provmcial version. They wcrc spread within the confincs of inner cócalatton. or jometimes an external exchangc took place on the regional level (aeighbonrły exc!tange |.

Teyhaatmm and various borrowings arc registered in the Lublin region, fre-ąpafy n such individual fields as clay vesseis production. The technical and 4HMMkteaonvcrgences betwecn the SC and thc CGC have bccn alrcady mentio-ncd In the TC times, stylistic refcrenccs to the pottery of southem cultures (spiral-• >M>bbed style of e.g. the Otomani culture) arc visible cspecially in the west pat oflbeCułH region (Taras 1995: 69-70,96—97 and Map 5). At thc dcclincofthai cakant we notice in the Sokal Mills thc prescnce of the designs typical oftheupper ffłn—r rspinn and connectcd with the Noua culture (Bagińska. Banusiewicz,Taras 1997 Niedźwiedź. Taras 2003). Whcreas in the early LC pottery from tbe dkp^ŁaMia Mgtoa we notice borrowings from the Gśva culture (Niedźwiedź. Taras 2003) Materiał sigm mdicating dissemination of particular aesthctics indicate tnńcdlimetaoM along whtch technical ideas. philosophy of lifc, religious belieh ndmMow accompanying them were spread.

4 REMARKS ON THE NATURĘ OF EXCHANGE AND ITS OROANISATION

Al we can ice. thc appcarance of the objects of forcign provenance far from of their production, is not always an cffect of an organised nctwork m    Disscmination of such products docs not always prove tradc or

4clmte, Aftcr all, objects migratc with people, who arc forced to change their •easlMcau sc of natural or economic rcasons - e.g. shepherds wandering with njBBjfc migration in scarching for morę convenient plac es, etc. Thcoretical-|palting asidc various individual and group conservative attitudes. the stronger jnian mobilny, the higher possibility of carrying not only one’s own but also for-p products obtained through various contacts, such as: occasional gifts. plun-dir. esdtange in its basie mcaning - a commodity for a commodity, or a commo-AyfbraBhńcc.

In the casc of the Lublin region, nonę of the categories of the objects pro-Aked in icmote workshops in the older stages of the Bronze Age (most or all of major objects madę by cast, and perhaps other) probably can not be interpreted in lerm* of long-distance tradc. They appeared rather as a result of human migration, chain" cxchange (Dąbrowski 1972: 193), for example through mutual. ncigh-b#urly endowtnent during rcligious-social cncountcrs. Thercforc thc circulalion 'f objects lasted longcr. The presencc of “foreign" objects provcs also mdirectly the cxistcncc of miscellaneous relationships and interdependenccs at thc lcvcl of tamiły and community (marriages, allianccs. etc.).

Howevcr, it is possible that somc of thc products or semi-produets wcrc de-liveredby accidcntal wandering craftsmen (Kostrzcwski 1953: 209; Dąbrowski 1971: 192; Robinson, Baczyńska, Polańska 2004: 98 100), as for example by ¹ Ucksnuths wandering from villagc to village. Such a form of wandenng tradc *■* popular for a long timc - in thc mid-20 cent. AD various wandering stallhold-Oł-craftsmcn gave local colour to provincial fairs and market* in somc fiuropcan region*

RECAPITULATION

The population inhabiting ccntral-castem Polami - similurly to thc other region* - protcctcd their domestic market*. The exchangc took place within local market*, and somclimc* within regional markets, e.g. the distribution of flint bi-facial tools or “faience” beads among thc MC and SC population*. Thcre was sonie import of raw materials and commoditic*. howevcr. U was from basicaliy not distnnt markets. The most freąuently it was connected with coppcr or bronze raw materiał and products.

The Lublin region in thc Bronze Age was not embruced by long-distance •xchangę, undcralood a* orgnnised. regular inflow of goods front rcmole regions