93 (97)

180 The Viking Age in Denmark

⁷    E.g. Muller-Wille 1976², 13f.

⁸    Cf. Muller-Wille 1976\ 125f.

⁹    Reallexikon3 (Bomholm II; C.J. Becker).

¹⁰    Muller-Wille 1977.

¹¹    Cf. Muller-Wille 1976¹, Muller-Wille 1976². Main data Br0ndsted 1936.

¹²    Br0ndsted 1936, 106f.

¹³    Cf. the distribution of thc similar graves in northern mid-Sweden, bordering the Uppland central area, map Hyenstrand 1972, 36.

¹⁴    Roesdahl 1977¹, 73f.

¹⁵    E.g. N0rlund 1948 (Trelleborg); Muller-Wille 1976¹, 127f. (with Fig. 54) (Hedeby).

¹⁶    N0rlund 1948, 94, graves 128 and 129 respectivcly.

¹⁷    K. Thorvildsen 1957.

¹⁸    Muller-Wille 1976¹.

¹⁹    Cf. Munksgaard 1974, 163f.

²⁰    Br0ndsted 1936, 143 (S0llested) and 144 (M0llemosegaard).

²¹    Gryderup, Boeslunde parish; National Museum C 24106-12.

²²    Br0ndsted 1936, 56f.; cf. Muller-Wille 1976², 21f.

²³    Muller-Wille 1976², 23f.

²⁴    Respectively Roesdahl 1977¹, graves 2 and 24 (axes) and Ramskou 1976, e.g. graves 1345, 1739 and 2204 (axes).

²⁵    Kroghetal. 1961.

²⁶    Br0ndsted 1936, 106f.

²⁷    Muller-Wille 1976².

²⁸    Br0ndsted 1936, 128f.

²⁹    Br0ndsted 1936, 180f.

³⁰    Br0ndsted 1936, 119 (grave55).

³¹    Cf. Munksgaard 1974, 163f.; also for the following.

³²    Sample Br0ndsted 1936 and Strómberg 1961.

³³    Br0ndstcd 1936, 128f. (Ketting) and Muller-Wille 1976² (Thumby-Biencbck).

³⁴    Skaarup 1976 and Vorting 1972 rcspectively.

³⁵    Br0ndsted 1936, 119 (grave 56); cf. Miiller-Willc 1976², 21 f.

³⁶    Ancr 1952¹ and Steuer 1974, 36 (Kammergrab 5).

³⁷    Ancr 1952* and Muller-Wille 1976¹.

³⁸    K. Thorvildsen 1957.

³⁹    Muller-Wille 1976¹.

⁴⁰    Br0ndsted 1936, 143f. (gravcs 79 and 80).

⁴¹    Br0ndsted 1936, 149f. and Skaarup 1976.

⁴²    Br0ndsted 1936, 88 (grave 8).

⁴³    DR 58.

⁴⁴    Roesdahl 1977¹.

⁴⁵    Br0ndsted 1936, 106f.

⁴⁶    N0rlund 1948.

⁴⁷    Br0ndsted 1936, 181 f.; (body-of-carriage gravc 180).

⁴⁸    Skaarup 1976, 185 no 15, (14too?).

⁴⁹    S. W. Andersen 1977.

⁵⁰    Skaarup 1976, 56f.

⁵¹    Br0ggeretc. 1917-1928; I, 146f. Cf. also several graves at Birka (Arbman 1943).

*² Ibn Fadlan. Birkcland 1954, 17f. Cf. Ibn Rustah (Birkeland 1954, 14f.).

^d3 Vedcl 1889, 143f. (i.a. Lousgaard47).

⁵⁴    Ramskou 1963-5.

⁵⁵    S. W. Andersen 1977.

⁵⁶    At H0jstrup, northemmost Jylland (Br0ndsted 1936, 85f. and Ramskou 1950, 161 f.), tenth-century inhumations, including a carriage-body and two axe graves, in barrows are superseded by cremations. The latter might have bccn considercd slave-burials if it was not for the fact that cremation is the dominant rite of burial in the province. In any casc, northemmost Jylland is a marginal part of the country. Other Jylland ‘secondary’ graves are even less likely ^łslave-burials\

⁵⁷    Data N0rlund 1948.

⁵⁸    N0rlund 1948, 189f. (G. Knudsen).

⁵⁹    Roesdahl 1977¹.

⁶⁰    DR 58 and 91.

⁶¹    Vita Rimberti 18.

⁶²    Thietmar 1. 17.

⁶³    KLNM XIX, col. 13, ‘Traci’ (slavc) (various authors).

⁶⁴    Cf. Lombard 1971.

Chapter 7 SILVER HOARDS AND ECONOMIC SURPLUS

¹    Data in Skovmand 1942 and Hardh 1976, the finds madę before 1942.

²    Sec e.g. Hatz 1974 for a detailed discussion of the factors normally thought to havc produced the picture of find.

³    Cf. Wilson 1968 for England.

⁴    Cf. Randsborg 1974.

⁵    Data from Olrik 1909, 112f.

⁸ Cf. Sawyer 1971, 104f.

⁷    Sawyer 1971,99f.

⁸    Cf. Randsborg 1974.

⁹    Hclbx'k 1977.

¹⁰    Sec Mai mer 1966 for a monograph on this subjcct.

¹¹    Malmcr 1966, 261 f. and 297; cf. Steuer 1974, 42.

¹²    Blindheim 1974, Skaare 1976, 139 and Malmcr 1966, 283.

¹³    Arbman 1939. Data: Arbman 1943 and Malmcr 1966, 278f.

¹⁴    Malmcr 1966, 283 (find 117).

^1,> Malmer 1966, 265 (find 23). The single coin from the Lóddekópinge settlement (Skdnc), Malmcr 1966, 297; cf. Ohlsson 1975-6, is withoutdoubt contemporary with the early cighth- to ninth-century site.

^1,1 Malmer 1966. Also for the following.

¹' Malmer 1966, map PI. 57 (as compared with map PI. 56).

¹⁸    Malmcr 1966, maps PI. 56 and PI. 57.

¹⁹    Żak 1975; cf. Helback 1977 (ryc). Sec also Hcrrmann 1968 for East Germany (DDR) etc.

²⁰    Malmer 1966, 238f.

²¹    Haubcrg 1900. Also for the following.

²²    Skaare 1976.