S5006681

190 PmStm Pointa

deer otanorts of oonanuabon. and n a rtiythm foRowing toe dynamics dl the paralel processes on the neartoy araas popcteted by Cetts, with one łyfcani escepbon That was the wkiespread adaptabon of hand-made pot-tory produoed faloiMng the padems just adopted on the araas of Iw Przeworsk cufiure lwi was developing or ftad ort)’ just dowotopad. R is now bard to ewplam the raasons wby earty Przeworsk portery appearad as an raagraI compcnent of Iw sets of Phase II of the Tyniec group. coraenrporaneousfy orabnostconiemporaneously wRh what happened on the original Przeworsk araas Has reiaies to the fact trat the processes wtiicłi resulted in the creation of a new original pottery style on the araas of the sac cuiture ćteo raman unenpfained. One can only suppose that a major role was ptayed by popu-laaon movements włwch most probabiy took place on PofishsoińthesecondhaRofthe^centuryBC.asso-daled wito the rragrabon of the Bastamae tribe noted in toe souroes R a befiewed that those dcvdopmcnts re-subed in toe CeRs leawrig central Siesa (Woźniak 1970: 1701:1977:283. Dąbrowska 1988:2289). They probabiy found thar reflecfion atso in western Małopolska wtwch e ewdenoed by toe abovemenboned finds of the Jasfort type (Woźniak. Poleska, pasam), tt should be notod at Ras point that it is not only artefacts attesSng deariy to inks anto the Jasfort cURure drdes. but atso an excep-konaRy tetong tracę of cantacts wdh the central German Cetoc-Jasfort contact zonę that come kom that region. They indude a branże knob to decorato beks of the earty so-caied ZkaknopSgurtel type — a find that is excep-tronały rare outstoe central Germany and urigue in that parł of Europę (Fig. 6). One of the etements of those popufaaon mjgrafions may hawe been the Mow to the Tyniec cutture area of a non-CeRć poputabon, represen-tatwes of the Przeworsk cuiture wtwch was orfy deve-loping tren and wtwch adaptad. rafiier quiddy. most of Cetic and hence atso łocal paOems. As a resuft, a hete-rogeneous communiy dewetoped there wtwch. howeyer. was sal doaefy rełated to the CeRic worid.

Another marked change in the setSement and the malaria! culhire of the region under dtscussion took płace at the begmwng of the LTD1b Phase (LT D2a accordrtg to S. Rtockhoff 1995 194 tabie 21) that is during the penod nwnedtolely praoadng the (al of Mandwng and the twgmngi of the youngest horizon of the Czech-Morayjanoppida.RelałBdtofhatstage.andsyochioiwsed wito the decfine of phase A2 or the begwwwngs of A2/A3 of toe younger Pre-ftoman period, can be the eariiesł sets of toe youngest Phase IN. tha youngest phase of toe Mdementi of the Tyniec group. The cuRural transformatom oteenred then constRuted. to a certain extenł, a reftection of gule serious demographic changes mam-

festmg themsehres through the establishment of new, tobustfy devefoping cantras (Kraków Mogka 1. Kraków Kfzestawice 41 — Figs 7-8) and smaUer settlements (Kraków Cio). and the disappearance of some of toe pre-wousty funcboning ones (Kraków Pfoszów 49) Twotong-term settlements continued to develop — in Kraków Wycaąże 5 and Kraków Pleszów 17—20 (Fig. 2) where a cułt compiex was sbH actńre.

Elements of oortbnuabon are also noticeable in the materiał cuiture. Most inventories were stiłl dominated by hand-made pottery of tha Przeworsk cuiture type. In the oidest sets. ofoer style fbrms were stfll present (of the A1-A2 Phases): generaly. however, vessełs madę aocotding to the style patiem of the A3 Phase dominated. and the youngest inventories induded. not infrequendy. forms akeady typical of the Earty Roman period. The pottery of that bne shows elear influences of the La Tene pottery tradition włwch had been noted in the previous horizon as weH.

An essenbał breakthrough occurred in pottery crafts. Even though the manufacture of graphite pottery was continued to a smali scalę, and that of *grey* pottery to a minimum extent, entreły new categories of products dominated — painted pottery (Fig. 4) in the first place, and. next to it, other la ter types of Cełbc wheel-made pottery (kght fired: smooth, rough, storage vessels, in-dudmg the doSun type). The ęxcellent quabty of the products of the woikshops from near Kraków as wefl as the forma! and styfcsbc references indcate that the crafts-men manufacturing them must have come from highly devefoped centres of pottery production then funcSon-ing on areas aiong Midole Danube (Brabsiava, Budapest) and aiso in south-eastem Skwakia that was cłoseły con-nected wRh them. A lot seems to point to the Zemplin centre in particular as the one from wtwch a group of potters anived to set up fheir workshops in the area of Kraków. At leasł two soch workshops can be located within the setttement centre discussed here — in Kraków Krzesławice (Poleska, Tobola 1987.1988.1989) and Kraków Pleszów (Poleska 1996,2000). and the ewstence of another one. in Kraków Mogiła is very probable (Woźniak 2001).

The origin of those late workshops is also mdicated by the fact that in paralel with them. a new category of hand-made pottery, arbitrarily refened to as the so-caRed Puchov-Dadan trend, occurred in the sets of Phase III. It represents mainły post-Cełbc forms. also noted in the Puchov cuiture. but with dear elements of the Daoan pottery tradition (Poleska 2000). It seems most kkeły that fheir occurrence in Małopolska was the resułt of finks to CeRic and Cełbc-Oadan drdes from the area of Middle Danube. most probabiy through the Zemplin centre. That

wouW mean that the mgrabon from that area concemed not only a narrow ordę o( podeń but perhaps a targer poputabon group.

The facts described above retale to elements ot a wider process that ćs re-orientation o> the hkhecto trade firks and retabona. obaeryed from the begmng of the youngest phase and increasing in intensity. pertartng bbede-vetopments taking place south of Potand during the 1" century BC (Wożniak 1990: 79) Tfe oonoams the fal of tha Czech Moravian oppkła. the nagrabon of some of theBoatotheeastthedeyetopmentofcentresonMdde Danube. etc. The contacts with Morayta and Bohemto were reptaced by łinks with MOłe Danube areas via eastem and northem Słowaka through which numerous imports were coming to Malopotska from the eastem and south-eastem AJpine zones and the Cefbc areas lymg farther to the west and later atso the first imports from the empire. H can be suppoeed that the area dbcussed here was probabiy one of the stages of a far-reaching trade route cormecting the coasts of the Adhabc and the Baltic Sea ałong which amber was transported to the south of Europę. Direct ev«dence of the inwokrement of the inhabitants of the setflements under considerabon in that lucrathre trade was prowded by the setttement in Kraków Krzestawice and excepbonały numerous Btfle pieces of ctude amber <fisoovered there (Poleska. Tobola 1988: 12S). That mtermediary accvcy was certardy one of major sources of the afltuence of the community Imng there at the tum of the epochs. łts most tefeng ewidence is their own mini actrwty (mint forms from Kraków Mogiła — Machulska Ledwos. Wożniak 1976: Woźniak 1978; 1981:261). The youngest settlements of the Tyniec group atso prowded a lot of other data aOesbng to a high level of economy and the Sourishing of speciafest crafts. A par-ticular funcbon in that regard was pertormed by the inhabitants of the Krzcsławicc setttement (Rgs 7-8).

A conaderabie role was also sSHplayed by the setttement in Kraków Pleszów 17-20, wih ks quadrangular euft structure with a dach. funcfionmg there befere (Fig. 2). Even though certain new elements (so-cafled basan-shaped structures) were noted in the sphere of cul and ntuais. elements of conbnuation are generaBy ctearer They manifest themsełves in the first place in the sta continued buriai pradices which did not leave traces noticeable during excavabon work.

As aiready menboned. artefacts typćał of akeady the oldest (B1a) stage of the Roman period are found in the youngest comptexes demonstrating features of toe Tyniec group. It should therefore be oonsidered that the cuF tural unit under dłscussion continued basteatty unti the first decades after Christ (the tanes of Hanus). and its dedine occurred morę or less on paralel with the so-

cdted horizon ofcatasbophe on the areas of the Pudtoy cdtore (Reta 1982:162; Wożniak 1986 181:1990:611) neighbouring < to me east The protound changes ob-seived then were noticeable in both the maacrid aktora <above afl, wheet made pottery was abandoned). and the hitherto setttement network. Most of the robusdy dewetoping setflements. both those estabkshed at the beginnmg of Phase IR (Kraków Krzestawice) and the longtorm ones. ceased to fundon. In Kraków Wyciąte 5 no ewidenl traces of habkaton were noted un9 the end oftoe Roman period. In Kraków Pleszów 17-20. dearer remams of setttement of toe Przeworsk albie may be relatod onty to the adranced stages of the earty Roman period. Anyhow. apart from the setttement in Kraków Mogła 1. no daang artefacts have been recorded on any of the remaming tale Tyniec setflements iocated there (or generaly on the area) that couid be relatod wkhout any resenrabons to the period immedetety tJowtag the deappearance of the Tyniec* setttement. The reasons for toat are undear. On can orty suppose that the changes rełabng to the dsappearance of cotnpioces typcai of the Tyniec group were not cormected wkh any catasłrophic event There are no IndcaBons of a viotent damage to or abandonmentofanyoftoeaboromonbonedsetflemerks. tt may therefore be expected that. filce on otoer areas of the lale Cetec cufeire (e_g. GaUer 1995.19966). at toast some of toe inhabiants may have sayed in Star farmer places of readence but for some imkrawwi reasons Ihey remarred outstoe toe manstream of ovcnts tatang ptace then on the neighbouring areas of MatopotsKa (Godśowsid 1985: 84). WMh such an approach. k ś not surprising to see toe presenoe n the Wybąze setttemerk of a reła-twety łatę anetact cfiscowered in the contert of the so-caled treasure of iron toots (Fig. 5:1-6) toat is a hand-made *graphke decorated* bowl modeted on earty Roman gtass cups (Fig. 5: 7) retated to toe deefine of toe B1 Phase or the tum of B1/B2 of toe Roman penod.

It is dear that toe hypothebcaf picture outoned here of the aAural skuation during toe tost years BC. reccn-sbucted on toe bass of arcriaectogtoal sourees irom the microregion of toe Tyniec group wbich is certarty im-portant but smal in ks area. shodd not be automaScaly extended on to toe whole area kawared. On toe con-trary. k seems that parbakarty wito regard to the areas bstween Szreniawa and Nida Rńers a dkferent mytom of dovolopment can be identifi9d (Trzeciedd 1996: Rud-radd 1996). espedalyfrom the orne when the first groups appeared near Kraków whose integral and dominabng component is pottery of the Przeworsk cuiture type (Le. from the begmning of Phase II). The stale of axamina-bon of the eastem Tyniec group tioes not alow for morę comprehenswe compansons. This concems perhaps to