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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................1
Differences Between Tłiis Docuinent and IERS Technical Notę 13 ...........................1
1. CONVENTIONAL CELESTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM .....................................4
Equator ....................................................................................4
Origin of Right Ascension ..................................................................4
Precision and Accuracy.....................................................................5
Availability of the Frame ...................................................................5
2. CONVENTIONAL DYNAMICAL REFERENCE FRAME ....................................8
3. CONVENTIONAL TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM ................................10
Definition .................................................................................10
Realization ................................................................................10
Transformation Parameters of World Coordinate Systems and Datums .....................11
Platę Motion Model .......................................................................13
4. NUMERICAL STANDARDS ................................................................18
5. TRANSFORMATION BETWEEN THE CELESTIAL AND TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS .....20
Coordinate Transformation Referred to the Equinox .......................................20
The IAU 1980 Theory of Nutation.........................................................22
The IERS 1996 Theory of Precession/Nutation ............................................25
The Multipliers of the Fundamcntal Arguments of Nutation Theory ........................32
Conversion to Prograde and Retrograde Nutation Amplitudes ..............................33
Coordinate Transformation Referred to the Nonrotating Origin ............................34
Geodesic Nutation ........................................................................37
6. GEOPOTENTIAI............................................................................40
Effect of Solid Earth Tides ................................................................40
Solid Earth Pole Tide .....................................................................46
Treatment of the Permanent Tide .........................................................47
Effect of the Ocean Tides .................................................................47
7. SITE DISPLACEMENT .....................................................................52
Ocean Loading ............................................................................52
Ocean Loading ............................................................................52
Effects of the Solid Earth Tides ...........................................................56
Displacement due to degree 2 tides ...................................................60
Displacement due to degree 3 tides ...................................................61
Contributions to the transvcrse ......................................................62
Out of phase contributions ...........................................................62
Correction for freąuency .............................................................63
Permanent deformation ..............................................................65
Rotational Deformation Due to Polar Motion ..............................................66
Antenna Deformation .....................................................................67
Atmospheric Loading......................................................................67
Postglacial Rebound ......................................................................69
8. TIDAL VARIATIONS IN THE EARTH’S ROTATION .......................................72
9. TROPOSPHERIC MODEL..................................................................78
Optical Techniąues ........................................................................78
Radio Techniąues .........................................................................78
10. RADIATION PRESSURE REFLECTANCE MODEL.......................................81
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