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Drills:

the aim of a drill is to give students rapid practice in using a structiiral item advantage: any mistakes disadvantage: not very creative

they are mechanical activities used for practicing a specific language item in a controlled way

There are yarious types of drills:

-    repctition drill repetition after the model sentence exacdy the same structnre or intonation; it is completely mechanical and can be done absent-mindedly simple substitution drill - model sentence is given and some otlier word(s) to substitnte in a given place in the model sentence, students are required to substitnte a single item only

yariable substitution drill - both the model sentence and the prompts are given, students are required to carry out desired changes not simply substituting items but also adopt form where necessary

-    progressive substitution drill - teacher gives the model sentence and than prompts wliich need to be used in different parts of the newly formed sentence, tliis requires tliinking and alteration of other words as well.

-    response practice - question - answer activities

-    tranrfprmationa! drUl/ępnvgrsipn - they are used to practice changes, changing affirmative sentences into questions or into negatives, indirect statements into direct, active voice into passive etc.

sentence modifications:

a)    cypansion given a sentence and an additional word, it has to be inserted into the sentence in the proper place

b)    deletion - some elements are deleted from the sentence

c)    completion - completing a sentence