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parliamentary forces. The king (Charles I) was captured and became the first monarch in Europę to be executed (1649) after a formal trial for crimes against his people. The leader of the parliamentary army, Oliver Cromwell, became, Lord Protector of republic with a military government which, after he had brutally crushed resistance in Ireland, effectively encompassed the whole of the British Isles.

- But when Cromwell died, he, his system of government and the puritan ethics that went with it (theatres and others forms of amusement had been banned) had become so unpopular that the son of the executed king was asked to return and take the throne (monarchy restored under Charles II). The Anglican Church was restored, However, the conflict between monarch and Parliament soon reemerged. The monarch James II, tried to give fuli rights to Catholics, and to promote them to government.