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6

5.3.    The stress state and the life of the of a steam turbinę rotor ...    57

5.4.    The determination of the displacements of simple geometrie

elements with a reference stress method ................. 59

5.5.    The damage rotor of a gas turbinę rotor................... 61

6.    THE ANALYSIS OF THE RELIABILITY OF TURBINĘ COMPO-

NENTS................................................. 66

6.1.    The probabilistic anałysis of a blade under bending conditions 66

6.2.    The probability of a damage of a rotor .................... 75

6.3.    The reliability of a rotating unit......................... 82

7.    THE LIFE OF COMPONETNS CONTAINING CRACKS ........ 88

7.1.    The factors characterising a stress condition within a crack area 89

7.2.    Crack ineubation and propagation ....................... 95

7.3.    The reliability of an element with cracks.................. 100

7.4.    The life of a cracked blade.............................. 101

8.    THE VERIFICATION OF A PROBABILITY OF FAILURE USING

N ON-DE STRU CTIVE TESTING............................ 106

8.1. The verification of a probability of damage of a rotor disc ....    106

8.2. The verification of a probability of cracking of an element ....    109

9.    FINAŁ REMARKS AND CONCLUSIONS..................... 111

9.1.    The summary of the thesis contents...................... 111

9.2.    Conclusions.......................................... m

REFERENCES............................................. 114

SUMMARY................................................ 124

INHALTSYERZEICHNIS

Wichtie Formelzeichen.................................... 9

1.    EINLEITUNG ........................................... 11

1.1.    Einfuhrung.......................................... 11

1.2.    Ziel und Bereich der Arbeit............................. 11

2.    DEGENERATIONSPROZESSE IN DER EXPLOATATION DER

THERMISCHEN TURBINBN.............................. 13

2.1.    Arbeitsspiele......................................... 13

2.2.    Degenerationsprozesse ................................ 15

3.    KRITERIEN ZUR BESTIMMUNG DER ARBEITSZEIT DER

MASCHINENELEMENTE IN ZEITSTANDBEANSPRUCHUNG .    18

3.1.    Verlagerungskriterien................................. 18

3.2.    Zerstórungskriterien .................................. 19

3.3.    Bruchkriterien ....................................... 30

4.    PROBABILISTISCHES LEBENSDAUERMODELL ............ 32

4.1.    Deterministisches Lebensdauermodell.................... 33

4.2.    Methoden der Analyse der Kriechprozesse ................ 36

4.3.    Probabilistische Charakteristiken der Eingangsdaten....... 41

4.4.    Zuverlassigkeit eines Bauteils .......................... 41

4.5.    Methoden der probabilistischen Analyse.................. 43

4.6.    Struktur des Modells der Laubensdauerbeurteilung......... 46

5.    ANALYSE SPANNUNGEN, VERFORMUNGEN UND LEBENS-

DAUER VON DRUCKBAUTEILEN UND ROTIERENDEN ELEMENTE ............................................ 47

5.1.    Absperrventil einer Dampfturbine....................... 47

5.2.    Kriechen von Sweissverbingungen....................... 52



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