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TIIE ŚAILENDRAS OF JAVA *7

caption: Kalaśavarapure GandhavatyS Bhagay&n (Foucher 1900: 191 no. 11). This is repeated in the Calcutta manuscript (Al5) on folio 89: KaJaśavarapure Bhagay&n (ibid. 209 no. 13). Foucher (p. 90) opines Ihat the geographic situation of this city is a mystery which these two inscriptions do not permit us to clarify.

The Ratnapariksś of Buddhadatta (Finot 1896: 29) speaks of the rubies of Kalaiapura, of Tumbara, of Simhala, of Muktamafiyas and of Sripumakas. The lesser variety from Kalaiapura can be recognised by the presence of pelliculcs:

Kalaśapur-odbhaya-tumbara-sirtihaladeśottha-muktamaliyah śnpurnakaś ca sadrśS yij&tayah padmar&g&n&rh tus-opasarg&t kaJaśśbhidh&nam.

Kalaśapura or Kalaśa was a famous mart for precious jewels.

Wheatlcy (1961:57) says thal Ko-lo-fu-sha-lo or its shorter form Ko lo are transcriptions of Kalaiapura. The Old Tang Annals transcribe Chia-lo-shc-fo, the Wen-hsien Tung k’ao calls it Ko-lo-she-fen. Their geographic locations are confusing in the Chinese accounls.

Ul. OT HER GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

Suvamadvipa_f Suvarnabhumi is a generał term for the several countries

of South-East Asia with which India carried on trade. There seems to be

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a elear demarcation between Sumatra and Java. Sumatra is known as Snvijaya, Samudra or MahSsamudra, or Southern Seas in Chinese. Ho-ling (also transcribcd K’o-ling) is Java or morę accuratcly a part of Java. Ho-ling transeribes Kćliń or KJiii = Sanskrit Kalińga. Kalińga comprised not only modern Orissa, but also a major part of the coast of Andhra. Kliń were regions or towns where immigrants from India dominated. To this day, areas with population of Indian origin are termed Kliń in Indonesia. According to the New History of Tang (618-906) book 222 part ii: “Kalińga is also called Java", book 197 “Kalińga lics to the east of Sumatra” (Takakusu 1896: xlvii).

I-tsing wrote down short bio-sketches of eminent Chinese monks who visitcd Sumatra, Java, and India in search of Dharma. They took ships to India from Ho-ling which Chavannes (1894:210) defines as a kingdom in the island of Java. Ch’ang-min (* 13, Cha. 42, La. 24) wanted to go on a pilgrimage to India to ofler his homage to the holy relics. From South China, he embarked on a large ship that could carry six to seven hundred persons, destined to sail to Ho-ling. Thence he embarked by Mo-lou-yli (Malayu/Jambi), whcnce he wanted to reach Mid-India. He boarded a cargo vessel carrying hcavy merchandise, which sank due to a sudden typhoon. Thus the route from China to India lay via Ho-ling and Malayu. Ming-yiian (* 21,Cha. 53, La.33) sailed from Chiao-chih, reached Ho-ling, and from