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TIIE ŚAILENDRAS OF JAVA 99

M3ravijayoltuhgavarman in the twenty-first regnal year of Rajendra Cola. The Sailendras had been a naval power and their fleet had raided the coast of Annam as far as Tonkin. The Yang Tikuh inscription of Indravarman I of Campa, dated Saka 721= A.D. 799 rcfers to naval raids by forces coming in ships from Java. The destruction of the Saiva sanctuary by the Javanese navy, indicates ihat they should be the Buddhist Sailendras. The adventure and might of the Javanese navy is elear. The names of Sailendra kings, like Vrra-vairi-mathana, Samaraluńga, Samar2gravira bespeak of their perceptions of power and daring. It is only in the elevenlh century that the Sailendras extcnded their dominion as far as Kedah, though paleographic evidence points to the Sailendras being reslricted to the Kedu plains. Did they annex Srlvijaya ?

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The identity of the two names Srivisaya and Srivijaya cannot be taken for ęranted, as Maravijayootuhgavarman is called Srivisay-fidhipati ^łruler of SrTvisaya* only once, and in five other cases he is simply referred to as

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king of Kataha. SrTvisaya can refer to ⁴⁴ The Prosperous (Sn) kingdom (visaya) ”

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of the Sailendras. The RatnapariksS of Buddhadatta speaks of their Capital as a market for precious jcwels. A Sanskrit scholar of the leaming of the writer of the Charter could not conluse the words visaya and vijaya.

XVI. CONCLUSION

1.    SuvarnadvTpa is a generał term and denotes several places in SE Asia. It refers to affluent goldcn lands and not a Gold-land of gold-rush.

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2.    Sńvijaya and Sailendras are separate political entities.

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3.    Srivijaya is Sumatra, and its rulcrs migrated from Vijayapuri, earlier than the Sailendras. They followcd the Mula-sarvasliviida form of Buddhism.

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4.    Sailendras ruled in Central Java and migrated from Sniailam around the middle of the sixth ccntury. They were adherents of Vajrayftna,

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whose centre was Sriśailam, also known as Srlparvata and Vajraparvata.

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5.    Java of the Sailendras is referred to as Ho-ling by the Chinese.

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6.    Sailendras dominated the economy of Java by their advantageous gcographical position of aceess to China and to India. Other Javanese kingdoms, like that of Mataram, could not compete with them. They had a rcgular mcrchant marinę, so much so that Chinese pilgrims travcllcd in the rcvcrsc direction, from Sumatra to Java, to board ships to India. Sailendra vcssels must have had regular schedulcs of sailing to India.

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7.    The mercantile marinę gavc the Sailendras a powerlul navy recordcd in the inscriptions of Campa.

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8.    The Sailendras were at the hcight of prosperity, which enablcd them