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THE SAJDLENDRAS OF JAVA    69

this area. The earliest refercnce to Kedah is in the Tamil poem Pattinapp&Jai al the beginning of the third century A. D. of the import of goods from KaJagam into the Coja Capital of Puhar (ibid. 279). The Tamil classic SHappSdik&ram, written by Hango Adigal in the third century, meniions silk from Kalagam (= Kedah, ibid. 279). The basement of a fourth century stupa has survived north of Kedah Peak, on the summit of a jungle-clad hill Bukit Choras (ibid. 274). A Sanskrit inscription of the fourth century A. D. from the Welleslcy Province and Iwo verses of the Buddhist credo from Bukit Mćriam in Kedah were discovered by Low in 1849 and they are written in the oldcst form of the Pallava script (ibid. 273). Majority of the migrants came from South India as evidenced by archaeological frnds. The slab of the sailing-mastcr (mahSnavika) Buddhagupta, a resident of Raktamrttika, is inscribcd with a stupa surmounted by a chatrivalf and it bears a Sanskrit prayer for the success of his voyage, in the fiflh-century Pallava script (ibid. 274). By the fifth century Buddhism was established in Malaya, and added to the attraction of Indian merchanls by a familiar cultural environment. In the sixth and sevcnth centurics the ‘ Red Land' came to prominence and even attracted envoys from Chincse court (ibid. 194). Dr. Wales excavated

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the foundalions of ten Saiva temples in Kedah, dating c. 550-750, built by Paliava immigrants (ibid. 197, 274). In A. D. 638, the State of Chia-cha (Kedah) sent an embassy to the Chinese court (ibid. 278). In A. D. 672 I-tsing completed his voyage as far as Kedah, taking advantage of the south-wcsterlies (ibid. 42). A sevenlh century tempie excavated on a spur of the Kedah Peak is a transition bctween South Indian sepulchral shrines and Javanese candis (ibid. 194). Katdha-nagara is famed for its social attraction in the Sanskrit drama KaumudT-mahotsava, dating to the seventh or eighth century. Haribhadra Suri, in his Prakrit work Samar&iccakahS dated to the eighth century, relates voyages from T&mralipti to (Mah9) Kataha-dvlpa. Two MahaySna temples, two audience halls, and five shrines were built on the banks of the Bujang river between 750 and 900 (ibid. 274, 277). A community of Tamils was settlcd on the west coast in the ninth century (ibid. 193). Tenlh century votive tablcts in N3gari script have been found from a Kedah cave (ibid. 193). The Pala manuscript of the Asta-sShasrikS PrajMp&ramitH dated A. D. 1015, represents Lokanatha of the mountain of ValavatT in the Kataha country (katSha - dvTpe valavatl - parvate LokanSthah, Foucher 1900:2. 194, I. 26, 28, PI. IV.4). It must be a refercnce to the Kedah Peak (Gunong Jćrai). In c. 1025 the Coja king Rajendra I conąuered Kadara, and other kingdoms (ibid. 199 f.). The Brhatka thS - mańjarT written by Ksemendra in A. D. 1037 (Keilh 1928:136) refcrs to Kataha-dvTpa (ibid. 280). The Kathś Sarit-S8gara, written by Somadcva during the years A. D. 1063 to 1081 (Keilh 1928:281) refcrs to the island of Kataha. Guhasena is urged by his rclations to go to the country of Kataha for trallicking (Tawney/Penzer 1. 155-6). He was soon in Kataha and began to buy and sell jewels there.