Piotr Lampart

Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery,

Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk

ENERGY WEEK, Brussels, 22-26 March 2010

Sustainable Energy and Efficient Use

of Energy Resources

Biomass / Biogas Cogeneration Systems

transportation

– 150 TWh/yr,

heat

– 250 TWh/yr,

electric energy

– 140 TWh/yr, 2010

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN POLAND

ELECTRIC POWER INSTALLED

35 GW 2010

OPPORTUNITIES FOR POWER GROWTH IN POLAND

modernisation of coal-fired plants – 15-25 GW,

nuclear power

–

5-10 GW,

wind power (land/off shore)

–

5-15 GW,

biomass

-

5-8 GW,

until yr 2030.

Biomass energy sector

 Burning of biomass for heat production.

Also cogeneration of heat and electric energy







 Gasification of green plants, food / agriculture

industry waste, municipal waste, sewage.
Cogeneration of heat and electric energy

1 mln ha of willow 





 primary energy 125 TWh/yr

at growing potential 25 ton/(ha yr), energetic value 18MJ/kg

Final energy: electric - 20 TWh, heat – 90 TWh

1 mln ha of corn 





 primary energy 50 TWh/yr

at fermentation potential 5000 m

3

CH

4

/(ha yr), energetic value 36MJ/m

3

Final energy: electric - 17 TWh, heat – 30 TWh

Fermentation potential of organic waste – over 2 mld m

3

/ yr

BIOGAS STATIONS

OPPORTUNITIES

integrated systems of production of electric energy and heat,

cogeneration displaced to a location of heat demand,

biogas purified, upgraded and supplied to gas network

Source: Host BV

Cogeneration cycle

for piston spark/diesel engine

SMALL SCALE COGENERATION

Good points:

• High efficiency of electric energy production, also for part-load conditions,
• Quick start-up to nominal load,
• Possibility of operation in places located far from transmission lines and as emergency

systems,

• A variety of used fuels,
• Relatively low investment costs.

Good / weak points of gas turbine cogeneration systems:

- long life expectancy,
- low maintanance requirements,
- quick start-up to nominal value,
- efficiency less by a few % than for piston engines,
- relatively high investment costs.

SMALL SCALE COGENERATION

based on gas turbines

Capstone 65 kW

Organic Rankine Cycle Modules

Multi-fuel burner

50°C

Low-boiling

medium

Electric energy

receivers

Heat receivers

Thermal

oil

hot water

Microturbine

ORC

freeze

Generator

90°C

biomass

biogas









Possibility to use low-temperature heat sources,









Possibility to use biomass and biogas,









Possibility to utilise recovery heat,









Modular construction,









Possibility of trigeneration

Advantages

Cogeneration unit with ORC;

E – evaporator, TV – steam turbine, C – condenser, G – generator.

ORC

Electric power 4 kW

Heat capacity 20 kW

For individual customers

For communal energy centres

Electric power 200 kW

Heat capacity 1000 kW

Now: modernisation of heat stations

Future: poligeneration mCHP ORC

biomass

coal

Heat receivers

biomass

heat

electric energy

freeze

Combined cycle cogeneration systems:

piston engine + ORC system (top) ; gas turbine + ORC system (bottom);

electric efficiency production 40-50%

Complex poligeneration system

12

12

Multifuel burner and thermal oil tank

Evaporator

Efficiencies:
electric energy 20%
overall efficiency 80%

Micro CHP station

Heat capacity 30kW
Max temperature 250C
Coil tube 40l

Source: D. Kardaś, E. Ihnatowicz, S. Bykuć

- partial admission, - pressure drop from 16 to 1.8 bar
- 8 000 rev/min, - temperature drop from 150 to 90

o

C

5 – stage axial flow turbine

Source: K. Kosowski

ACTIVE AXIAL

MAGNETIC

BEARING

GAS BEARINGS

+GENERATOR

TURBINE

TURBOGENERATOR (2-stage radial/axial turbine)



radial turbine inertia stress at 50000 rpm



axial turbine inertia stress at 50000 rpm

Source: Z. Kozanecki

ACTIVE MAGNETIC THRUST BEARING TEST RIG

characteristics of the active

magnetic thrust bearing

inertia stresses at 65000 rpm

magnetic flux density at load 200 N

Source: Z. Kozanecki

Energy production systems that draw on
two or more energy sources

Hybrid RES

Examples:

• wind turbine / PV / battery,
• wind turbine / compressor /

compressed air tank / gas turbine,

• wind turbine / PV / diesel engine / battery,
• PV / PEM,
• wind farm / hydro pumped-storage,
• spark engine / electric engine,
• solar panels / ground heat store /

heat pump / air-conditioning,

• solar panels / biomass boiler.

Good points:

- Overcome shortages of single source,
- Guarantee continuous supply,
- Guarantee less fuel consumption and emissions,
- HYRES promote RES.

Source: Ashikaga Inst.Tech.

• Vertical axis
• Counter-rotating drums
• Upwind elements covered.

W I N D

Innovation at IMP PAN – patent application

•

Main interest 1 - 3 kW

•

Customer tailored 10 – 15 kW

Source: P. Doerffer

V

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is

t

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b

in

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H

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iz

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Hybrid systems:

photovoltaic + wind turbine + low-head hydro turbine

+ fuel cells + energy store

Electric energy receivers

WIND

O

2

oxygen

hydrogen

8KW

Energy store

hydrogen + oxygen

Production of H

2

Low-temperature

Fuel cells PEM

Electric power 8 KW

Heat power 3 KW

Wind turbine

Low-head hydro turbine

Compressed air

store

3 KW

Solar air-conditioning

Photovoltaic
moduls

Electric energy

storage and

conversion

Heat receivers

Biogas reactor

High Temperature

Fuel Cell SOFC (800°C)

Biomethane

Heat pump

Ground heat store

Q

used

Q

excess

solar collector – ground heat store –

– heat pump – air conditioning

Advantages:
- storing surplus heat in groung store,
- heat consumed by a ground heat pump;
- consumption of surplus heat by air-conditioning.

HEATING /

CONDITIONING

SYSTEMS

Source: D. Butrymowicz

COP = 0.3÷0.6

90

o

C

35

o

C

10

o

C

95

o

C

Solar air-conditioning at IMPPAN.

Source: D. Butrymowicz