04 Zasoby energii i jej zuzyci Nieznany

background image

=DVRE\HQHUJLLLMHM]X \FLH

=DVRE\LUH]HUZ\HQHUJLLSLHUZRWQHM

=DVRE\ HQHUJHW\F]QH G]LHOL VL  QD RGQDZLDOQH L QLHRGQDZLDOQH Z\ND]

ZD QLHMV]\FK]QLFKSU]HGVWDZLRQRQDU\VXQNX=DVRE\QLHRGQDZLDOQHWRSU]HGH

ZV]\VWNLP SDOLZD NRSDOQH 2ND]XMH VL  H Uy QH ]DVRE\ HQHUJLL PDM  ZVSyOQH

SRFKRG]HQLH

 

  

 ! !"$#

% 

"&' (



)

'R=LHPLGRFLHUDZSRVWDFLSURPLHQLRZDQLDVáRQHF]QHJRVWUXPLH HQHUJLLU] GX

173·10

*

+

W, którego

J VWR üZ\QRVLN:P

,

2NRáRHQHUJLLVáRQHF]QHMMHVW

RGELMDQHMDNRSURPLHQLRZDQLHNUyWNRIDORZHSRFKáDQLDDWPRVIHUDLSRZLHU]FKQLD

=$62%<(1(5*(7<&=1(

RGQDZLDOQH

QLHRGQDZLDOQH

QLHRUJDQLF]QH

RUJDQLF]QH

VWDáH

FLHNáH

URSDQDIWRZD 

JD]RZH

JD]

]LHPQ\

PHWDQ

NRSDOQ\ 



Z JLHO

NDPLHQQ\

EUXQDWQ\

WRUI

áXSNL

ELWXPLF]QH

UR OLQQH

GUHZQR

ROHM

UR OLQQ\

RGSDG\ 

PL QLH

OXG]L

L]ZLHU] W

SURPLHQLR

ZDQLH

VáRQHF]QH

ZLDWU

JHRWHUPLD

ZRG\

O GRZH

PRU]D

LRFHDQ\

Sá\Z\

LIDOH

Uy QLFD

WHPSHUDWX

U\ZDUVWZ

ZRG\

background image

- 

! 









=LHPL U\V   2NRáR  HQHUJLL VáRQHF]QHM MHVW ]X \ZDQH QD SDURZDQLH

NRQZHNFM LRSDG\ZF\NOXK\GURORJLF]Q\P>@

.  

/- 0

1%"$ 23

! 

4! 

56

  7 #



7\ONR  HQHUJLL VáRQHF]QHM GRFLHUDM FHM GR =LHPL SRFKáDQLDM  UR OLQ\ Z

SURFHVLHIRWRV\QWH]\3URFHVWHQMHVWRNUH ODQ\MDNRNRQZHUVMDHQHUJLLVáRQHF]QHMZ

HQHUJL  FKHPLF]Q  ]DZDUW  Z SURGXNFLH IRWRV\QWH]\ NWyU\P V  Z JORZRGDQ\ R

ogó

OQ\PZ]RU]HFKHPLF]Q\P &+

,

2

8



&2

,

+

,

2+K

ν

⇒&

9

+

*

,

2

9

2

,

']L NL SURFHVRZL IRWRV\QWH]\ QD =LHPL PyJá SRZVWDü EDQN HQHUJLL Z SRVWDFL

SDOLZ NRSDOQ\FK VWDá\FK FLHNá\FK L JD]RZ\FK ] NWyUHJR F]HUSLHP\ HQHUJL 

SLHUZRWQ 3RQLHZD SRQDGHQHUJLLSLHUZRWQHM]X \ZDQHMQD ZLHFLHSRFKRG]L]H

VSDODQLD SDOLZ NRSDOQ\FK QDWXUDOQH MHVW ZL F S\WDQLH QD LOH F]DVX W\FK SDOLZ

Z\VWDUF]\"

:5;5<>=

?:@4=&;5ACB-@D=

?FEG.;.@4?IHIJ:@4?

background image

K:LMNOPRQSQT&UV

VV

WQ

W.XY

PZV

Q





:FHOXRNUH OHQLD]DVREyZHQHUJHW\F]Q\FKQLH]E GQHMHVWX FL OHQLHWHUPLQRORJLL

]H Z]JO GyZ KLVWRU\F]Q\FK L HNRQRPLF]Q\FK SRM FLH ]DVREyZ HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK MHVW

ERZLHP Uy QLH UR]XPLDQH 1D U\VXQNX  SRND]DQR MDN RFHQLD VL  ]DVRE\

HQHUJHW\F]QH ]DOH QLH RG VWRSQLD ZLDU\JRGQR FL LFK UR]SR]QDQLD – HNRQRPLF]Q\ L

VXEHNRQRPLF]Q\ R]QDF]DM  RGSRZLHGQLR RSáDFDOQH L QLHRSáDFDOQH GR Z\GRE\FLD Z

LVWQLHM F\FKZDUXQNDFKU\QNRZ\FK>@1DOH \]ZáDV]F]DZ\Uy QLüGZDSRM FLD

¾]DVRE\ SUDZGRSRGREQH (lub krótko ]DVRE\  – FDáNRZLWD LOR ü VXURZFD

UR]SR]QDQD GR XVWDORQHM Já ERNR FL Z VNRUXSLH ]LHPVNLHM EH] Z]JO GX QD LFK

SU]\GDWQR üGRHNVSORDWDFML

¾]DVRE\ SHZQH (lub krócej rezerwy) – WD LOR ü ]DVREyZ NWyUD ZHGáXJ

X]DVDGQLRQHM RFHQ\ PR H VL  QDGDZDü GR HNVSORDWDFML GR SR]\VNDQLD  URGNDPL

E G F\PL UDFMRQDOQ  HNVWUDSRODFM  G]LVLHMV]\FK WHFKQRORJLL Z\GRE\FLD L NRV]Wów

NWyUH

PR QD

ZSU]\V]áR FLX]QDü]DGRSXV]F]DOQH



=$62%<2'.5<7(

=$62%<1,(2'.5<7(

 U]HF]\ZLVWH SUDZGRSRGREQH PR OLZH

Z]QDQ\FK

UHMRQDFK

ZQLH]EDGDQ\FK

UHMRQDFK

[\

] ^

] _

`

a b

^

[





5(=(5:<







c d

e

[\

]

^

] _

`

a b

^

[







=$62%<67:,(5'=21(









35

=<

38

6=

&

=$

/1

(

=$

62

%<





 

7(

2

5

(7

<

&=

1(

=

$

62

%<





5RVQ F\VWRSLH JHRORJLF]QHMSHZQR FL

:

]U

RV

WH

NR

QR

P

LF

]Q

HM

RS

áD

FD

OQ

R

FL



Rys. 4.3. Ocena zasobów energetycznych



0DM FHREHFQLHQDMZL NV]H]QDF]HQLH]DVRE\SDOLZNRSDOQ\FKLUR]V]F]HSLDOQ\FK

XOHJDM  VWRSQLRZHPX Z\F]HUSDQLX : SU]\V]áR FL QD ]QDF]HQLX E G  ]\VNLZDá\

]DVRE\RGQDZLDOQHMHQHUJLLSLHUZRWQHM

background image

- 

! 









=DVRE\LUH]HUZ\HQHUJLLQLHRGQDZLDOQHM

ZLDWRZHUH]HUZ\SDOLZNRSDOQ\FKLXUDQX jako paliwa do reaktorów M GURZ\FK

RFHQLRQRQDRNRáR(- WDE =DVRE\SDOLZNRSDOQ\FKLXUDQXUyZQLH WH

MHV]F]HQLHRGNU\WH V  RFHQLDQH MDNR  GR  UD]\ ZL NV]HRG UH]HUZ %LRU F SRG

XZDJ SR]LRPURF]QHJR]X \FLDHQHUJLLQD ZLHFLH (-ZU>@ V]DFXMHVL 

HUH]HUZ\Z\VWDUF] QDRNRáRODWD]DVRE\QD–ODW>@

6SR UyGSDOLZNRSDOQ\FKQDMOHSLHMV UR]SR]QDQH]áR DZ JOD,FKUR]PLHV]F]HQLH

MHVW QLHUyZQRPLHUQH Z =LHPL L ]Uy QLFRZDQH JHRORJLF]QLH EOLVNR  ]DVREyZ

Z JOD LVWQLHMH Z NUDMDFK E\áHJR =655 86$ L Z &KLQDFK : XSU]\ZLOHMRZDQHM

V\WXDFMLV WHNUDMHNWyUH SRVLDGDM Sá\WNR]DOHJDM FH ]áR D Z JOD 86$ $XVWUDOLD

53$ 5RVMD  FR XáDWZLD L ]PQLHMV]D NRV]W\ MHJR Z\GRE\FLD :LDU\JRGQR ü

RV]DFRZDQLD UH]HUZ Z JOD NDPLHQQHJR MHVW ]QDF]QLH OHSV]D QL  RV]DFRZDQLH

]DVREyZNWyUHRFHQLDVL QD−POGWSX]DOH QLHRG UyGHá>@0QLHMV]H

RUD]JRU]HMXGRNXPHQWRZDQHV UH]HUZ\L]DVRE\Z JODEUXQDWQHJR

5RSD QDIWRZD ]QDMGXMH VL  QLHPDO Z ND GHM F] FL ZLDWD DOH MHM QDMZL NV]H

UH]HUZ\ V  Z NUDMDFK URGNRZHJR :VFKRGX L $IU\NL 3yáQRFQHM RNRáR   D

QDVW SQLHZNUDMDFKE\áHJR=655LZ&KLQDFK RNRáR :(XURSLHQDMZL NV]H

HNVSORDWRZDQH ]áR D URS\ QDIWRZHM ]QDMGXM  VL  SRG GQHP 0RU]D 3yáQRFQHJR

ZLDWRZH UH]HUZ\ URS\ QDIWRZHM RFHQLD VL  QD  POG 0J FR R]QDF]D H SU]\

REHFQ\PSR]LRPLHZ\GRE\FLDZ\VWDUF]\MHMQDODWD WDE 

1DMZL NV]H ]áR D JD]X ]LHPQHJR ]QDMGXM  VL  Z NUDMDFK E\áHJR =655 RNRáR

 ZNUDMDFK URGNRZHJR:VFKRGX RNRáR DSRQDGWRJD]]LHPQ\]QDMGXMH

VL  Z $]ML Z REX F] FLDFK $PHU\NL RUD] Z (XURSLH ]áR D SRG GQHP 0RU]D

3yáQRFQHJR–POGP

f

 ZLDWRZHUH]HUZ\JD]X]LHPQHJR]DSHZQLDM SRNU\FLH

]DSRWU]HERZDQLDWHJRSDOLZDQDODWD>@



g

!h

-

 -"614 4! "$#

% 

!"&' (



)Ii j h

75 

'

 7

.k?l1m no

j h

60 

'

!(

@D



0D! !"#



% 

!"6p (



)

"$"6q

 

"$!"&q

 

A

#

h0!2D

!  

rss

4n

tpunn

//4nnn

A

#

h"&v !(



wr

/sn

/Dwnn

u'nnn

- %  x

(

4

ny

n

u'znn

s'nnn

{

5

!24 

y

/

/s

4rnn

 -nnn

? !"$#

'  

ty



 y

/

s'unn

/4unn

|q"$!

s'unn

z/4nnn



3ROVNLHUH]HUZ\Z JODNDPLHQQHJR RNPOG0J VWDQRZL RNRáR ZLDWRZ\FK

UH]HUZ>@MHJR]DVRE\GRJá ERNR FLPV QDWRPLDVWRFHQLDQHQDPOGWSX

(NVSORDWRZDQH]áR DZ JODNDPLHQQHJR]QDMGXM VL Z]DJá ELDFK*yUQR O VNLP RN

  L Z /XEHOVNLP 3ROVND SRG Z]JO GHP UR]SRznanych zasobów i Z\GRE\FLD

background image

K:LMNOPRQSQT&UV

VV

WQ

W.XY

PZV

Q





]QDMGXMHVL ZSLHUZV]HMG]LHVL WFHNUDMyZHNVSORDWXM F\FKZ JLHOEUXQDWQ\3RNáDG\

Z JODEUXQDWQHJRZ\VW SXM Z URGNRZHMLSyáQRFQR]DFKRGQLHM3ROVFHZ\GRE\ZD

VL JRQDWRPLDVWZNRSDOQLDFK7XURV]yZ%HáFKDWyZ$GDPyZL.RQLQ

:\VW SXM FH Z 3ROVFH ]áR D URS\ QDIWRZHM QD 3U]HGJyU]X .DUSDFNLP Z

URGNRZR]DFKRGQLHM 3ROVFH L X Z\EU]H \ %DáW\NX V  Z\HNVSORDWRZDQH DOER

QLHZLHONLH.UDMRZ\SR]LRPZ\GRE\FLDURS\QDIWRZHMRNRáRW\V0JURF]QLHPD

]QLNRPH]QDF]HQLHGODSRNU\FLD]DSRWU]HERZDQLD WDE 

=QDMGXM FH VL  QD 3RGNDUSDFLX ]áR D JD]X Z\VRNRPHWDQRZHJR V  MX  QD

Z\F]HUSDQLXD]QDF]QH]DVRE\]DD]RWRZDQHJRJD]X]LHPQHJR POGP

f

QD:\ \QLH

:LHONRSROVNLHMQDGDM VL MHG\QLHGRQLHNWyU\FK]DVWRVRZD SU]HP\VáRZ\FK

:\VW SXM FH Z 6XGHWDFK SROVNLH ]áR D XUDQX

,f+

8 VWRVRZDQHJR Z HQHUJHW\FH

M GURZHMMDNRSDOLZR]RVWDá\MX Z\HNVSORDWRZDQH

=DVRE\LUH]HUZ\HQHUJLLRGQDZLDOQHM

: VNDOL JRVSRGDUNL ZLDWRZHM PR QD Z\RGU EQLü WU]\ QDMZD QLHMV]H URG]DMH

RGQDZLDOQ\FK UyGHáHQHUJLL

¾HQHUJL SURPLHQLRZDQLD6áR FD

¾HQHUJL ZQ WU]D=LHPL JHRWHUPDOQ 

¾HQHUJL NLQHW\F]Q LSRWHQFMDOQ PyU]LRFHDQyZ

3RFKáDQLDQDSU]H]=LHPL HQHUJLDSURPLHQLRZDQLD6áR FDVWDQRZL7:·D

FRMHVWVWUXPLHQLHPHQHUJLL]QDF]QLHSU]HNUDF]DM F\PSRWU]HE\HQHUJHW\F]QH ZLDWD

NWyUHQDSU]\NáDGZUZ\QRVLá\RNRáR7:·D'ZDSR]RVWDáH]Z\PLHQLRQ\FK

UyGHáHQHUJLLRGQDZLDOQHMV ]QDF]QLHPQLHMV]HHQHUJLDJHRWHUPDOQDMHVWV]DFRZDQD

QD7:·DDHQHUJLDNLQHW\F]QDSá\ZyZ]D QD7:·DD>@

2FHQLDM F SU]\GDWQR ü GDQHJR W\SX ]DVREyZ HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK QDOH \ EUDü SRG

XZDJ LFKSRWHQFMDáWHFKQLF]Q\F]\OLWHQNWyU\GDVL Z\NRU]\VWDüQDREHFQ\POXE

GDM F\P VL  SU]HZLG]LHü SR]LRPLH WHFKQLNL 3RWHQFMDá WHFKQLF]Q\ ZV]\VWNLFK

RGQDZLDOQ\FK UyGHáHQHUJLL=LHPLRFHQLDVL QD7:·DURF]QLH>@8G]LDá\

SRszczególnych rRdzajów energii odnawialnejZW\PSRWHQFMDOHV QDVW SXM FH>@

¾ELRPDVD 















¾HQHUJLDZRGQD 













¾energia wiatrów 













¾HQHUJLDVáRQHF]QD













¾HQHUJLDJHRWHUPDOQD













¾HQHUJLDPDUHWHUPLF]QD Z\QLNDM FD]Uy QLFWHPSHUDWXU\ZPRU]DFK 

¾HQHUJLDPDUHPRWRU\F]QD HQHUJLDSá\ZyZLSU GyZPRUVNLFK  

1DOH \]D]QDF]\ü HZJRVSRGDUFHSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKNUDMyZXG]LDá\Z\PLHQLRQ\FK

URG]DMyZHQHUJLLRGQDZLDOQHMPRJ E\ü]DVDGQLF]RUy QH

background image

- 

! 









:3ROVFHPR OLZR FLZ\NRU]\VWDQLD]DVREyZHQHUJLLRGQDZLDOQHMQDGX VNDO 

V  RJUDQLF]RQH ]H Z]JO GX QD QLHNRU]\VWQH ZDUXQNL NOLPDW\F]QH L GX H NRV]W\

XU] G]H HQHUJHW\NLQLHNRQZHQFMRQDOQHM WDE 

=DVRE\ZRGQHZ3ROVFHV XERJLHERZLHPU]HNLQDGDM FHVL GRVSL WU]HQLDZRG\

PDM SU]HSá\Z\PDáHLQLHUyZQRPLHUQHU]HNLQL]LQQHQDWRPLDVWQLHPDM ZDrunków

GR VSL WU]DQLD ZRG\ 1LH SR]ZDOD WR EXGRZDü GX \FK HOHNWURZQL ZRGQ\FK L MHVW

SU]\F]\Q  Z\NRU]\VWDQLD ]DOHGZLH – LVWQLHM F\FK ]DVREyZ HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK

U]HNFRVWDQRZLRNRáRPRF\FDáHJRV\VWHPXHQHUJHW\F]QHJR>@5R]PLHV]F]HQLH

]DVRbów wodnoHQHUJHW\F]Q\FKZNUDMXSU]HGVWDZLDVL QDVW SXM FR

¾GRU]HF]H:LVá\ 



¾GRU]HF]H2GU\ 



¾U]HNL3U]\PRU]D



0DáD HQHUJHW\ND ZRGQD Z\NRU]\VWXMH RNRáR  NUDMRZ\FK ]DVREyZ HQHUJLL

ZRGQHM>@

g

!h

-

/  (

! 7

)!!(

7!} 

7 4 ! !"$#

  !'

h



)Ii : h

75~

'

v#3m  !o&

@D



0D! !"#



l!  6(

0 

j (

! 7

)!! (

7!} 

7 

? !"$#

56

 7 

:l

un

? !"$#

p

!(

"

ó



:l

zu

? !"$#

5# (

!"&2Rh



:l

nn

? !"$#

p  

:l

sn

€5

2R 

:l

znn

5!2

:l

su

:DUXQNLGRUR]ZLMDQLDHQHUJHW\NLZLDWURZHMZ3ROVFHQLHQDOH GRQDMOHSV]\FK

Z (XURSLH :LDWU\ Z 3ROVFH V  ]PLHQQH L UHGQLRURF]QD ZDUWR ü SU GNR FL MHVW

QLHZLHOND PVZ]LPLHLPVZOHFLH %LRU FMDNRNU\WHULXP UHGQLRURF]Q 

ZDUWR ü SU GNR FL ZLDWUX  PV SRG]LHORQR 3ROVN  QD UHJLRQ\ SRG Z]JO GHP

SU]\GDWQR FLGODHQHUJHW\NLZLDWURZHM>@

¾UHJLRQ5R]HZLD 





RNRáRF]DVXWUZDQLDZURNX

¾3REU]H H6áRZL VNLHL URGNRZD3ROVND −

¾SR]RVWDáDF] üNUDMX 



–

: 3ROVFH PR QD Z\RGU EQLü F]WHU\ UHJLRQ\ w których warunki klimatyczne

XPR OLZLDM ZL NV]HZ\NRU]\VWDQLHHQHUJLLVáRQHF]QHMSU]H]]DVWRVRZDQLHV\VWHPyZ

] SáDVNLPL NROHNWRUDPL U\V   >@ 3RGVWDZRZ\P NU\WHULXP RSáDFDOQR FL

UR]ZLMDQLD HQHUJHW\NL VáRQHF]QHM MHVW QDW HQLH SURPLHQLRZDQLD FR QDMPQLHM 

:P

,

:\W\F]DM FJUDQLFHUHJLRQyZEUDQRSRGXZDJ ZDUWR üHQHUJLLX]\VNLZDQHM]

MHGQRVWNLSRZLHU]FKQL:\Uy QLRQRF]WHU\UHJLRQ\>@

,−SDVQDGPRUVNLRJUDQLF]RQ\L]RNOLQ N:·K P

,

·rok



,,−ZVFKRGQLDF] ü3ROVNLRGSRáXGQLDRJUDQLF]RQDL]RNOLQ N:·K P

,

·rok



,,,−SR]RVWDáDF] ü3ROVNLRGSRáXGQLDRJUDQLF]RQDL]RNOLQ N:·K P

,

·rok



,9−SRáXGQLRZDF] ü3ROVNLRJUDQLF]RQDRGSyáQRF\L]RNOLQ N:·K P

,

·rok



background image

K:LMNOPRQSQT&UV

VV

WQ

W.XY

PZV

Q





1DMOHSV]HZDUXQNLZ\NRU]\VWDQLDHQHUJLLVáRQHF]QHMPDZVFKRGQLDF] ü3ROVNL

RG %LDáRZLH \GR =DPR FLD RUD] QD :\EU]H X =DFKRGQLP : SyáURF]X ]LPRZ\P

QDMOHSV]HZDUXQNLGODHQHUJHW\NLVáRQHF]QHMZ\VW SXM QDSRáXGQLXNUDMX

:3ROVFH]DVRE\ZyGJHRWHUPDOQ\FKV ]QDF]QH NLONDVHWW\VL F\3->@ OHF]V 

one wykorzystane w niewielkim stopniu, przede wszystkim do celów leczniczych (tab.

  1LH PD QLHVWHW\ ]áy  ZyG JHRWHUPDOQ\FK R WHPSHUDWXU]H SRQDG  °&

XPR OLZLDM F\FKQDS GWXUELQSDURZ\FKZFHOXZ\WZDU]DQLDHQHUJLLHOHNWU\F]QHM

  

 j  

 j h

60  ."#

 q% 1p#h

2q0 "66(

! 

5 !"#

6

 7 

)~

'

v#Rm$  o&



&] FLRZRXGRNXPHQWRZDQH]DVRE\ZyGJHRWHUPDOQ\FK]QDMGXM VL Z6XGHWDFK

Z EDVHQLH 3RGKDOD RUD] Z NLONX UHJLRQDFK 1L X 3ROVNLHJR : 6XGHWDFK ZRG\

JHRWHUPDOQH R WHPSHUDWXU]H – °& V  wykorzystywane do celów leczniczych.

.RU]\VWQH ZDUXQNL NRU]\VWDQLD ] HQHUJLL JHRWHUPDOQHM V  Z QLHFFH SRGKDOD VNLHM

JG]LH Z\VW SXM  ZRG\ R GX \P FL QLHQLX DUWH]\MVNLP XPR OLZLDM FH VDPRF]\QQ\

Z\Sá\Z ] Z\GDMQR FL  RNRáR  P

f

K L WHPSHUDWXU  QD Z\Sá\ZLH – °&

1DMZL NV]H ]QDF]HQLH SUDNW\F]QH PD RNU J áyG]NRV]F]HFL VNL SRVLDGDM F\ ZRG\

JHRWHUPDOQHRWHPSHUDWXU]H–°C, których zasób energii FLHSOQHMRFHQLDVL QD

 POG WSX >@ :\RGU EQLRQR Z QLP NLOND EDVHQyZ R NRU]\VWQ\FK ZDUXQNDFK

JHRWHUPDOQ\FK ]JUXSRZDQ\FK Z RNU JL JHRWHUPDOQH – ]D QDMEDUG]LHM

background image

- 

! 









SHUVSHNW\ZLF]Q\XZD DVL REV]DUQLHFNLáyG]NLHM,QQHRELHFXM FHRNU JLJHRWHUPDOQH

WRJUXG]L G]NRZDUV]DZVNLSRPRUVNLSRGODVNLLOXEHOVNL

%LRPDVD NWyUD MHVW PDWHUL  RUJDQLF]Q  ]DZDUW  Z RUJDQL]PDFK UR OLQQ\FK L

]ZLHU] F\FKVWDQRZL]QDF]Q\SRWHQFMDáHQHUJHW\F]Q\Z]DVREDFKHQHUJLLRGQDZLDOQHM

Z 3ROVFH WDE   =QDF]HQLH ELRPDV\ MDNR QR QLND HQHUJLL RGQDZLDOQHM Z\QLND ]

PR OLZR FL ]DVW SLHQLD SDOLZ NRSDOQ\FK ELRPDV  EH] SRW JRZDQLD HIHNWX

FLHSODUQLDQHJR1DMZD QLHMV]HVNáDGQLNL]DVREyZELRPDV\Z3ROVFHSU]HGVWDZLRQRZ

WDEHOL

g

! h

-

zA‚





)!$

"6

. 

23 6pk j h

7

- 

)ƒ 

23 6

Zasób energii, PJ

E

!  y6

2R

sn

;5%4"$!1 

rz

<„5h



# 

 4 y %'"6!q 



;5%q0 24v h



un

JI#

$7!  5 

"03! 7!}

;5h



)I"&!% !0 1y 6(

!"23!(

h

q

/



=QDF]Q  SU]HV]NRG  Z NRU]\VWDQLX ] HQHUJLL RGQDZLDOQHM V  ZL NV]H NRV]W\

X]\VNLZDQLD ] QLHM HQHUJLL X \WHF]QHM FLHSOQHM HOHNWU\F]QHM  w porównaniu ]

NRV]WDPLX]\VNLZDQLDWHMHQHUJLL]SDOLZNRSDOQ\FK WDE 



g

 h

-

 !@D

!0(

"$4&0 



0 1(

4!"&! 

5! !"#

 h

!0(

"67 

)

-q"$! 7!}' 



0! !"#

% 

!"&' (



)

? !"#

.% 

!"6' (



HII!23 "&(

 7

)!

…

h

!(



J†v

7

16(

h



…

<‡# ˆ

~

{

A

·

}

?23



)5H;

…

<‡#ˆ

~

{

A

·

}

‰p $( 1(

4!"&! 

Š

7 ( |3Eˆ

~

0A

·

}

E

  7 ‹

uj

uw

y

/





wz

/n

zs

AŒ  

r

z

y

s

/y

w

/

/n

n

zn

AŒ

!(

"$ 4

w

z

sy

 y

w

/

zt

w

/n

A

#

h0!23

  

"&v !(







/y

s

y

n

w

n/r

s

u



s

l

"$ 4

z

ny

s



n

s



Ž

‘’



“!”

•–—“˜™

‘›š-”

œ5•–!œ•$ž˜-Ÿ

‘¡ I—¢’

”

”

£

=X \FLHHQHUJLL

1DMZL NV]\ZSá\ZQDWHPSRZ]URVWX ZLDWRZHJR]X \FLDHQHUJLLPDSRVW SXM FH

XSU]HP\VáRZLHQLHNUDMyZUR]ZLMDM F\FKVL RUD]Z]URVWSRSXODFMLJOREX]LHPVNLHJR

(rys. 4.5, tab. 4.5). Wzrost populacji jest szczególni

HGX \ZNUDMDFKUR]ZLMDM F\FKVL 

 SU]HZLGXMH VL  H Z  U OXGQR ü W\FK NUDMyZ SU]HNURF]\  ]DOXGQLHQLD

QDV]HJRJOREX

background image

K:LMNOPRQSQT&UV

VV

WQ

W.XY

PZV

Q





3URJQR]RZDQ\Z]URVW]DOXGQLHQLDQDV]HMSODQHW\GRRNRáRPOGZURNX

oraz przyspieszony rozwój sektora energetycznego gospodarki takich krajów

 MDN

&KLQ\ ,QGLD L ,QGRQH]MD VSRZRGXM  GX H ]ZL NV]HQLH ]X \FLD HQHUJLL SLHUZRWQHM

QD ZLHFLH 5yZQLH  NUDMH Z\VRNR UR]ZLQL WH PLPR ]PLDQ VWUXNWXU\ SU]HP\VáX

Z\ND]XM  ]QDF]Q  G\QDPLN  Z]URVWX ]X \FLD HQHUJLL =H Z]JO GX QD IDNW H Z

ZL NV]R FL SODQRZDQ\FK LQZHVW\FML HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK SU]HZLGXMH VL  ]DVWRVRZDQLH

Z JOD MDNR SDOLZD Z\VW SXM  X]DVDGQLRQH REDZ\ ]ZL NV]HQLD ]DQLHF]\V]F]HQLD

URGRZLVNDQDWXUDOQHJRD]ZáDV]F]DZ]PR HQLDHIHNWXFLHSODUQLDQHJR

g

!h

-

s ¤1 !23

0 -h

v 

! 



Jƒ

2D

- 0

¥

v

¦ y

23h

- 7 

%"$"$ 6(

wnnn5%j

:



. 



usn

wnn

tnn

tsn

trn

twn

ttn

/nnn

/n/s5%"$ # 

w

znn

snw

trw

1wsn

/Ds/n

z4utr

4

s'/ws

u›  z

w§ !//

ny

nnnr

ny

ns

ny

nz/

ny

z

ny

s

ny

ws

/y

n

y

r

y

r

y



y

  

s AC" 6(% %vh

7

)! h

v 

7JI

!23



=X \FLH HQHUJLL QD MHGQHJR PLHV]ND FD Z SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK NUDMDFK MHVW EDUG]R

QLHUyZQRPLHUQH FR MHVW MHGQ\P ] SRZD Q\FK ]DJUR H  ZLDWRZHM JRVSRGDUNL

HQHUJHW\F]QHM>@1DSU]\NáDG86$L.DQDGDV NUDMDPLZ\M WNRZRHQHUJRFKáRQQ\PL

 ]DOXGQLDM  ERZLHP =LHPL  ]DOHGZLH Z  D ]X \ZDM  RNRáR  FDáNRZLWHM

SLHUZRWQHMHQHUJLL ZLDWRZHM

3RGVWDZRZ\PLQR QLNDPLHQHUJLLSLHUZRWQHM]X \ZDQHMSU]H]F]áRZLHNDQDVNDO 

SU]HP\VáRZ  V  SDOLZD NRSDOQH =X \FLH QDMZD QLHMV]\FK QR QLNyZ HQHUJLL

SLHUZRWQHMQD ZLHFLHLZ3ROVFHSorównaQRZWDEHOL:\QLND]QLHMGRPLQXM F\

XG]LDá Z JOD URS\ QDIWRZHM RUD] JD]X ]LHPQHJR Z ZLDWRZHM JRVSRGDUFH

HQHUJHW\F]QHM 2EVHUZRZDQ  RG SRF] WNX ODW  WHQGHQFM  MHVW ]PQLHMV]DQLH VL 

XG]LDáX URS\ QDIWRZHM Z ZLDWRZ\P ]X \FLX HQHUJLL SLHUZRWQHM QD NRU]\ ü

]ZL NV]DM FHJR VL  XG]LDáX Z JOD L JD]X ]LHPQHJR 1LHNWyUH SU]HZLG\ZDQLD

ZVND]XM  H Z EOLVNLHM SU]\V]áR FL VWUXNWXUD XG]LDáyZ Uy Q\FK SRVWDFL HQHUJLL Z

ELODQVLHHQHUJHW\F]Q\P ZLDWDQLHXOHJQLH]DVDGQLF]\P]PLDQRP U\V >@

background image

- 

! 









:]URVWRZL]X \FLDQR QLNyZHQHUJLLSLHUZRWQHMWRZDU]\V]  VWDUDQLDSR]\VNDQLD

HQHUJLL RGQDZLDOQHM ELRPDVD HQHUJLD JHRWHUPDOQD VáRQHF]QD ZRGQD L ZLDWURZD 

1D SU]\NáDG Z 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM ]DSODQRZDQR H GR  URNX  HQHUJLL

HOHNWU\F]QHM E G]LH Z NUDMDFK F]áRQNRZVNLFK Z\WZDU]DQH ] XG]LDáHP HQHUJLL

RGQDZLDOQHM

:3ROVFHZW\PF]DVLHSU]HZLGXMHVL RVL JQL FLHSR]LRPXZ\WZDU]DQLDHQHUJLL

HOHNWU\F]QHM]HQHUJLLRGQDZLDOQHM

: JRVSRGDUFH NUDMyZ UR]ZLQL W\FK (XURS\ V]F]HJyOQ  URO  RGJU\ZD HQHUJLD

HOHNWU\F]QD NWyUD MHVW QDMFHQQLHMV]  IRUP  HQHUJLL X \WHF]QHM : NUDMDFK W\FK

REVHUZXMHVL QDVW SXM FHWUHQG\

¾]X \FLHHQHUJLLHOHNWU\F]QHMUR QLHV]\EFLHMQL RJyOQH]X \FLHHQHUJLL

¾HQHUJLDHOHNWU\F]QDVWDQRZLRNRáRRJyOQHMNRQVXPSFMLHQHUJLL

¾Z\WZDU]DQLH HQHUJLL HOHNWU\F]QHM SU]\F]\QLD VL  GR ]DQLHF]\V]F]HQLD

DWPRVIHU\



g

!h

-

uJv

7

5! !"#

% 

!"6p (



)Ii  h

75 

p

7



j h

60 

@D



0D! !"#



%

!"6p (



)

l!  6(

0

'

!(

v

7



‹

v



…y¨

/

z



s

A

#

h0!23

  ©23h

4<‡#

z4r: 

wsy

n

A

#

h"6v !(

ª23h

4<‡#

t/s«

sty

s

uwy

Š

- % x

(

'

23h

4<‡#

zp/wt

wy

wy

u

{

5

!2' 

23h

p2

Š

/› nn

zy

s

/y

u

? !"$#

.'  

GW·h

/'j 4w: n

//n

ny



|1"!

GW·h

/'/nzpsj t



¬­œ®¯

°¢1±

² ³

´.™

 µ

–!“•!‘.“—”

œ‘I¯

“!µ

—œ´Ÿ

“–!œq´.·

‘¡¸ ¶

–!œ’

”

•$–!œ$—”

°—“‘

¢ ”

œ’ ¹ “$q”

œ$— —º£

-HGQ\P ]H VSRVREyZ SRSUDZ\ HIHNW\ZQR FL Z\NRU]\VWDQLD HQHUJLL SLHUZRWQHM

MHVWPDJD]\QRZDQLHHQHUJLL2GQRVLVL WRSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPGRHQHUJLLRGQDZLDOQHM

NWóUHM QR QLNL FKDUDNWHU\]XM  VL ] QDWXU\ GX  ]PLHQQR FL  Z F]DVLH 3U]HZLGXMH

VL  H Z ;;, ZLHNX QDVW SL ]QDF]Q\ UR]ZyM WHFKQRORJLL PDJD]\QRZDQLD HQHUJLL

U\V >@



background image

K:LMNOPRQSQT&UV

VV

WQ

W.XY

PZV

Q





 

u "$ #  -v

7

. 

!0(

"&7!}3x

"62! !"$#

 

'

 7

pm

to

=X \FLHHQHUJLLZ3ROVFH

%LODQV]X \FLDHQHUJLLSLHUZRWQHMZ3ROVFHZ\ND]XMH]QDF]Q SU]HZDJ ]X \FLD

SDOLZ VWDá\FK : RVWDWQLP G]LHVL FLROHFLX QDVW SLáR MHGQDN VWRSQLRZH ]PQLHMV]HQLH

]X \FLDZ JODNDPLHQQHJR RRNRáR QDU]HF]Z]URVWX]X \FLDSDOLZFLHNá\FK

LJD]X]LHPQHJR:SRUyZQDQLXGRNUDMyZUR]ZLQL W\FKEH]SR UHGQLH]X \FLHHQHUJLL

HOHNWU\F]QHMZ3ROVFHQLHMHVWZLHONLH− TW·h 3- ZU−FRVWDQRZL

W\ONR RNRáR  JOREDOQHJR ]X \FLD HQHUJLL  3-  Z W\P URNX >@ 3R]LRP

URF]QHJR ]X \FLD SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK QR QLNyZ HQHUJLL SLHUZRWQHM Z 3ROVFH

SU]HGVWDZLRQRZWDEHOLQDSRGVWDZLH5RF]QLND6WDW\VW\F]QHJR>@

5RF]QH ]X \FLH HQHUJLL SLHUZRWQHM QD MHGQHJR PLHV]ND FD Z 3ROVFH ∼ WSX 

VWDQRZL ]DOHGZLH  SU]HFL WQHJR ]X \FLD HQHUJLL SLHUZRWQHM Z NUDMDFK

UR]ZLQL W\FK6]F]HJyOQLHQLHZLHONLHMHVW]X \FLHSDOLZFLHNá\FKLJD]RZ\FK0LPR

VWRVXQNRZR PDáHJR ]X \FLD HQHUJLL SLHUZRWQHM QD MHGQHJR PLHV]ND FD JRVSRGDUN 

SROVN  FHFKXMH GX D HQHUJRFKáRQQR ü GRFKRGX QDURGRZHJR >@ :\QLND WR ]

QDVW SXM F\FKSU]\F]\Q

¾VWRVXQNRZRQLVNLGRFKyGSU]\SDGDM F\QDRE\ZDWHOD

¾SU]HZDJD]X \FLDSDOLZVWDá\FK

¾ZDUXQNLNOLPDW\F]QHZ\PDJDM FHRJU]HZDQLDSRPLHV]F]H 

¾PDáRRV]F] GQHJRVSRGDURZDQLHHQHUJL 

%H]SR UHGQLH URF]QH ]X \FLH HQHUJLL Z 3ROVFH MHVW QD SR]LRPLH  3- >@

VWUXNWXU WHJR]DSRWU]HERZDQLDZJRVSRGDUFHQDURGRZHMSU]HGVWDZLRQRZWDEHOL

background image

- 

! 









=ZUDFDZQLHMXZDJ GX H]DSRWU]HERZDQLHQDHQHUJL SU]HP\VáXLVHNWRUDE\WRZR

NRPXQDOQHJR



g

!h

-

rE(

"&v0(

v".% (

"6 '! 



5! !"$#

 %

"$ 

‚  h

7.» tts5"!~

'

v#Dm !no6

¤q

!# 6% "60

|'

!

y¨

"&!2D6

€v 1 

7!(

p

- h



7!(

'

g

"$! &% "&(

E!0(

"†(

' ¼

0 24v h



z/y

r

y

/

ry

r

sy

u

s/y

w



3U]HZLG\ZDQLHUR]ZRMX]DSRWU]HERZDQLDQDUy QHIRUP\HQHUJLLZ3ROVFHMHVW

XWUXGQLRQH ]H Z]JO GX QD WUZDM F\ SURFHV ]PLDQ JRVSRGDUF]\FK L VWUXNWXU\

ZáDVQR FLRZHM Z UyG NWyU\FK QDMZD QLHMV]H WR SU]HREUD HQLD SU]HP\VáX RUD]

]PLDQ\ VWUXNWXU\ ED]\ SDOLZRZHM Z JRVSRGDUFH NRPXQDOQHM 3URJQR]  ]PLDQ

XG]LDáyZ SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK QR QLNyZ HQHUJLL Z FDáNRZLW\P ]X \FLX HQHUJLL

SLHUZRWQHMZ3ROVFHSU]HGVWDZLRQRQDU\VXQNX:SURJQR]LHWHM]ZUDFDSU]HGH

ZV]\VWNLPXZDJ ]PQLHMV]DQLHVL XG]LDáXVWDá\FKSDOLZNRSDOQ\FKQDU]HF]SDOLZ

FLHNá\FKLJD]RZ\FK

background image

K:LMNOPRQSQT&UV

VV

WQ

W.XY

PZV

Q





 

r "$ #  -v

7

I"

 7!}3x

"&2½! !"$#

k j h

75 p/nj !n1"!m

o

/LWHUDWXUD

>@%

¾.¿IÀ

 ƒš.Á

š.Ã

¾

 - 2GQDZLDOQH UyGáD HQHUJLL, Biblioteka Problemów, 3:1 :DUV]DZD



>@+

ÄÅ

š.Á

¬­Á

ÆjÇ

$(QHUJLDQDMZD QLHMV]\SUREOHPF\ZLOL]DFML:17:DUV]DZD

>@/

¾

ŽÈš.ÂjÉÉ

5/(QHUJ\+DQGERRN9DQ1RVWUDQG5HLQKROG&RPSDQ\1HZ<RUN

>@0

 

Ä

 Æ:ÃIÁ

-3RGVWDZ\SU]HPLDQHQHUJHW\F]Q\FK:17:DUV]DZD

>@0

ÂÁ

Ć¾

&]3RGVWDZ\JRVSRGDUNLHQHUJHW\F]QHM:17:DUV]DZD

>@5RF]QLNVWDW\VW\F]Q\=:6:DUV]DZD

>@6

Á

ÂÊRÂÃ

- *D] ]LHPQ\ Z 3ROVFH VWDQ L SHUVSHNW\Z\ *RVSRGDUND 3DOLZDPL L (QHUJL 

QU

>@6

¾ƒË

Á

É Ã.Á

- 6\WXDFMD HQHUJHW\F]QD Z ZLHFLH Z ZLHWOH REUDG  .RQJUHVX ZLDWRZHM

5DG\(QHUJHW\F]QHMZ0DGU\FLH(QHUJHW\NDQU

>@6

È 

ÄÄ

&K*OREDOHQHUJ\DQGHOHFWULFDOIXWXUHV(QHUJ\9RO1R

>@6

Ç  

Ć¿IÌ

È

-=

Á

̓Á

Ã

$3RGVWDZ\HQHUJHW\NLFLHSOQHM3:1:DUV]DZD

>@7

Å

Ê3Á

É Ã.Á

- :\NRU]\VWDQLH RGQDZLDOQ\FK UyGHá HQHUJLL Z 3ROVFH GR  URNX

,%0L(5:DUV]DZD


Wyszukiwarka

Podobne podstrony:
04 Zasoby energii i jej zużycie
energia Znaczenie Aury i jej ko Nieznany
13032834 Energia Sonecznaid 149 Nieznany
,energia odnawialna, podział źródeł energii i jej magazynowanie
28 04 2013 cw id 31908 Nieznany
04 Egzamin Poprawkowy 2010 201 Nieznany (2)
IMIR prac energia przyklady id Nieznany
04 metoda dobrego startu zajec Nieznany
pomiary mocy i energii id 37439 Nieznany
04 Melosik To samo supermarke Nieznany
9 04 2014 Linert id 48152 Nieznany (2)
04 Przestrzen nazw domenid 5172 Nieznany (2)
04 TEORIA (MODEL) BOHRA ATOMU Nieznany
15 praca i energia w polu elekt Nieznany (2)
antropogeneza i jej zwiazek z e Nieznany (2)
Cw 04 Zaleznosc opornosci od te Nieznany
energiazosadow id 161683 Nieznany
04 Funkcjonow banku hipoid 5023 Nieznany

więcej podobnych podstron