AGH

AGH

P. Czaja, W. Korzeniowski, Ł. Herezy

Present state of Lead and Zinc

Mining in Poland

Freiberg 15.06.2007 r

AGH University of Science and Technology Kraków

AGH University of Science and Technology Kraków

World Lead and Zinc

Economy Background

AGH University of Science and Technology Kraków

AGH University of Science and Technology Kraków

World lead and zinc Economy Background

World lead and zinc production in 2006

LEAD [t]

0

5

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

5

0

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

5

0

0

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

China

Australia

Peru

Canada

United States

Mexico

Kazakhstan

N. Korea

Ireland

Brazil

Sweden

Poland

Spain

India

Russia

Bolivia

South Africa

Chile

ZINC [t]

0

50

0

00

0

1

00

0

00

0

1

50

0

00

0

2

00

0

00

0

2

50

0

00

0

3

00

0

00

0

3

50

0

00

0

China

Australia

Peru

Canada

United States

Mexico

Kazakhstan

N. Korea

Ireland

Brazil

Sweden

Poland

Spain

India

Russia

Bolivia

South Africa

Chile

World Lead and Zinc Economy Background

World Lead and Zinc production in 2006

World zinc demand and supply in 2006

deficit

0,310 Mt (1,0%)

supply

10,900 Mt

demand

11,210 Mt

World lead and zinc Economy Background

World lead and zinc prices

Zn

Pb

World lead and zinc Economy Background

World lead and zinc prices

P

RI

CE [

USD/t]

World Lead and Zinc production

Structure of the Zinc World Consumption in 2007

(percent of total 11, 6 Mt)

Others

0,92 Mt (8%)

Asia

6,1 Mt (52%)

North America

1,7 Mt (15%)

Europe

2,88 Mt (25%)

World lead and zinc Economy Background

World Metals Economy Background

World Lead and Zinc production

New lead an zinc mines (2007)

0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000

Bo

livi

a

Ind

on

esj

a

Ka

za

kh

sta

n

US

A

Ind

ia

Ch

ina

Po

rtu

ga

l

Au

str

ta

lia

Country

P

la

n

n

ed

e

xt

ra

ct

io

n

, t

World Metals Economy Background

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

2003

2004

2005

2006

Lead prod

Lead con

Zinc prod

Zinc con.

Metal production and consumption in Europe

World Metals Economy Background

Main lead and zinc producers in Europe

70

195

35

150

71

160

0

150

40

140

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

P

ro

d

u

ct

io

n

in

2

00

5,

k

t

Ireland

Sweden Poland

Spain

Russia

Country

LEAD

ZINC

Lead and zinc mining

activity in Poland

AGH University of Science and Technology Kraków

AGH University of Science and Technology Kraków

COPPER ORE DEPOSITS

ZINC AND LEAD ORE

DEPOSITS

Zinc and lead extraction (2005):
ore - 4.85 M t.
Zn metal - 160 000 t
Pb metal - 71 000 t

Copper extraction (2005):
ore – 30.6 M t.
Cu metal - 560 200 t

The regions of metal deposits in Poland

World Metals Economy Background

+330 m

+175 m

Lead and zinc mining activity in Poland

Geological cross-section of lead and zinc ore body

Lead and zinc mining activity in Poland

Some facts of lead and zinc mining in Poland

XI Cen. - first mining activity in Olkusz region (Lead and Silver)
1299 - Foundation of city Olkusz (by German law)
1356

- King Kasimir the Great gives to the city special privileges

(Olkusz was 1 of 6 the most important centres of

Małopolska)

1551

- King Sigmuntus August introduced special mining law

for Olkusz miners,

XVI

- construction of dewatering tunnel system,

1814

- First Lead and Zinc mines „Josef”, Ulises” and „Jerzy”

(1823) have been opened ,

1815

- Olkusz become a city in Polish Kingdom and begins great

economical prosperity (time of Stanislaw Staszic).

XX cen.- The biggest and the fastest development of the region

caused by mining activity.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

A

n

n

u

a

l

e

x

tr

a

c

ti

o

n

,

M

t

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005

Year

Lead and zinc ore extraction in Poland in XX cent.

Lead and zinc mining activity in Poland

Lead and zinc metal production in Poland

0

50

100

150

200

250

A

n

n

u

a

l

p

ro

d

u

c

ti

o

n

,

th

s

t

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Metal Zinc

Metal Lead

Lead and zinc mining activity in Poland

Outline of mining operations

Lead and zinc mining activity in Poland

• Average depth of the deposit

- 50 160 m,

• Average thickness of the ore body

- 5,3m,

• Average metal content

Zn

- 4,44 %

Pb

- 1,85 %

• Basic mining method

- room and pillar,

• Rock winning method

- emulsion and suspension

explosives

• Horizontal transport

- LHD jumbos

• Strata reinforcement – resin and shell rock bolts, steel
yielding arches,

Closed
shaft Mine
„Olkusz”

1

2

3

4

5

Incline

Ventilation
borehole

Present structure of openings in
„Olkusz” lead and zinc mines

Chodnik pr

zewozowy

(objzado

w

y)

Chodnik wentylacyjny

Chodnik eksploatacyjny środkowy

Chodnik podst

awo

w

y

Chodnik wentylacyjny

Chodnik wentylacyjny

Chodnik wentylacyjny

Chodnik eksploatacyjny środkowy

C

ho

dn

ik

po

ds

ta

wo

wy

C

ho

dn

ik

pr

ze

wo

zo

wy

(

ob

ja

zdo

wy

)

„Olkusz” sublevel caving method

LOW GOAF

Strata delamination zone

Orebody

Low strength layer

Sublevel drift

Mucking drift

Void

Chodnik przewozowy

Chodn

ik eks

ploat

ac

yjny

Chodn

ik eks

ploat

ac

yjny

Chodn

ik eks

ploat

ac

yjny

Podsadzka

Chodnik przewozowy

Podsadzka

C

ho

dn

ik

eks

pl

oa

ta

cy

jny

C

ho

dn

ik

eks

pl

oa

ta

cy

jny

C

ho

dn

ik

eks

pl

oa

ta

cy

jny

Chart of present mining activity in the region

Lead and zinc mining activity in Poland

Explosives

Wood

Roof bolts

Sand

Diesel oil

[t]

[m

3

]

[pcs.]

[t]

[liter]

1995

635 174

3 834

127 580

752 764

1 482 512

95 735 175

1996

727 473

4 476

158 770

839 135

1 677 016

101 050 803

1997

802 245

4 577

148 770

1 073 467

1 795 785

123 079 107

1998

790 198

4 007

155 290

1 153 395

1 832 312

141 904 415

1999

763 736

-

-

1 000 887

1 897 948

122 150 542

2000

773 301

3 767

156 480

1 147 596

1 951 729

121 721 735

2001

807 899

3 801

161 575

1 887 164

1 709 825

116 208 118

2002

877 550

2 826

170 417

891 708

1 768 392

145 012 558

Electricity

kWh

Year

Material

Material consumption

Lead and zinc mining activity in Poland

Most important threats of

the Lead and Zinc mining in

Olkusz Region

Lead and zinc mining activity in Poland

Most important factor of the Lead and Zinc mining in Olkusz Region

Exploitation in the region is threated by:

1. Water

•

Extremely high water inflow is registered in the region (the

highest in the world).

In 1998 inflow of 366 m

3

/min

has been

registered.

•

There are 6 pumping stations installed underground with 66

pumps and total pumping capacity of 840 m

3

/min.

•

All main openings are driven as a two parallel galleries, one of

which is only for water.

2. Methane gas (in the past)

•

In the past a very intensive water inflow directly from the

surface, brought to the mine some organic components

(sulfolignian) producing methane gas.

One methane

explosion has been registered in the past !!

Most important factor of the Lead and Zinc mining in Olkusz Region

Pumping station by

shaft

Pump

number

Total pumping

capacity m

3

/min

Stefan and Bronisław

14

166

Drinking water

2

13

Chrobry

20

259,2

Mieszko

10

110

Dąbrówka

20

292

Total

66

840,2

Dewatering system capacity

Most important factor of the Lead and Zinc mining in Olkusz Region

Future of the Lead and Zinc

mining industry in Poland

Future of Lead and zinc mining in Poland

Exploration of new Zn-Pb deposits in Olkusz region

Future of Lead and zinc mining in Poland

Item

Number of

deposits

Total

A+B+C1

C2

Ore , (Mt)

170,74

90.80

79.94

148.90 24.35

Lead, (Mt)

3.05 1.81 1.23

1.25

0.41

Zinc, (Mt)

6.63

4.04

2.58

3.68

1.02

Ore , (Mt)

31.63

31.63

-

10.51

24.35

Lead, (Mt)

0.49

0.49

-

0.17

0.41

Zinc, (Mt)

1.30

1.30

-

0.33

1.02

Ore , (Mt)

31.63

31.63

-

10.51

24.35

Lead, (Mt)

0.49

0.49

-

0.17

0.41

Zinc, (Mt)

1.30

1.30

-

0.33

1.02

Ore , (Mt)

139,11 59.17

79.94

95.00

-

Lead, (Mt)

2.56 1.32 1.23

0.70

-

Zinc, (Mt)

5.32

2.74

2.58

1.87

-

Ore , (Mt)

63.70

59.17

4.53

27.27

-

Lead, (Mt)

1.35

1.32

0.03

0.26

-

Zinc, (Mt)

2.86

2.74

0.12

0.63

-

Ore , (Mt)

75.41

-

75.41

67.73

-

Lead, (Mt)

1.20

-

1.20

0.44

-

Zinc, (Mt)

2.47

-

2.47

1.24

-

Remining

mineral

resources

Geological reserves

Total mineral resources

6

2. General

explored deposits

8

1. In operating

mines

3

including - reserves of deposits mainable in future

Mineral

reserve

1. Detailed

explored deposits

Total

14

RESERVE

TOTTAL

21

including - reserves of deposits in operating mines

Total

3

New lead and zinc deposits in Poland

Future of Lead and zinc mining in Poland

World Metals Economy Background

Laski

Chechło

Sikorka

Klucze

Jaroszowiec

2 Mt

4,8 Mt

7,9 Mt

3,5 Mt

+225.0

+232.0

+207.0

+207.0

+207.0

+2

7

8

.8

+2

1

8

.4

+2

8

3

.5

+2

2

0

.5

+207.0

+248.0

+230.0

+208.5

+210.1

8

6

Pochylnia wydobywcza

Skład MW

Osadnik

Osadnik

Osadnik

Osadnik

Komora pomp

Rozdzielnia

o

o

+3

3

5

.0

+211.0

+210.0

Złoże "Zawiercie"

Schemat wyrobisk udostępniających

Skala 1:1000

- wyrobiska odwadniające
- komora pomp, rozdzielnia
- komory warsztatowe
- wyrobiska wentylacyjne

+3

3

5

.0

+2

7

3

.0

+2

1

0

.0

+210.0

+3

3

1

.0

+2

7

0

.4

+2

1

0

.0

+3

0

9

.0

+2

4

8

.6

+3

1

5

.0

+2

5

2

.0

+2

4

4

.0

+232.5

+3

0

0

.5

+2

4

0

.2

+3

0

4

.5

+2

4

1

.5

+207.0

+225.0

Future of Lead and zinc mining in Poland

Example of planned shaft bottom of the „Zawiercie” Mine

AGH University of Science and Technology Kraków

AGH University of Science and Technology Kraków

Conclusions:

1. Present world metal demand suggests great interest

of developing Lead and Zinc mining,

2. Development of „Olkusz” metal mining region should

introduce following suggestions:

•

Replacing the vertical shafts hoisting by inclines
transprtation.

•

Existing industrial infrastructure (processing plants
and metallurgical plants) should be used also for
future production. The ore and the concentrate can be
transported by existing railway, by trucks or by modern
belt conveyer.

AGH University of Science and Technology Kraków

AGH University of Science and Technology Kraków

Conclusions:

•

New mines should have a preliminary treatment plants
(crushers).

•

For ventilation of the new mines there are plans to use
extra ventilation wide dimension boreholes

•

New generation of mining machines of high matching
to thickness of the ore body (drilling, bolting, loading
and transporting) have to be constructed and apply.

•

Instead of explosive a new generation of road header
can be used.

•

Transportation of the ore from the mine up to the
surface can be managed by trucks or belt conveyers.

AGH University of Science and Technology Kraków

Conclusions:

3. Polish experience in ore mining is good enough to

introduce new standards in exploitation lead and zinc,
according to market demands.

4. In shallow part of the ore body open pit mining is

available. This depend on neighbourhood of National
Parks what limits such kind of mining.

5. About 60 Mt of flotation waste are on the ponds with a

content of 0.8 % metal including ca. 460 000 t of zinc
metal.

AGH

AGH

AGH University of Science and Technology Kraków

AGH University of Science and Technology Kraków

Thank you