GERUNDS AND
GERUNDS AND
INFINITIVES
INFINITIVES
ENGLISH PROJECT
ENGLISH PROJECT
ENGLISH PROJECT
ENGLISH PROJECT
GERUNDS AND
GERUNDS AND
INFINITIVES
INFINITIVES
ENGLISH
ENGLISH
PROJECT
PROJECT
GERUNDS
GERUNDS
Dancing is her favorite habit.
I prefer eating ice-cream.
Form
Form
Simple, Active
Simple, Active
Form
Form
Simple, Passive
Simple, Passive
Mary prefers being taught by a stern
teacher.
The actress stayed at her
hotel to avoid being seen by her fans.
Form
Form
Perfect, Active
Perfect, Active
I regret
having made
having made
the remark abort her
hairdo.
I regret
having seen
having seen
the film.
Form
Form
Perfect, Passive
Perfect, Passive
The film was banned after
having been see
having been see
n
n
by thousands of people.
I regret
having been tran
having been tran
sferred
sferred
to another class this year.
The gerund can be used:
The gerund can be used:
1. As the subject of a verb
1. As the subject of a verb
2. As the object of a verb
2. As the object of a verb
3. As the object of a preposition
3. As the object of a preposition
4. After a possessive or the possessive form
4. After a possessive or the possessive form
of nouns
of nouns
5. After certain verbs
5. After certain verbs
6. Special combination
6. Special combination
7. F
7. F
ormed by adding “not” before it.
ormed by adding “not” before it.
As the subject of a verb
As the subject of a verb
When a gerund is used as the
subject of a verb
,
it is placed at the
beginning of a sentence.
Reading
romantic novels is my favourite pastime.
Smoking
is hazardous to health
.
Climbing
mountains can be dangerous if we are not c
areful.
A baby’s
crying
woke me up l
ast.
Walking
from here to the local supermarket takes onl
y five minutes.
Notes: The gerund is also used in the following
The gerund is also used in the following
constructions
constructions:
1)
1)
It is no use/It is no good
It is no use/It is no good
e.g It is no use
trying
to make her chang
e
her mind.
It is no good
interfering
with other p
eople’s
business.
2)
2)
There is no
There is no
e.g There is no
joking
about such matter
s
.
There is no
denying
the fact that the
Clean
Hong Kong Campaign is a success.
3) It’s worth / It’s not worth
3) It’s worth / It’s not worth
E.g. Is the film worth
seeing
?
It is not worth
going
to see that film.
4) It’s a waste of money / time
4) It’s a waste of money / time
E.g. It’s a waste of time
E.g. It’s a waste of time
writing
writing
the report.
the report.
It’s a waste of money
It’s a waste of money
buying
buying
the doll.
the doll.
5 ) Have difficulty
5 ) Have difficulty
E.g. Mary has difficulty
doing
doing
her Maths homework .
I’m sorry I’m late. I had difficulty
finding
finding
the
place.
6 ) Go-ing
6 ) Go-ing
E.g. Did you go
shopping
shopping
yesterday ?
How often do you go
swimming
swimming
in
the
summer ?
As the object of a verb
As the object of a verb
When a
gerund
is used as the
object of a verb
in a sentence, it is placed
after the verb
.
She tried to avoid
getting
involved in their quarrels.
He enjoys
acting
.
Mary disliked
listening
to pop music.
They hate
eating
fatty foods.
We all enjoy
reading
a good book.
Note: The following words are followed
The following words are followed
by gerunds, not infinitives:
by gerunds, not infinitives:
Acknowledge , admit , anticipate , appreciate , avoid ,
celebrate , defer , delay , deny , detest , dislike , like ,
consider , doubt , enjoy , escape , excuse , fancy ,
finish , forgive , remember ,imagine , include , keep ,
mention , mind , miss , propose , pardon , postpone ,
practice , prevent , recall , recollect , report , resent ,
resist , risk , save , stand , suggest , tolerate ,
understand , be worth , be busy
As a object of a preposition
As a object of a preposition
A
gerund can also be used as the object of a
preposition
.
In this case, the
gerund follows the
preposition.
My brother is thinking of
changing
his job.
She is fed up with
teaching
English.
I look forward to
seeing
you in the summer.
I was interested in
painting
.
He persisted in
carrying
out the plan
.
Notes1: There are two exceptions----
There are two exceptions----
except
except
and
and
but
but
.
.
e.g There was nothing left for us to do
except
com
plain
to the Consumer Council.
He did nothing
but
(to)
watch
television yeste
rday.
Notes2: In the following phrases,
In the following phrases,
to
to
is a
is a
preposition.
preposition.
used
to
, averse
to
, closed
to
, object
to
, devoted
to
,
when it comes
to
, opposed
to
, susceptible
to
,
look forward
to
, accustomed
to
, confessed
to
,
key
to
After a possessive adjective
After a possessive adjective
or the possessive form of nouns
or the possessive form of nouns
Possessive adjective
:
my, our, your, his,
her, its, their
Possessive form of nouns :
John’s my brother’s
Example :
Would you mind
my
using your book?
Would you mind
Joan’s
using your dictionary?
After certain verbs
After certain verbs
Avoid enjoy miss rec
all
appreciate finish oppose
mind
resist dislike prevent
waste
Examples :
1. I
dislike having
lunch with John.
2. Would you
mind answering
my question ?
3. When will you
finish talking
?
7
7
. F
. F
ormed by adding “not” before it.
ormed by adding “not” before it.
Example: I apologize for
not
being able to see
you off at the airport tomorrow.
He resented
not
having been invited
to the party.
English
English
Project
Project
Infinitives
Infinitives
Infinitive:--
Infinitive:--
bare -
bare -
inf.--
inf.--
•
(1) After auxiliary verb
•
"do , does , did , shall , should, will , would , can , could , m
ay , might , must"
•
Alice could not find the key.
• I will be glad to help you.
•
•
(2)After verbs of perception
•
"see , notice , observe , watch ,hear , feel , smell"
• I
I
saw
saw
her get on the bus.
her get on the bus.
•
He
He
heard
heard
her say that.
her say that.
•
(3)After
"make"
&
"let’’
• His joke
His joke
made
made
us laugh.
us laugh.
•
She did not
She did not
let
let
her sister go to the party.
her sister go to the party.
bare - inf.
• (4)After "had better" "would rather' "cannot bu
t" "can do nothing but"
•
You ‘d better think about it.
• I ‘d rather wait here a little longer.
• Compare “ I ‘d rather you waited here a little longer.
• I cannot but laugh whenever I think of his humourous remark.
• As it was raining hard , I could do nothing but stay at home
•
(5)After "need" "dare" and "except"
•
He needn’t do it himself.
• Need he do it himself?
• She dared not lie to her parents.
• Dared she lie to her parents?
to - inf.
to - inf.
(1)As a subject
E.g To succeed at my fob is all I want at the moment.
To argue with him is a waste of time.
(2) To express an intention
E.g. I go to school to study.
She goes running everyday to lose weight.
(3) In order to join a question & answer in single sentence.
Q:Why did he move to Las Vegas?
A1:He wanted to be closer to the casino.
A2:He moved to Las Vegas in order to be closer to the
casinos.
•
(4) So as ( not) to join two sentences t
hat relate
to the same idea in one sente
nce.
•
•
Eg. She studied very hard for the test. She
Eg. She studied very hard for the test. She
wanted to be save to pass.
wanted to be save to pass.
•
She studied very hard so as to be save to
She studied very hard so as to be save to
pass the test.
pass the test.
to - inf.
to - inf.
to - inf.
to - inf.
•
(5) Verb + inf.
(5) Verb + inf.
•
A few of the more common verbs normally followed b
A few of the more common verbs normally followed b
y an infinitive include :
y an infinitive include :
•
afford agree appear attempt decide determ
afford agree appear attempt decide determ
ine
ine
•
expect hope like love need offer
expect hope like love need offer
•
pretend seem threaten refuse
pretend seem threaten refuse
•
•
We can’t afford to go away this summer.
We can’t afford to go away this summer.
•
The room appears to have been searched.
The room appears to have been searched.
•
The prisoners attempted to escape but failed.
The prisoners attempted to escape but failed.
to - inf.
to - inf.
•
(6) Verb + object +inf.
(6) Verb + object +inf.
•
A few of the more common verbs normally follo
A few of the more common verbs normally follo
wed by an object + an infinitive include:
wed by an object + an infinitive include:
•
advise allow ask encourage help invite
advise allow ask encourage help invite
•
know order teach tempt tell warn
know order teach tempt tell warn
•
•
The doctor
The doctor
advised
advised
me
me
to
to
take
take
a complete break.
a complete break.
•
Please
Please
allow
allow
me
me
to
to
carry
carry
that bag for you.
that bag for you.
•
We must
We must
appoint
appoint
a time
a time
to
to
meet
meet
again.
again.
to - inf.
to - inf.
•
(7) Adjective followed by infinitive
(7) Adjective followed by infinitive
•
dangerous important rude good
dangerous important rude good
•
•
Eg. It s
Eg. It s
dangerous to
dangerous to
walk
walk
home alone.
home alone.
•
To walk
To walk
home along is
home along is
dangerous
dangerous
.
.
•
(8) “
(8) “
Too
Too
” and ‘
” and ‘
not enough
not enough
’
’
•
Eg, He is
Eg, He is
too
too
tired
tired
to work
to work
, he should take so
, he should take so
me rest.
me rest.
•
He is
He is
not
not
tall
tall
enough
enough
to be
to be
a policeman.
a policeman.
Comparison
Comparison
between
between
GERUNDS
GERUNDS
and
and
INFINITIVE
INFINITIVE
Comparison between
Comparison between
GERUNDS and
GERUNDS and
INFINITIVE
INFINITIVE
•
(1) Some verbs followed by
(1) Some verbs followed by
GERUNDS
GERUNDS
or
or
INFINI
INFINI
TIVES
TIVES
w
w
ithout there being any change in meanin
ithout there being any change in meanin
g
g
.
.
•
Such verbs include ‘
Such verbs include ‘
start , begin ,cease, contin
start , begin ,cease, contin
ue and can’t bear’
ue and can’t bear’
.
.
• (
2) Those which can be
2) Those which can be
followed by either without
followed by either without
any difference in meaning.
any difference in meaning.
•
Eg. They
Eg. They
continued
continued
to -
to -
work
work
after lunch.
after lunch.
•
-
-
working
working
Comparison between
Comparison between
GERUNDS and
GERUNDS and
INFINITIVE
INFINITIVE
•
STOP
STOP
。
。 When the teacher came, the
When the teacher came, the
•
children
children
stopped
stopped
talking
talking
at once.
at once.
•
The driver
The driver
stopped
stopped
his cars
his cars
to ask
to ask
•
where the farm was.
where the farm was.
•
REMEMBER
REMEMBER
。
。
I can’t find my key. I
I can’t find my key. I
remember
remember
•
putting
putting
it in
it in
my coat , pocket ,in
my coat , pocket ,in
•
this morning.
this morning.
•
I hope you will
I hope you will
remember
remember
to post
to post
•
my letter on your way to school.
my letter on your way to school.
Comparison between
Comparison between
GERUNDS and
GERUNDS and
INFINITIVE
INFINITIVE
•
FORGET
FORGET
。
。
He has
He has
forgotten
forgotten
asking
asking
me the same
me the same
•
question yesterday.
question yesterday.
•
•
He has asked me to lend him my
He has asked me to lend him my
•
dictionary because he has
dictionary because he has
forgotten
forgotten
to
to
•
bring
bring
it again. mountain
it again. mountain
.
.
•
TRY
TRY
。
。
After failing twice, they
After failing twice, they
tried
tried
climbing
climbing
•
from the other side of the maintain.
from the other side of the maintain.
•
•
This year they will
This year they will
try
try
to climb
to climb
a high mo
a high mo
untain.
untain.
Comparison between
Comparison between
GERUNDS and
GERUNDS and
INFINITIVE
INFINITIVE
•
REGRET
REGRET
。
。 I
I
regret
regret
telling
telling
her the secret. Now
her the secret. Now
,
,
•
everybody knows that I’ m going to
everybody knows that I’ m going to
•
resign.
resign.
•
I
I
regret
regret
to tell
to tell
you that your
you that your
•
application has not been successful.
application has not been successful.
•
I ‘ll let you know when there is
I ‘ll let you know when there is
•
another vacancy.
another vacancy.
•
GO ON
GO ON
。
。
They
They
went on
went on
talking
talking
until late into
until late into
•
the night.
the night.
•
They
They
went on
went on
to talk
to talk
about other
about other
•
things.
things.
Comparison between
Comparison between
GERUNDS and
GERUNDS and
INFINITIVE
INFINITIVE
•
Eg.
Eg.
“
“Allow , advise , acknowledge , encourage
Allow , advise , acknowledge , encourage
, permit
, permit
“,
“,can be followed by an Object + infiniti
can be followed by an Object + infiniti
ve.
ve.
•
•
She
She
advised
advised
us
us
to start
to start
early.
early.
•
Compare: she
Compare: she
advised
advised
starting
starting
early.
early.
•
•
Eg.
Eg.
“
“
deserve , need , want , and require
deserve , need , want , and require
“
“
•
Can be followed by either an active gerund or a p
Can be followed by either an active gerund or a p
assive infinitive without change of meaning.
assive infinitive without change of meaning.
•
•
This
This
needs
needs
-
-
painting
painting
•
-
-
to be
to be
painted.
painted.
PRESENTED BY
David Au
Chris Fung
Skye Lam
Linda Ng
Kelvin Wong
~THE END~
~THE END~
~THE END~
~THE END~