Gerunds

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GERUNDS AND

GERUNDS AND

INFINITIVES

INFINITIVES

ENGLISH PROJECT

ENGLISH PROJECT

ENGLISH PROJECT

ENGLISH PROJECT

GERUNDS AND

GERUNDS AND

INFINITIVES

INFINITIVES

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ENGLISH

ENGLISH

PROJECT

PROJECT

GERUNDS

GERUNDS

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Dancing is her favorite habit.
I prefer eating ice-cream.

Form

Form

Simple, Active

Simple, Active

Form

Form

Simple, Passive

Simple, Passive

Mary prefers being taught by a stern
teacher.

The actress stayed at her
hotel to avoid being seen by her fans.

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Form

Form

Perfect, Active

Perfect, Active

I regret

having made

having made

the remark abort her

hairdo.

I regret

having seen

having seen

the film.

Form

Form

Perfect, Passive

Perfect, Passive

The film was banned after

having been see

having been see

n

n

by thousands of people.

I regret

having been tran

having been tran

sferred

sferred

to another class this year.

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The gerund can be used:

The gerund can be used:

1. As the subject of a verb

1. As the subject of a verb

2. As the object of a verb

2. As the object of a verb

3. As the object of a preposition

3. As the object of a preposition

4. After a possessive or the possessive form

4. After a possessive or the possessive form

of nouns

of nouns

5. After certain verbs

5. After certain verbs

6. Special combination

6. Special combination

7. F

7. F

ormed by adding “not” before it.

ormed by adding “not” before it.

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As the subject of a verb

As the subject of a verb

When a gerund is used as the

subject of a verb

,

it is placed at the

beginning of a sentence.

Reading

romantic novels is my favourite pastime.

Smoking

is hazardous to health

.

Climbing

mountains can be dangerous if we are not c

areful.

A baby’s

crying

woke me up l

ast.

Walking

from here to the local supermarket takes onl

y five minutes.

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Notes: The gerund is also used in the following

The gerund is also used in the following

constructions

constructions:

1)

1)

It is no use/It is no good

It is no use/It is no good

e.g It is no use

trying

to make her chang

e
her mind.
It is no good

interfering

with other p

eople’s
business.

2)

2)

There is no

There is no

e.g There is no

joking

about such matter

s

.

There is no

denying

the fact that the

Clean
Hong Kong Campaign is a success.

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3) It’s worth / It’s not worth

3) It’s worth / It’s not worth

E.g. Is the film worth

seeing

?

It is not worth

going

to see that film.

4) It’s a waste of money / time

4) It’s a waste of money / time

E.g. It’s a waste of time

E.g. It’s a waste of time

writing

writing

the report.

the report.

It’s a waste of money

It’s a waste of money

buying

buying

the doll.

the doll.

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5 ) Have difficulty

5 ) Have difficulty

E.g. Mary has difficulty

doing

doing

her Maths homework .

I’m sorry I’m late. I had difficulty

finding

finding

the

place.

6 ) Go-ing

6 ) Go-ing

E.g. Did you go

shopping

shopping

yesterday ?

How often do you go

swimming

swimming

in

the

summer ?

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As the object of a verb

As the object of a verb

When a

gerund

is used as the

object of a verb

in a sentence, it is placed

after the verb

.

She tried to avoid

getting

involved in their quarrels.

He enjoys

acting

.

Mary disliked

listening

to pop music.

They hate

eating

fatty foods.

We all enjoy

reading

a good book.

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Note: The following words are followed

The following words are followed

by gerunds, not infinitives:

by gerunds, not infinitives:

Acknowledge , admit , anticipate , appreciate , avoid ,
celebrate , defer , delay , deny , detest , dislike , like ,
consider , doubt , enjoy , escape , excuse , fancy ,
finish , forgive , remember ,imagine , include , keep ,
mention , mind , miss , propose , pardon , postpone ,
practice , prevent , recall , recollect , report , resent ,
resist , risk , save , stand , suggest , tolerate ,
understand , be worth , be busy

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As a object of a preposition

As a object of a preposition

A

gerund can also be used as the object of a

preposition

.

In this case, the

gerund follows the

preposition.

My brother is thinking of

changing

his job.

She is fed up with

teaching

English.

I look forward to

seeing

you in the summer.

I was interested in

painting

.

He persisted in

carrying

out the plan

.

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Notes1: There are two exceptions----

There are two exceptions----

except

except

and

and

but

but

.

.

e.g There was nothing left for us to do

except

com

plain

to the Consumer Council.

He did nothing

but

(to)

watch

television yeste

rday.

Notes2: In the following phrases,

In the following phrases,

to

to

is a

is a

preposition.

preposition.

used

to

, averse

to

, closed

to

, object

to

, devoted

to

,

when it comes

to

, opposed

to

, susceptible

to

,

look forward

to

, accustomed

to

, confessed

to

,

key

to

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After a possessive adjective

After a possessive adjective

or the possessive form of nouns

or the possessive form of nouns

Possessive adjective

:

my, our, your, his,

her, its, their

Possessive form of nouns :

John’s my brother’s

Example :

Would you mind

my

using your book?

Would you mind

Joan’s

using your dictionary?

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After certain verbs

After certain verbs

Avoid enjoy miss rec
all

appreciate finish oppose
mind

resist dislike prevent
waste

Examples :

1. I

dislike having

lunch with John.

2. Would you

mind answering

my question ?

3. When will you

finish talking

?

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7

7

. F

. F

ormed by adding “not” before it.

ormed by adding “not” before it.

Example: I apologize for

not

being able to see

you off at the airport tomorrow.

He resented

not

having been invited

to the party.

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English

English

Project

Project

Infinitives

Infinitives

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Infinitive:--

Infinitive:--

bare -

bare -

inf.--

inf.--

(1) After auxiliary verb

"do , does , did , shall , should, will , would , can , could , m

ay , might , must"

Alice could not find the key.

• I will be glad to help you.


(2)After verbs of perception

"see , notice , observe , watch ,hear , feel , smell"

• I

I

saw

saw

her get on the bus.

her get on the bus.

He

He

heard

heard

her say that.

her say that.

(3)After

"make"

&

"let’’

• His joke

His joke

made

made

us laugh.

us laugh.

She did not

She did not

let

let

her sister go to the party.

her sister go to the party.

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bare - inf.

(4)After "had better" "would rather' "cannot bu

t" "can do nothing but"

You ‘d better think about it.

• I ‘d rather wait here a little longer.
• Compare “ I ‘d rather you waited here a little longer.
• I cannot but laugh whenever I think of his humourous remark.
• As it was raining hard , I could do nothing but stay at home

(5)After "need" "dare" and "except"

He needn’t do it himself.

Need he do it himself?
• She dared not lie to her parents.
Dared she lie to her parents?

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to - inf.

to - inf.

(1)As a subject

E.g To succeed at my fob is all I want at the moment.

To argue with him is a waste of time.

(2) To express an intention

E.g. I go to school to study.
She goes running everyday to lose weight.

(3) In order to join a question & answer in single sentence.

Q:Why did he move to Las Vegas?

A1:He wanted to be closer to the casino.
A2:He moved to Las Vegas in order to be closer to the
casinos.

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(4) So as ( not) to join two sentences t

hat relate

to the same idea in one sente

nce.


Eg. She studied very hard for the test. She

Eg. She studied very hard for the test. She

wanted to be save to pass.

wanted to be save to pass.

She studied very hard so as to be save to

She studied very hard so as to be save to

pass the test.

pass the test.

to - inf.

to - inf.

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to - inf.

to - inf.

(5) Verb + inf.

(5) Verb + inf.

A few of the more common verbs normally followed b

A few of the more common verbs normally followed b

y an infinitive include :

y an infinitive include :

afford agree appear attempt decide determ

afford agree appear attempt decide determ

ine

ine

expect hope like love need offer

expect hope like love need offer

pretend seem threaten refuse

pretend seem threaten refuse

We can’t afford to go away this summer.

We can’t afford to go away this summer.

The room appears to have been searched.

The room appears to have been searched.

The prisoners attempted to escape but failed.

The prisoners attempted to escape but failed.

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to - inf.

to - inf.

(6) Verb + object +inf.

(6) Verb + object +inf.

A few of the more common verbs normally follo

A few of the more common verbs normally follo

wed by an object + an infinitive include:

wed by an object + an infinitive include:

advise allow ask encourage help invite

advise allow ask encourage help invite

know order teach tempt tell warn

know order teach tempt tell warn

The doctor

The doctor

advised

advised

me

me

to

to

take

take

a complete break.

a complete break.

Please

Please

allow

allow

me

me

to

to

carry

carry

that bag for you.

that bag for you.

We must

We must

appoint

appoint

a time

a time

to

to

meet

meet

again.

again.

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to - inf.

to - inf.

(7) Adjective followed by infinitive

(7) Adjective followed by infinitive

dangerous important rude good

dangerous important rude good

Eg. It s

Eg. It s

dangerous to

dangerous to

walk

walk

home alone.

home alone.

To walk

To walk

home along is

home along is

dangerous

dangerous

.

.

(8) “

(8) “

Too

Too

” and ‘

” and ‘

not enough

not enough

Eg, He is

Eg, He is

too

too

tired

tired

to work

to work

, he should take so

, he should take so

me rest.

me rest.

He is

He is

not

not

tall

tall

enough

enough

to be

to be

a policeman.

a policeman.

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Comparison

Comparison

between

between

GERUNDS

GERUNDS

and

and

INFINITIVE

INFINITIVE

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Comparison between

Comparison between

GERUNDS and

GERUNDS and

INFINITIVE

INFINITIVE

(1) Some verbs followed by

(1) Some verbs followed by

GERUNDS

GERUNDS

or

or

INFINI

INFINI

TIVES

TIVES

w

w

ithout there being any change in meanin

ithout there being any change in meanin

g

g

.

.

Such verbs include ‘

Such verbs include ‘

start , begin ,cease, contin

start , begin ,cease, contin

ue and can’t bear’

ue and can’t bear’

.

.

• (

2) Those which can be

2) Those which can be

followed by either without

followed by either without

any difference in meaning.

any difference in meaning.

Eg. They

Eg. They

continued

continued

to -

to -

work

work

after lunch.

after lunch.

-

-

working

working

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Comparison between

Comparison between

GERUNDS and

GERUNDS and

INFINITIVE

INFINITIVE

STOP

STOP

。 When the teacher came, the

When the teacher came, the

children

children

stopped

stopped

talking

talking

at once.

at once.

The driver

The driver

stopped

stopped

his cars

his cars

to ask

to ask

where the farm was.

where the farm was.

REMEMBER

REMEMBER

I can’t find my key. I

I can’t find my key. I

remember

remember

putting

putting

it in

it in

my coat , pocket ,in

my coat , pocket ,in

this morning.

this morning.

I hope you will

I hope you will

remember

remember

to post

to post

my letter on your way to school.

my letter on your way to school.

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Comparison between

Comparison between

GERUNDS and

GERUNDS and

INFINITIVE

INFINITIVE

FORGET

FORGET

He has

He has

forgotten

forgotten

asking

asking

me the same

me the same

question yesterday.

question yesterday.

He has asked me to lend him my

He has asked me to lend him my

dictionary because he has

dictionary because he has

forgotten

forgotten

to

to

bring

bring

it again. mountain

it again. mountain

.

.

TRY

TRY

After failing twice, they

After failing twice, they

tried

tried

climbing

climbing

from the other side of the maintain.

from the other side of the maintain.

This year they will

This year they will

try

try

to climb

to climb

a high mo

a high mo

untain.

untain.

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Comparison between

Comparison between

GERUNDS and

GERUNDS and

INFINITIVE

INFINITIVE

REGRET

REGRET

。 I

I

regret

regret

telling

telling

her the secret. Now

her the secret. Now

,

,

everybody knows that I’ m going to

everybody knows that I’ m going to

resign.

resign.

I

I

regret

regret

to tell

to tell

you that your

you that your

application has not been successful.

application has not been successful.

I ‘ll let you know when there is

I ‘ll let you know when there is

another vacancy.

another vacancy.

GO ON

GO ON

They

They

went on

went on

talking

talking

until late into

until late into

the night.

the night.

They

They

went on

went on

to talk

to talk

about other

about other

things.

things.

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Comparison between

Comparison between

GERUNDS and

GERUNDS and

INFINITIVE

INFINITIVE

Eg.

Eg.

Allow , advise , acknowledge , encourage

Allow , advise , acknowledge , encourage

, permit

, permit

“,

“,can be followed by an Object + infiniti

can be followed by an Object + infiniti

ve.

ve.

She

She

advised

advised

us

us

to start

to start

early.

early.

Compare: she

Compare: she

advised

advised

starting

starting

early.

early.

Eg.

Eg.

deserve , need , want , and require

deserve , need , want , and require

Can be followed by either an active gerund or a p

Can be followed by either an active gerund or a p

assive infinitive without change of meaning.

assive infinitive without change of meaning.

This

This

needs

needs

-

-

painting

painting

-

-

to be

to be

painted.

painted.

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PRESENTED BY

David Au

Chris Fung

Skye Lam

Linda Ng

Kelvin Wong

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~THE END~

~THE END~

~THE END~

~THE END~


Document Outline


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