OECD
in Figures
2007 Edition
OECD in Figures 2007
Contents
Demography and health 6
Demography 6
Health spending and resources 8
Health status 10
Economy 12
Gross domestic product 12
Economic growth and performance 14
Sectoral contributions to gross value added 16
Business statistics 18
Services: value added 20
Transport 22
Energy 24
Energy: supply 24
Energy: production 26
Energy consumption and electricity generation 28
Labour 30
Employment 30
Part-time and self-employment 32
Unemployment 34
Services: employment 36
Science and technology 38
Research and development (I) 38
Research and development (II) 40
Patents and trade in technology 42
Environment 44
Resources 44
Emissions and pollution 46
CO2 emissions 48
Education 50
Expenditure 50
Performance 52
Public finance 54
Agriculture: support estimates 54
Government sector 56
Taxation 58
Development aid 60
International trade and investment 62
Direct investment 62
Trade 64
Trade in services 66
Prices and finance 68
Prices and interest rates 68
Insurance and pensions 70
Financial balance sheets and institutional investment 72
Domestic and foreign finance 74
OECD in graphs 77
GDP growth 78
GDP per capita 79
Forecasting with leading indicators 80
Inflation 81
Components of population change 82
Minimum wages 83
Women in parliament 84
Thinkforce 85
Development aid 86
Public debt 87
Climate change 88
Educating medics 89
General notes 90
Glossary 91
The online edition is available at www.oecd.org/infigures
Published in English and French
OECD Publications
2, rue Andr�-Pascal
75775 Paris Cedex 16, France
[e-mail] www.oecd.org
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Price: US$ 20 Ź 15 Ł10 Ą2,000
Free with annual Observer subscription:
US$ 75 Ź 60 Ł41 Ą7,800
ISSN 0029-7054; [e-mail]
Available at www.oecdbookshop.org
� OECD 2007
4
Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development
The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30
democracies work together to address the economic, social
and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is
also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help
governments respond to new developments and concerns,
such as corporate governance, the information economy
and the challenges of an ageing population. The
Organisation provides a setting where governments can
compare policy experiences, seek answers to common
problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate
domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria,
Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New
Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom
and the United States. The Commission of the European
Communities takes part in the work of the OECD.
OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the
Organisation s statistics gathering and research on
economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the
conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its
members.
This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the
OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not
necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the
governments of its member countries.
Also available in French under the title:
L'OCDE en chiffres 2007
Demography and health
Economy
OECD
Energy
Labour
in Figures
Science and technology
Environment
Education
Public finance
International trade and investment
2007 Edition
Prices and finance
6
Demography and health > Demography
Age structure*
Total area Population* Foreign-born population*
As a % of total population
thousands per km� Under 15 15-64 65 and over As a % of total population
Thousand growth rate,
km� 2005/2004
2005 1995 2005 2005 1960 2005 1960 2005 1960 2005 1995
Australia
7 687 20 340 18 072 1.2 3 19.6 30.2 67.3 61.3 13.1 8.5 23.8 23.0 Australia
+3
Austria 84 8 233 8 047 0.4 98 16.0 22.0 67.7 65.8 16.3 12.2 13.5 11.2 Austria
Belgium 31 10 438 10 137 0.4 342 17.1 23.5 65.7 64.5 17.2 12.0 12.1 9.7 Belgium
Canada
9 976 32 299 29 302 1.0 3 17.6 33.7 69.3 58.7 13.1 7.6 19.1 17.2 Canada
+3
Czech Republic 79 10 221 10 331 0.0 130 14.9 25.4 71.0 64.9 14.0 9.6 5.1 4.3 Czech Republic
Denmark 43 5 416 5 233 0.2 126 18.8 25.2 66.1 64.2 15.1 10.6 6.5 4.8 Denmark
Finland 338 5 246 5 108 0.2 16 17.4 30.4 66.7 62.3 15.9 7.3 3.4 2.0 Finland
+4
France 549 60 873 57 844 0.6 111 18.4 26.4 65.1 62.0 16.4 11.6 8.1 7.3 France
-2
Germany 357 82 466 81 661 0.1 231 13.9 21.3 66.9 67.8 19.2 10.8 12.9 11.5 Germany
+3
Greece* 132 11 099 10 634 0.3 84 14.4 26.1 67.4 65.8 18.3 8.1 5.2 2.8 Greece*
Hungary 93 10 087 10 329 - 0.3 108 15.5 25.3 68.8 65.6 15.7 9.0 3.3 2.8 Hungary
Iceland 103 296 267 0.6 3 22.1 34.8 66.2 57.1 11.7 8.1 .. .. Iceland
+1
Ireland 70 4 131 3 601 1.6 59 20.7 30.5 68.2 58.6 11.2 10.9 11.0 6.9 Ireland
Italy* 301 58 135 56 745 0.0 193 14.2 23.4 66.5 67.6 19.3 9.0 4.6 1.7 Italy*
Japan* 378 127 768 125 570 0.1 338 13.8 30.2 66.1 64.1 20.2 5.7 1.6 1.1 Japan*
Korea* 100 48 138 45 093 0.5 483 19.2 42.3 71.7 54.8 9.1 2.9 1.0 0.2 Korea*
Luxembourg 3 455 413 0.9 175 18.7 21.4 67.0 67.9 14.3 10.8 33.4 30.9 Luxembourg
Mexico
1 996 105 300 91 725 1.1 53 31.2 .. 62.8 .. 5.9 .. 0.4 0.4 Mexico
Netherlands 41 16 320 15 459 0.5 400 18.5 30.0 67.5 61.0 14.0 9.0 10.6 9.1 Netherlands
+1
New Zealand 269 4 099 3 673 1.8 15 21.5 32.9 66.4 58.5 12.1 8.7 19.4 16.2 New Zealand
Norway 324 4 623 4 359 0.6 14 19.6 25.9 65.6 63.2 14.7 10.9 8.2 5.5 Norway
-3
Poland 313 38 161 38 275 - 0.1 122 16.5 33.5 70.3 60.8 13.2 5.8 1.6 .. Poland
Portugal 92 10 563 9 847 0.7 114 15.6 .. 67.4 .. 17.0 .. 6.3 5.4 Portugal
-1
Slovak Republic 49 5 387 5 364 0.0 110 16.8 31.6 71.5 61.5 11.7 6.9 3.9 .. Slovak Republic
Spain* 505 43 398 39 388 1.7 86 14.5 27.3 68.8 64.5 16.7 8.2 6.2 1.3 Spain*
Sweden 450 9 030 8 827 0.4 20 17.4 22.4 65.3 65.9 17.3 11.8 12.4 10.5 Sweden
Switzerland 41 7 438 7 041 0.7 180 15.6 23.2 68.1 66.1 16.4 10.7 23.8 21.4 Switzerland
-5
Turkey 781 72 064 61 765 1.3 92 28.4 41.2 65.7 55.1 5.9 3.7 1.9 .. Turkey
United Kingdom 245 59 989 58 025 0.4 245 17.9 23.3 66.0 64.9 16.1 11.7 9.7 6.9 United Kingdom
United States 9 376 296 410 266 278 1.0 32 20.5 31.0 67.1 59.7 12.4 9.2 12.9 9.3 United States
G7 21 182 717 941 675 425 0.6 34 17.5 27.9 66.7 63.0 15.8 9.0 .. .. G7
EU15
3 240 385 792 370 969 0.5 119 16.0 23.6 66.6 63.2 17.4 10.1 .. .. EU15
OECD total 34 804 1 168 424 1 088 413 0.7 34 19.3 28.6 66.8 61.6 13.9 8.5 .. .. OECD total
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en1
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
Labour Force Statistics: 1986-2006, OECD, Paris, 2007;
.. Not available or not applicable.
International Migration Outlook: SOPEMI, 2007 Edition, OECD, Paris, 2007.
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the column
refers to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
7
8
Demography and health > Health spending and resources
Pharmaceutical
Total expenditure Public expenditure Average Health expenditure Acute care beds* Practising physicians* MRI scanner units
expenditure
annual
% of GDP % of total expenditure Per capita USD PPP % of total expenditure per 1 000 population per 1 000 population per million population
growth rate
2005 1995 2005 1995 2000-05 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1990 2005 1990 2005 1995
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Australia 9.5 8.0 67.5 66.7 4.4 3 128 1 738 13.3 11.2 3.6 4.8 2.7 2.2 4.2 2.9 Australia
+1
Austria 10.2 9.8 75.7 71.5 1.7 3 519 2 250 11.6 9.1 6.1 7.5 3.5 2.2 16.3 7.4 Austria
Belgium 10.3 8.2 72.3 78.5 .. 3 389 1 830 .. 16.7 4.4 5.2 4.0 3.3 6.6 3.3 Belgium
-1
Canada 9.8 9.0 70.3 71.4 3.6 3 326 2 057 17.7 13.8 2.9 4.0 2.2 2.1 5.5 1.4 Canada
Czech Republic 7.2 7.0 88.6 90.9 .. 1 479 915 25.1 25.1 5.7 8.6 3.6 2.7 3.1 1.0 Czech Republic
-1 -1 -1
Denmark 9.1 8.1 84.1 82.5 .. 3 108 1 843 8.9 9.1 3.1 4.1 3.6 2.9 10.2 .. Denmark
Finland 7.5 7.5 77.8 75.6 5.1 2 331 1 429 16.3 14.1 2.9 4.3 2.4 2.0 14.7 4.3 Finland
France 11.1 9.9 79.8 78.6 .. 3 374 2 065 16.4 16.0 3.7 5.2 3.4 3.1 4.7 2.1 France
+1 +1
Germany 10.7 10.1 76.9 81.6 1.3 3 287 2 225 15.2 12.9 6.4 8.3 3.4 2.8 7.1 2.3 Germany
-1 -1
Greece 10.1 7.5 42.8 52.0 5.6 2 981 1 250 .. 15.7 3.8 .. 4.9 3.4 13.2 .. Greece
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Hungary 8.1 7.3 70.5 84.0 8.7 1 337 685 29.2 25.0 5.5 7.1 3.0 2.8 2.6 1.0 Hungary
Iceland 9.5 8.2 82.5 83.9 3.6 3 443 1 853 13.3 13.4 .. 4.3 3.7 2.8 20.3 7.5 Iceland
+2
Ireland 7.5 6.7 78.0 71.8 7.1 2 926 1 211 10.9 10.5 2.8 3.2 2.8 2.0 .. .. Ireland
+3 -1
Italy 8.9 7.3 76.6 70.8 2.4 2 532 1 562 20.1 20.7 3.3 6.2 3.8 3.8 15.0 2.6 Italy
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +3 -1 +1
Japan 8.0 6.9 81.7 83.0 2.1 2 358 1 546 19.0 22.3 8.2 12.3 2.0 1.7 40.1 18.8 Japan
Korea 6.0 4.1 53.0 35.7 8.7 1 318 531 27.3 33.5 6.5 2.7 1.6 0.8 12.1 3.9 Korea
-1 -1 -1 -1
Luxembourg 8.3 5.6 90.6 92.4 .. 5 352 2 032 8.9 12.0 5.2 .. 2.5 2.0 11.0 2.4 Luxembourg
Mexico 6.4 5.6 45.5 42.1 3.2 675 388 21.3 .. 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.0 1.3 .. Mexico
-1 -3 -1 -1 -3
Netherlands 9.2 8.3 62.5 71.0 4.3 3 094 1 821 11.5 11.0 3.1 3.8 3.7 2.5 5.6 3.9 Netherlands
-1 -2 +1
New Zealand 9.0 7.2 78.1 77.2 5.4 2 343 1 244 12.4 14.8 .. .. 2.2 1.9 3.7 2.7 New Zealand
+1
Norway 9.1 7.9 83.6 84.2 3.1 4 364 1 892 9.1 9.0 3.0 3.8 3.7 2.6 .. .. Norway
Poland 6.2 5.5 69.3 72.9 .. 867 417 28.0 .. 4.7 6.3 2.1 2.1 2.0 .. Poland
-2 +2
Portugal 10.2 7.8 72.7 62.6 .. 2 033 1 096 21.9 23.6 3.0 3.4 3.4 2.8 3.9 2.8 Portugal
+2 +2 +2 -1
Slovak Republic 7.1 5.7 74.4 91.7 .. 1 137 543 31.9 .. 5.0 .. 3.1 .. 4.3 .. Slovak Republic
-1
Spain 8.2 7.4 71.4 72.2 .. 2 255 1 193 22.9 19.2 2.6 3.6 3.8 .. 8.1 2.7 Spain
-1
Sweden 9.1 8.1 84.6 86.6 3.7 2 918 1 733 12.0 12.3 2.2 4.1 3.4 2.9 .. 6.8 Sweden
+2
Switzerland 11.6 9.7 59.7 53.8 2.6 4 177 2 571 10.4 10.0 3.6 6.5 3.8 3.0 14.4 12.4 Switzerland
-1 -1 -1 +1
Turkey 7.6 3.4 71.4 70.3 5.8 586 187 .. 31.6 2.0 2.0 1.5 0.9 3.0 0.6 Turkey
United Kingdom 8.3 7.0 87.1 83.9 .. 2 724 1 384 .. 15.3 3.1 .. 2.4 1.6 5.4 .. United Kingdom
+3 -1
United States 15.3 13.3 45.1 45.3 4.4 6 401 3 656 12.4 8.9 2.7 3.7 2.4 2.1 26.6 12.3 United States
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en2
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
OECD Health Data 2007, OECD, Paris, July 2007.
.. Not available or not applicable.
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers
to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
9
10
Demography and health > Health status
Life expectancy at birth Fertility rate Infant mortality Tobacco consumption Obesity1
Children per
Number of years
% of adults with BMI>30
woman 15- per 1 000 live births* % of adults smoking daily
kg/m�
2005 1995
49
Women Men Total Women Men Total 2005 2005 1995 2005 1990 2005 1995
-1 -1
Australia 83.3 78.5 80.9 80.8 75.0 77.9 1.81 5.0 5.7 17.7 28.6 .. 19.8 Australia
Austria 82.2 76.7 79.5 79.9 73.3 76.6 1.41 4.2 5.4 .. .. .. .. Austria
-1 -1 -1 -1 +2
Belgium 82.4 76.5 79.4 80.7 73.9 77.3 1.72 3.7 5.9 20.0 32.0 12.7 11.1 Belgium
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Canada 82.6 77.8 80.2 81.1 75.1 78.1 1.53 5.3 6.1 17.3 28.2 18.0 12.1 Canada
+3 +1
Czech Republic 79.1 72.9 76.0 76.6 69.7 73.2 1.28 3.4 7.7 24.3 26.1 17.0 11.3 Czech Republic
-1 -1
Denmark 80.2 75.6 77.9 77.8 72.7 75.3 1.80 4.4 5.1 26.0 44.5 11.4 7.6 Denmark
Finland 82.3 75.5 78.9 80.2 72.8 76.5 1.80 3.0 3.9 21.8 25.9 14.1 10.4 Finland
-1 -1
France 83.8 76.7 80.3 81.8 73.9 77.9 1.94 3.6 4.9 23.0 30.0 9.5 7.0 France
-2 -1
Germany 81.8 76.2 79.0 79.7 73.3 76.5 1.34 3.9 5.3 24.3 31.2 13.6 .. Germany
-1 -2
Greece 81.7 76.8 79.3 80.3 75.0 77.7 1.28 3.8 8.1 38.6 38.5 21.9 .. Greece
-2 -2
Hungary 76.9 68.6 72.8 74.5 65.3 69.9 1.32 6.2 10.7 30.4 .. 18.8 .. Hungary
-3
Iceland 83.1 79.2 81.2 80.0 75.9 78.0 2.05 2.3 6.0 19.5 30.3 12.4 .. Iceland
-3 -3 +3
Ireland 81.8 77.1 79.5 78.4 72.9 75.7 1.88 4.0 6.4 27.0 30.0 13.0 10.0 Ireland
-1
Italy 83.2 77.6 80.4 81.3 74.9 78.1 1.34 4.7 6.2 22.3 27.8 9.9 7.0 Italy
-1
Japan 85.5 78.5 82.0 82.9 76.4 79.6 1.26 2.8 4.3 29.2 37.4 3.0 2.6 Japan
-3 +1 -1 +3
Korea 81.9 75.1 78.5 77.4 69.6 73.5 1.08 5.3 7.7 25.3 34.6 3.5 2.2 Korea
+2 +2
Luxembourg 82.3 76.2 79.3 80.2 73.0 76.6 1.70 2.6 5.6 23.0 33.0 18.6 14.9 Luxembourg
-3 -2
Mexico 77.9 73.0 75.5 75.3 70.0 72.7 2.20 18.8 27.6 26.4 25.8 30.2 .. Mexico
Netherlands 81.6 77.2 79.4 80.4 74.6 77.5 1.73 4.9 5.5 31.0 37.0 10.7 6.9 Netherlands
-2 +2
New Zealand 81.7 77.5 79.6 79.7 74.4 77.1 2.00 5.1 6.7 22.5 28.0 20.9 17.0 New Zealand
Norway 82.5 77.7 80.1 80.8 74.8 77.8 1.84 3.1 4.0 25.0 35.0 9.0 5.0 Norway
-1 +2 -1 +1
Poland 79.4 70.8 75.1 76.4 67.6 72.0 1.24 6.4 13.6 26.3 41.5 12.5 11.4 Poland
-3 +1
Portugal 81.4 74.9 78.2 78.7 71.6 75.2 1.40 3.5 7.5 17.0 19.0 .. 11.5 Portugal
-3 -2 -2
Slovak Republic 77.9 70.1 74.0 76.3 68.4 72.4 1.25 7.2 11.0 24.3 .. 15.4 18.9 Slovak Republic
-2 -1 -2
Spain 83.9 77.4 80.7 81.5 74.3 77.9 1.34 4.1 5.5 28.1 35.9 13.1 10.3 Spain
+2
Sweden 82.8 78.4 80.6 81.4 76.2 78.8 1.77 2.4 4.1 15.9 25.8 10.7 7.9 Sweden
-3 +2 -3 +2
Switzerland 83.9 78.7 81.3 81.7 75.3 78.5 1.42 4.2 5.0 26.8 28.2 7.7 6.8 Switzerland
-2 -1 -2
Turkey 73.8 68.9 71.4 70.2 65.6 67.9 2.19 23.6 43.0 32.1 43.6 12.0 .. Turkey
United Kingdom 81.1 76.9 79.0 79.2 74.0 76.6 1.80 5.1 6.2 24.0 30.0 23.0 16.0 United Kingdom
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
United States 80.4 75.2 77.8 78.9 72.5 75.7 2.05 6.8 7.6 16.9 25.6 32.2 .. United States
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en3
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
1. Estimates are based on national health interview surveys for most countries (self-reported data), OECD Health Data 2007, OECD, Paris, July 2007.
except for Australia, the Czech Republic (2005 only), New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the
United States where estimates are based on the actual measurement of weight and height. This
difference in survey methodologies limits data comparability, as estimates arising from the actual
measurement of weight and height are significantly higher than those based on self-report.
.. Not available or not applicable.
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the column
refers to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
11
12
Economy > Gross domestic product, 2006
Total Per capita
at current market prices at current market prices
Purchasing power
Using current
parities
Using current PPPs* Using current PPPs*
Using current
exchange rates, billion
exchange rates, USD
Billion USD % of OECD total USD OECD = 100
USD
Australia 720.9 755.2 34 700 113 36 400 1.39 Australia
2.0
Austria 298.8 321.6 36 200 117 38 900 0.858 Austria
0.8
Belgium 366.7 394.0 34 800 113 37 400 0.857 Belgium
1.0
Canada 1 268.8 35 900 116 39 000 1.23 Canada
1 170.4 3.2
Czech Republic 226.4 141.8 22 100 72 13 800 14.2 Czech Republic
0.6
0.5
Denmark 195.5 275.4 36 000 117 50 600 8.37 Denmark
Finland 175.5 210.6 33 300 108 40 000 0.957 Finland
0.5
France 2 248.0 31 700 103 35 600 0.893 France
2 005.9 5.5
Germany 2 896.7 32 000 104 35 200 0.875 Germany
2 639.0 7.3
Greece 352.1 308.4 31 600 103 27 700 0.698 Greece
1.0
Hungary 184.3 112.0 18 300 59 11 100 128 Hungary
0.5
0.0
Iceland 11.8 16.1 39 600 128 53 900 95.6 Iceland
Ireland 175.1 220.5 41 300 134 52 000 1.00 Ireland
0.5
Italy 1 850.9 29 300 95 31 400 0.856 Italy
1 723.1 4.7
Japan 11.2 4 365.4 31 900 103 34 200 124 Japan
4 077.9
Korea 883.8 23 400 76 18 200 744 Korea
1 133.4 3.1
Luxembourg 35.9 41.5 77 800 252 89 700 0.920 Luxembourg
0.1
Mexico 840.3 11 600 37 8 000 7.57 Mexico
1 210.0 3.3
Netherlands 608.9 662.3 37 300 121 40 500 0.867 Netherlands
1.7
New Zealand 109.0 103.9 26 300 85 25 100 1.47 New Zealand
0.3
Norway 247.6 334.9 53 100 172 71 900 8.68 Norway
0.7
Poland 571.0 338.7 15 000 49 8 900 1.84 Poland
1.6
Portugal 222.1 194.8 21 000 68 18 400 0.699 Portugal
0.6
Slovak Republic 94.9 55.1 17 600 57 10 200 17.2 Slovak Republic
0.3
Spain 1 224.6 28 800 93 27 800 0.769 Spain
1 270.1 3.5
Sweden 309.6 384.7 34 100 111 42 400 9.17 Sweden
0.9
Switzerland 283.0 378.5 37 500 122 50 100 1.68 Switzerland
0.8
Turkey1 625.9 403.5 8 700 28 5 600 0.921 Turkey1
1.7
United Kingdom 2 373.5 34 400 112 39 200 0.618 United Kingdom
2 086.6 5.7
United States 13 185.0 36.3 13 185.0 44 000 143 44 000 1.00 United States
G7 26 887.8 74.0 28 188.4 37 100 120 38 900 .. G7
Euro area2 27.2 10 574.0 31 300 101 33 500 0.854 Euro area2
9 873.2
OECD total 36 316.6 100.0 36 790.5 30 900 100 31 300 .. OECD total
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en4
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
1. According to the 1968 System of National Accounts. National Accounts of OECD Countries, OECD, Paris, 2007.
2. Without Slovenia.
.. Not available or not applicable.
13
14
Economy > Economic growth and performance
Trade balance
GDP growth GDP growth by component
Net national
(goods and
saving
Volume % change 2005-2006
services)
Average annual % volume change
Gross fixed capital formation
Private final Government final % of GDP at % of GDP at
consumption consumption current prices, current prices,
Housing and
expenditure expenditure 2006 2006
1996-2006 2005-2006 2004-2005 Total other
construction
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Australia
3.4 2.4 2.8 2.6 3.2 8.5 6.3 - 1.5 6.0 Australia
Austria
2.2 3.1 2.0 1.8 0.9 4.7 4.6 5.6 10.5 Austria
Belgium .. 2.6 8.9 Belgium
2.3 3.2 1.1 2.5 1.4 6.1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Canada
3.5 2.7 2.9 3.9 2.7 7.1 5.3 3.8 10.7 Canada
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Czech Republic .. 1.9 4.8 Czech Republic
2.8 6.1 6.1 2.8 1.0 1.3
Denmark
2.1 3.2 3.1 3.4 1.2 11.1 8.8 2.9 9.0 Denmark
Finland
3.8 5.5 2.9 3.0 0.9 5.1 5.5 6.5 12.4 Finland
2.3 2.0 1.7 2.0 1.4 3.7 2.3 - 1.4 5.7 France
France
Germany
1.5 2.8 0.9 0.8 1.5 5.6 4.3 5.4 8.7 Germany
Greece
4.1 4.3 3.7 3.2 3.8 14.6 22.5 - 8.4 6.3 Greece
Hungary .. 0.9 .. Hungary
4.4 4.0 4.1 1.9 - 2.7 - 1.9
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
4.3 2.6 7.5 12.4 3.3 34.5 14.0 - 12.4 0.7 Iceland
Iceland
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Ireland
7.2 6.0 5.5 6.3 5.9 12.7 9.9 12.7 14.0 Ireland
Italy
1.4 1.9 0.1 1.5 - 0.3 2.3 2.1 - 0.8 3.5 Italy
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Japan
1.1 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.7 2.4 - 2.2 1.4 5.5 Japan
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Korea
4.2 5.0 4.0 3.2 4.3 2.3 0.4 2.5 19.1 Korea
Luxembourg .. Luxembourg
5.1 6.2 4.0 3.9 2.3 2.9 1.9 27.8
-1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2
Mexico
3.6 4.8 3.0 5.4 0.5 7.6 5.9 - 1.6 11.0 Mexico
Netherlands
2.5 2.9 1.5 - 1.2 8.6 6.7 4.3 7.7 15.2 Netherlands
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
New Zealand
2.8 1.7 2.0 4.5 4.7 5.9 1.7 - 2.7 1.5 New Zealand
Norway
2.7 2.9 2.7 4.3 2.2 8.9 7.9 17.8 27.1 Norway
-1 -1
Poland
4.2 5.8 3.5 5.1 2.4 16.7 4.9 - 0.7 3.8 Poland
Portugal
2.2 1.3 0.5 1.1 - 0.3 - 1.6 - 6.2 - 7.8 - 4.4 Portugal
Slovak Republic
4.1 8.3 6.0 6.1 4.1 7.3 - 1.7 - 4.6 1.6 Slovak Republic
Spain
3.8 3.9 3.5 3.7 4.4 6.3 5.8 - 6.2 6.2 Spain
Sweden
3.1 4.4 2.9 2.8 1.8 8.2 12.2 8.2 12.6 Sweden
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Switzerland
1.8 2.7 1.9 1.3 - 1.6 3.2 3.5 6.8 18.2 Switzerland
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Turkey1
4.0 6.1 7.4 8.8 2.4 24.0 25.0 - 6.6 12.8 Turkey1
-1
United Kingdom
2.8 2.8 1.9 2.0 2.4 6.5 7.8 - 4.2 4.2 United Kingdom
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
United States
3.2 3.3 3.2 3.5 1.0 6.4 4.7 - 5.8 0.0 United States
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
G7
2.4 2.8 2.4 2.5 1.4 4.2 2.1 - 2.1 3.1 G7
-1 -1 -1 -1
Euro area2 .. 1.4 .. Euro area2
2.2 2.7 1.5 1.5 1.3 2.5
-1 -1 -1 -1
EU15 .. 0.8 .. EU15
2.3 2.8 1.6 1.5 1.6 2.9
-1 -1 -1 -1
OECD total .. - 1.3 .. OECD total
2.6 3.0 2.5 2.7 1.5 4.6
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en5
1. According to the 1968 System of National Accounts.
Sources:
2. Without Slovenia. National Accounts of OECD Countries, OECD, Paris, 2007.
.. Not available or not applicable.
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers
-n
to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
15
16
Economy > Sectoral contributions to gross value added1
Agriculture Industry Services
% of value added
% of value added % of value added
Total Manufacturing
2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995
Australia
3.1 3.8 28.0 28.4 11.0 14.6 68.9 67.8 Australia
Austria
1.6 2.7 29.8 30.4 19.4 19.3 68.6 66.9 Austria
Belgium
1.1 1.5 24.1 28.3 17.1 20.2 74.8 70.2 Belgium
-2 -2 -2 -2
Canada
2.1 2.9 31.2 30.7 16.5 18.4 66.7 66.4 Canada
Czech Republic
2.9 5.0 38.3 38.3 25.9 24.3 58.8 56.7 Czech Republic
Denmark
1.5 3.5 25.5 25.1 14.2 17.1 73.0 71.5 Denmark
Finland
2.9 4.4 31.4 32.8 23.1 25.3 65.7 62.8 Finland
+4
France
2.3 3.4 20.7 24.8 13.2 16.1 77.0 72.6 France
Germany
1.0 1.3 29.3 32.2 23.2 22.6 69.7 66.6 Germany
+5
Greece 9.5
4.0 7.7 19.4 21.3 10.3 76.6 70.0 Greece
+5
Hungary
4.3 8.5 30.1 30.3 22.2 23.5 65.6 61.9 Hungary
-1 -1 -1 +2 -1
Iceland2
6.7 11.0 24.7 28.2 12.5 16.4 68.7 60.9 Iceland2
Ireland
2.1 7.0 36.1 38.0 24.5 30.2 61.9 55.0 Ireland
Italy
2.2 3.3 26.6 30.3 18.2 22.2 71.2 66.4 Italy
+1
Japan3
1.4 1.9 28.7 33.2 20.2 22.4 69.9 64.9 Japan3
Korea
3.4 6.4 40.3 41.9 28.4 27.6 56.3 51.8 Korea
Luxembourg 8.8
0.4 1.0 16.2 21.7 13.7 83.4 77.2 Luxembourg
-1 -1 -1 -1
Mexico
3.8 5.2 26.0 26.5 17.9 19.8 70.2 68.3 Mexico
Netherlands
2.2 3.5 24.2 27.4 14.1 17.4 73.7 69.2 Netherlands
-3 -3 -3 -3
New Zealand4 New Zealand4
7.0 7.2 23.9 26.0 15.6 17.9 69.1 66.9
Norway 9.6
1.6 3.1 43.0 34.2 13.2 55.4 62.8 Norway
Poland
4.6 8.0 30.8 35.2 18.5 21.1 64.6 56.8 Poland
-2
Portugal
2.7 5.7 25.0 28.4 15.7 18.6 72.2 65.9 Portugal
Slovak Republic
4.4 5.9 35.7 37.8 23.4 26.8 59.9 56.3 Slovak Republic
+5
Spain
3.3 4.5 29.3 29.4 15.5 18.6 67.5 66.1 Spain
-1
Sweden
1.2 2.7 28.2 30.3 19.7 22.3 70.6 67.0 Sweden
-1
Switzerland
1.2 2.0 26.5 29.8 18.6 20.0 72.3 68.2 Switzerland
10.5 15.7 30.3 31.9 21.2 22.6 59.2 52.4
Turkey4,5 Turkey4,5
United Kingdom
0.9 1.9 23.2 30.7 13.0 20.9 75.9 67.5 United Kingdom
United States2,6
1.2 1.6 22.8 26.4 13.4 17.6 76.0 72.0 United States2,6
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en6
1. According to the 1993 System of National Accounts and the International
Sources:
Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), Revision 3 (1990). Value added is
National Accounts of OECD Countries, OECD, Paris, 2007.
estimated at basic prices and includes FISIM.
2. Value added estimated at factor cost.
3. Value added is estimated approximately at market prices.
4. Value added is estimated at producer's prices.
5. According to the 1968 System of National Accounts.
6. For Manufacturing: contribution to GDP instead of value added. For Services:
includes government enterprises. Sanitary and similar services included in
industry.
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year.
E.g. if the column refers to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to
2005.
17
18
Economy > Business statistics, 2004*
Manufacturing Wholesale and retail trade Business services and real estate
Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of
Production Production Production
employees* enterprises* employees* enterprises* employees* enterprises*
Billion USD Thousands Thousands Billion USD Thousands Thousands Billion USD Thousands Thousands
Australia 217 1 011 .. 136 1 682 .. 142 952 .. Australia
Austria 146 599 29 61 531 77 42 306 75 Austria
Belgium 235 586 37 97 460 135 75 347 105 Belgium
-1 -1 -1
Canada 397 1 947 49 .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada
Czech Republic 96 1 202 151 23 489 227 19 299 252 Czech Republic
-1
Denmark 89 408 19 51 403 49 48 296 64 Denmark
Finland 119 403 25 29 237 46 26 181 47 Finland
France 1 063 3 804 258 383 3 053 695 436 2 789 563 France
Germany 1 751 7 067 200 394 3 968 445 404 3 426 563 Germany
Greece .. .. .. 44 480 305 .. .. .. Greece
Hungary 77 799 68 17 497 161 13 316 190 Hungary
Iceland ....3.... 5.... 16 Iceland
Ireland 127 219 5 25 251 31 23 156 30 Ireland
Italy 1 030 3 895 524 468 1 696 1 260 266 1 429 970 Italy
-2 -2 -2
Japan 2 628 7 565 271 4 374 10 720 1 680 .. .. .. Japan
-1 -1 -1 -3 -1 -1 -3 -1 -1
Korea 568 2 624 113 331 1 185 967 58 1 077 209 Korea
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Luxembourg 9 37 1 4 37 7 5 46 8 Luxembourg
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Mexico 161 4 443 336 77 4 997 1 581 37 1 519 158 Mexico
Netherlands 269 743 47 129 1 169 158 143 1 126 144 Netherlands
New Zealand 43 258 22 25 306 50 25 201 114 New Zealand
Norway 71 252 20 44 328 57 42 202 89 Norway
Poland 167 2 230 207 115 1 371 611 30 607 277 Poland
Portugal 87 832 81 37 694 235 23 332 62 Portugal
Slovak Republic 32 400 6 6 160 14 4 89 9 Slovak Republic
Spain 530 2 442 223 198 2 478 809 173 1 883 535 Spain
Sweden 202 722 59 61 498 121 85 431 205 Sweden
-1 -1 -1 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2
Switzerland 150 .. 23 64 522 40 56 323 30 Switzerland
-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
Turkey 81 1 092 11 31 1 193 764 4 152 75 Turkey
United Kingdom 783 3 294 155 460 4 633 382 553 4 035 577 United Kingdom
-2 -2 -2 -2 -2
United States 4 307 13 571 346 .. 21 761 1 267 .. 17 057 1 139 United States
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en7
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
Structural and Demographic Business Statistics, OECD database.
.. Not available or not applicable.
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to
2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
19
20
Economy > Services: value added*
Contribution to total economy
% of total value added
Wholesale and retail trade, Transport, storage and Real estate, renting and Public administration and Education, health, social
Finance and insurance
restaurants and hotels communication business services defence work and other services
I II III IV V VI
2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995
Australia* 13.5 14.7 7.5 8.8 7.8 6.1 21.0 19.8 4.2 4.3 15.0 14.2 Australia*
Austria 17.4 16.8 7.0 7.4 5.4 6.1 18.0 13.8 5.8 6.8 15.0 16.0 Austria
Belgium 14.6 13.8 8.4 8.2 5.8 6.4 22.2 19.1 7.3 7.1 16.5 15.6 Belgium
-2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
Canada* 13.8 13.4 6.9 7.3 7.3 6.6 18.2 17.6 5.8 6.6 14.2 14.8 Canada*
Czech Republic 14.4 14.0 10.3 10.4 3.3 3.2 13.8 13.6 5.7 5.4 11.3 10.1 Czech Republic
Denmark 12.8 14.7 9.2 7.6 5.6 5.2 18.2 17.1 6.3 6.8 16.3 20.1 Denmark
Finland 12.2 11.1 10.4 9.7 2.3 4.3 18.5 14.6 5.0 5.5 17.4 17.7 Finland
France* 12.9 13.2 6.4 6.2 4.6 4.8 27.4 22.8 7.6 7.9 18.0 16.9 France*
Germany 12.2 12.3 5.9 5.7 5.0 4.6 24.3 21.8 6.0 6.7 16.4 15.5 Germany
Greece 23.8 .. 8.3 .. 4.2 .. 15.2 .. 7.3 .. 17.7 .. Greece
Hungary 12.7 13.1 7.7 8.0 4.6 3.8 17.1 14.8 8.7 8.4 14.7 13.9 Hungary
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
Iceland 12.2 13.2 6.2 8.4 9.7 5.4 17.1 12.5 6.0 4.7 19.6 17.2 Iceland
Ireland 11.9 11.8 5.3 5.5 10.3 8.1 14.9 9.2 4.5 5.7 15.0 14.6 Ireland
Italy 15.4 17.2 7.8 7.0 4.6 4.7 22.3 17.7 6.5 6.1 14.3 13.8 Italy
Japan* 13.0 14.6 6.5 6.8 7.2 6.1 20.3 18.3 5.9 4.3 17.4 15.7 Japan*
Korea 9.8 11.5 7.3 6.6 8.4 6.9 12.5 11.5 6.3 5.3 12.0 9.9 Korea
Luxembourg 11.4 13.1 10.3 8.2 24.2 22.1 20.0 17.2 5.6 5.6 11.9 11.1 Luxembourg
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Mexico 21.0 22.1 10.5 10.6 3.4 7.0 16.8 17.4 4.4 3.8 15.6 15.1 Mexico
Netherlands 14.5 14.8 7.1 6.9 7.4 6.3 20.0 17.9 7.3 7.9 17.3 15.3 Netherlands
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
New Zealand* 15.7 16.0 7.4 8.3 6.6 5.8 21.7 19.6 4.4 5.0 13.8 11.3 New Zealand*
Norway 9.4 12.3 7.5 10.0 3.9 4.4 14.0 13.1 4.4 6.1 16.2 16.9 Norway
Poland 8.4 7.2 7.2 6.3 4.1 2.6 13.7 10.0 6.2 6.8 13.1 11.8 Poland
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Portugal 17.6 17.7 7.0 6.5 6.7 6.3 14.4 13.6 9.1 8.1 16.9 13.6 Portugal
Slovak Republic 15.7 14.0 10.4 10.5 4.2 5.7 14.3 11.8 5.6 5.2 9.7 9.1 Slovak Republic
Spain 18.4 17.5 7.1 7.0 4.6 4.7 16.4 13.6 6.0 6.6 14.9 14.4 Spain
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Sweden 12.2 12.5 8.0 8.1 4.5 4.4 19.8 17.9 5.5 5.9 20.7 18.1 Sweden
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Switzerland 15.3 .. 6.4 .. 13.8 .. 17.4 .. 10.6 .. 8.7 .. Switzerland
Turkey* 20.9 20.5 15.0 12.7 4.5 4.2 4.7 3.2 10.0 8.0 4.2 3.9 Turkey*
United Kingdom 14.5 13.7 7.1 7.7 8.3 6.4 23.4 18.1 4.8 5.8 17.8 15.7 United Kingdom
United States* 13.1 13.3 5.6 6.4 7.9 6.8 24.3 21.9 8.7 9.4 16.5 16.0 United States*
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en8
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
National Accounts of OECD Countries, OECD, Paris, 2006;
.. Not available or not applicable.
STAN: OECD Structural Analysis Statistics OECD;
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the National sources.
column refers to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
21
22
Economy > Transport, 2005
Freight transport Passenger transport Road accidents
% of
Billion tonne-kilometres Billion passenger-kilometres fatalities Road accidents, 2005
compared
Killed and Killed per
Inland Total inland Coastal Buses and Total road Total
Rail Roads Oil pipelines Rail Private cars 2005 / 1995 injured, 100 000
waterways freight shipping coaches transport passengers
thousands population
Australia 170.2 168.6 .. .. 338.8 114.0 11.6 18.2 270.9 289.2 300.8 - 19.2 .. 8 Australia
Austria 17.1 17.7 1.8 7.8 44.3 -- 8.5 .. .. .. 8.5 - 36.5 54.0 9 Austria
Belgium 8.0 48.9 8.9 1.1 67.0 .. 9.2 17.1 111.3 128.4 137.5 - 24.8 66.4 10 Belgium
-2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -2 -2
Canada 306.3 89.0 27.5 111.9 497.0 19.9 1.5 22.0 494.0 483.0 484.0 - 12.7 213.8 9 Canada
Czech Republic 14.9 43.4 0.8 2.3 61.4 -- 6.7 7.7 68.6 76.3 83.0 - 19.0 33.5 13 Czech Republic
Denmark 2.0 11.1 -- 5.2 18.2 .. 5.8 9.0 52.1 61.1 66.9 - 43.1 6.9 6 Denmark
Finland 9.7 27.8 0.3 -- 37.8 2.3 3.5 7.5 61.9 69.5 72.9 - 14.1 9.4 7 Finland
France 39.7 193.2 8.9 20.9 262.6 .. 76.5 44.2 727.4 771.6 848.1 - 40.2 113.4 9 France
Germany 95.4 310.1 64.1 16.7 486.4 .. 74.9 68.2 885.7 953.9 1 028.9 - 43.3 438.8 7 Germany
Greece 0.6 16.1 -- -- 16.7 .. 1.9 6.4 35.9 42.3 44.2 - 31.2 23.7 15 Greece
Hungary 9.1 11.4 2.1 5.6 28.2 -- 9.9 17.6 46.6 64.2 74.0 - 19.6 28.8 13 Hungary
Iceland -- .. -- -- .. 0.1 -- 0.6 4.6 5.1 5.1 - 20.8 1.0 6 Iceland
-2 -2 -2
Ireland 0.3 18.2 -- -- 18.5 1.9 1.8 .. .. .. 1.8 - 23.0 8.6 8 Ireland
Italy 22.2 162.1 0.1 10.7 195.2 37.1 46.1 101.3 708.3 809.6 855.7 - 22.8 319.2 9 Italy
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Japan 22.0 328.0 .. .. 350.0 219.0 385.0 86.0 751.0 837.0 1 222.0 - 37.4 1 163,5 6 Japan
-1 -1
Korea 10.1 12.5 .. .. 23.2 .. 19.1 76.5 15.1 91.7 110.7 - 46.3 348.6 13 Korea
-1 -1 -1
Luxembourg 0.4 0.5 0.3 -- 1.2 -- 0.3 .. .. .. 0.3 - 28.6 1.0 11 Luxembourg
Mexico 22.2 204.2 .. .. 204.2 24.7 0.1 422.9 .. 422.9 423.0 .. .. .. Mexico
Netherlands 5.0 32.0 43.1 6.0 86.1 .. 15.2 16.5 145.9 162.5 177.7 - 43.8 32.6 5 Netherlands
New Zealand .. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 30.3 14.9 10 New Zealand
-1
Norway 2.2 15.9 -- 4.6 22.8 27.1 3.2 5.9 51.7 57.5 60.7 - 26.6 11.1 5 Norway
Poland 50.0 119.7 1.3 25.4 196.4 .. 18.2 29.3 197.3 226.6 244.8 - 21.1 66.6 14 Poland
Portugal 2.4 17.4 -- -- 19.8 .. 3.8 10.9 85.8 96.7 100.5 - 47.5 50.3 12 Portugal
Slovak Republic 9.5 22.6 0.7 -- 32.7 -- 2.2 7.5 25.8 33.3 35.5 .. .. .. Slovak Republic
Spain 11.6 227.4 -- 6.5 245.5 46.3 21.6 53.2 363.0 416.2 437.8 - 22.8 137.3 10 Spain
Sweden 21.7 38.6 -- -- 60.2 8.0 8.9 9.0 97.8 106.8 115.7 - 23.1 26.9 5 Sweden
Switzerland 11.5 25.0 0.1 0.2 36.9 -- 16.2 5.5 88.2 93.7 109.9 - 40.9 27.2 6 Switzerland
Turkey 9.2 166.8 -- 2.3 178.3 .. 5.0 .. .. 182.2 187.2 .. .. .. Turkey
-1
United Kingdom 22.1 160.3 0.2 10.8 193.3 58.2 43.2 47.3 676.8 724.1 767.3 - 11.4 279.2 6 United Kingdom
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
United States 2 459.3 1 919.3 414.8 875.4 3 749.4 408.6 8.9 226.5 7 168.0 7 394.5 7 403.3 3.9 2 742.4 15 United States
Russian Federation 1 857.6 193.6 86.1 1 156.3 3 293.5 6.5 171.6 96.3 .. 96.3 267.9 .. .. .. Russian Federation
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en9
Sources:
Trends in the Transport Sector, ECMT, Paris, 2007;
.. Not available.
IRTAD: www.irtad.net
-- Not applicable.
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to
-n
2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
23
24
Energy > Energy: supply, 2005
Primary energy supply1
Total Nuclear Coal Oil Natural gas Other2
Energy
% Change % Change % Change % Change % Change % Change % Change
Mtoe3 Mtoe3 Mtoe3 Mtoe3 Mtoe3 Mtoe3
2005/1995 2005/1995 2005/1995 2005/1995 2005/1995 2005/1995 2005/1995
intensity4
Australia 121.96 29.2 0.26 - 9.2 - - 54.32 44.6 37.87 10.2 23.04 37.7 6.72 17.6 Australia
Austria 34.36 26.5 0.16 1.9 - - 4.06 16.8 14.50 26.6 8.26 29.6 7.54 28.8 Austria
Belgium 56.65 8.2 0.23 - 11.8 12.40 15.1 5.09 - 41.7 22.79 8.6 14.11 33.0 2.26 75.9 Belgium
Canada 271.95 17.5 0.33 - 15.4 23.99 - 6.2 27.98 11.2 97.37 24.9 80.63 20.2 41.99 17.8 Canada
Czech Republic 45.21 10.0 0.67 - 14.6 6.47 103.0 20.19 - 11.1 9.98 24.6 7.70 17.6 0.87 29.6 Czech Republic
Denmark 19.61 - 2.0 0.11 - 20.3 - - 3.72 - 42.8 8.21 - 7.4 4.40 38.8 3.29 122.8 Denmark
Finland 34.96 18.0 0.25 - 17.4 6.06 21.1 4.93 - 18.5 10.70 20.6 3.60 26.7 9.66 40.9 Finland
France 275.97 14.3 0.19 - 7.5 117.67 19.7 14.42 - 10.3 91.44 7.6 40.98 38.6 11.45 - 7.8 France
Germany 344.75 0.7 0.18 - 11.7 42.49 6.5 81.69 - 10.8 123.40 - 9.0 80.83 20.1 16.33 105.6 Germany
Greece 30.98 31.9 0.17 - 9.9 - - 8.95 6.7 17.69 29.5 2.35 + 1.98 42.1 Greece
Hungary 27.76 8.0 0.47 - 28.2 3.62 - 0.9 3.07 - 32.3 7.23 - 3.6 12.09 31.8 1.75 110.4 Hungary
Iceland 3.63 55.7 0.34 0.3 - - 0.10 80.7 0.89 25.6 - - 2.64 68.4 Iceland
Ireland 15.29 41.5 0.12 - 30.9 - - 2.69 2.0 8.57 51.0 3.47 48.7 0.57 246.9 Ireland
Italy 185.19 15.0 0.16 1.4 - - 16.47 34.1 81.78 - 12.1 70.63 58.2 16.30 46.9 Italy
Japan 530.46 6.3 0.11 - 5.7 79.42 4.6 112.07 32.2 251.69 - 6.4 70.54 32.6 16.74 3.4 Japan
Korea 213.77 44.5 0.34 - 6.4 38.25 119.0 49.47 85.9 96.16 2.0 27.37 228.9 2.52 105.2 Korea
Luxembourg 4.78 41.5 0.20 - 9.6 - - 0.08 - 84.1 3.16 73.0 1.18 111.6 0.35 - 25.6 Luxembourg
Mexico 176.53 33.1 0.28 - 6.8 2.82 28.0 8.74 62.8 103.84 22.6 44.19 74.3 16.94 12.9 Mexico
Netherlands 81.85 12.9 0.20 - 12.6 1.04 - 0.5 8.19 - 11.1 32.88 26.5 35.31 3.6 4.42 104.9 Netherlands
New Zealand 16.91 6.8 0.27 - 20.9 - - 2.00 78.0 6.82 20.1 3.19 - 17.2 4.89 - 5.3 New Zealand
Norway 32.12 34.5 0.17 1.8 - - 0.78 - 24.2 14.17 69.2 5.16 49.1 12.03 9.1 Norway
Poland 92.97 - 6.8 0.47 - 38.1 - - 54.61 - 22.4 22.14 39.3 12.23 36.0 3.98 - 11.9 Poland
Portugal 27.17 31.2 0.23 4.0 - - 3.35 - 7.0 15.90 16.0 3.75 - 4.17 22.7 Portugal
Slovak Republic 18.83 5.6 0.74 - 29.6 4.67 56.8 4.24 - 21.4 3.46 1.3 5.88 12.8 0.58 - 30.0 Slovak Republic
Spain 145.20 41.2 0.21 - 1.5 15.00 3.8 20.49 7.7 71.28 28.4 29.84 286.5 8.60 40.7 Spain
Sweden 52.17 2.5 0.19 - 22.2 18.86 3.5 2.62 - 8.9 14.87 - 6.0 0.84 11.7 14.98 13.1 Sweden
Switzerland 27.15 8.7 0.10 - 6.8 6.11 - 6.2 0.15 - 18.5 12.79 2.7 2.78 26.7 5.32 46.3 Switzerland
Turkey 85.21 37.7 0.35 - 8.1 - - 22.47 35.2 29.90 4.0 22.79 293.8 10.06 - 6.2 Turkey
United Kingdom 233.93 4.7 0.14 - 20.7 21.27 - 8.3 37.68 - 20.1 84.68 0.1 84.87 30.4 5.42 59.3 United Kingdom
United States 2 340.29 12.0 0.21 - 18.8 211.28 13.6 555.66 16.2 952.84 18.9 509.41 - 0.1 111.10 - 2.9 United States
G7
4 182.54 10.4 0.18 - 13.0 496.12 10.5 845.97 12.0 1 683.21 8.8 937.90 12.1 219.33 9.1 G7
EU27 1 815.23 9.1 0.20 - 13.0 260.16 13.3 316.98 - 13.0 669.73 3.7 444.64 33.5 123.73 37.1 EU27
OECD total 5 547.60 13.4 0.20 - 12.1 611.43 14.4 1 130.27 11.1 2 249.00 10.6 1 211.44 21.0 345.46 13.5 OECD total
Brazil 224.81 45.1 0.34 16.6 2.57 291.2 13.69 14.5 88.45 22.9 20.71 400.0 99.39 50.2 Brazil
China
1 717.15 63.9 0.91 - 31.2 13.84 313.7 1 087.62 67.3 318.38 102.1 40.14 167.7 257.17 16.1 China
India 591.35 35.3 0.92 - 27.0 4.51 116.9 207.98 50.0 128.58 53.1 23.84 39.6 226.43 16.1 India
Russian Federation 655.49 4.3 1.87 - 28.5 39.25 49.5 103.39 - 11.4 133.41 - 9.2 349.57 10.4 29.86 36.0 Russian Federation
South Africa 125.79 20.0 0.79 - 13.0 2.94 - 0.1 91.94 18.7 15.58 36.1 1.78 4.0 13.54 20.5 South Africa
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en10
1. These figures are based on an assumption of 100% efficiency for hydro-electric, 33% for
Sources:
nuclear and approximately 10% for geothermal plants.
Energy Balances of OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2007;
2. Includes hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables, waste and international Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2007;
trade in electricity. Main Economic Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2007.
3. Million tonnes of oil equivalent.
4. Total primary energy supply (in Mtoe) divided by GDP (in constant prices, 2000 USD).
- Nil or negligible.
+ Growth of more than 500%
Figures in italics are provisional.
25
26
Energy > Energy: production, 20051
2
Total Nuclear Coal Oil Natural gas Other
% Change % Change % Change % Change % Change % Change
Mtoe3 Mtoe3 Mtoe3 Mtoe3 Mtoe3 Mtoe3
2005/1995 2005/1995 2005/1995 2005/1995 2005/1995 2005/1995
Australia 270.98 45.0 - - 204.70 60.1 24.13 - 14.9 35.42 41.7 6.72 17.6 Australia
Austria 9.81 12.3 - - - - 99.9 0.98 - 10.5 1.40 11.3 7.43 23.0 Austria
Belgium
13.90 16.5 12.40 15.1 0.06 - 81.3 - - - - 1.44 69.2 Belgium
Canada 401.26 15.0 23.99 - 6.2 31.77 - 22.2 147.44 30.0 154.06 18.3 43.99 13.5 Canada
Czech Republic 32.87 3.2 6.47 103.0 23.52 - 14.7 0.58 127.6 0.15 - 22.2 2.14 241.9 Czech Republic
Denmark
31.30 100.8 - - - - 19.02 103.3 9.38 99.6 2.90 89.0 Denmark
Finland
16.56 25.8 6.06 21.1 2.13 4.7 0.09 - - - 8.28 35.3 Finland
France 136.89 6.5 117.67 19.7 0.38 - 93.6 1.31 - 56.0 0.83 - 70.4 16.69 - 9.4 France
Germany 134.50 - 7.3 42.49 6.5 56.49 - 28.4 4.57 29.1 14.22 - 5.8 16.73 122.1 Germany
Greece
10.30 10.8 - - 8.54 13.7 0.09 - 78.0 0.02 - 58.3 1.66 24.9 Greece
Hungary
10.33 - 23.2 3.62 - 0.9 1.75 - 43.5 1.41 - 38.3 2.33 - 38.5 1.22 94.4 Hungary
Iceland 2.64 68.4 - - - - - - - - 2.64 68.4 Iceland
Ireland 1.66 - 59.6 - - 0.81 - 52.3 - - 0.46 - 79.5 0.39 137.5 Ireland
Italy
27.63 - 6.1 - - 0.06 40.3 6.26 16.3 9.88 - 39.5 11.42 49.3 Italy
Japan
99.77 1.2 79.42 4.6 - - 0.75 - 12.7 2.86 39.7 16.74 3.4 Japan
Korea
42.93 103.0 38.25 119.0 1.21 - 50.8 0.53 - 0.44 - 2.49 105.2 Korea
Luxembourg 0.07 59.1 - - - - - - - - 0.07 59.1 Luxembourg
Mexico 259.20 28.1 2.82 28.0 5.16 19.3 197.29 26.0 36.89 53.1 17.05 13.1 Mexico
Netherlands
61.90 - 6.5 1.04 - 0.5 - - 2.34 - 34.5 56.25 - 6.9 2.27 93.2 Netherlands
New Zealand 12.20 - 6.1 - - 3.06 45.0 1.06 - 43.2 3.19 - 17.2 4.89 - 5.3 New Zealand
Norway 233.70 25.3 - - 0.99 403.8 143.42 - 2.1 76.26 169.9 13.04 12.5 Norway
Poland
78.63 - 20.9 - - 68.86 - 24.4 0.89 145.9 3.88 22.6 5.01 5.1 Poland
Portugal 3.58 8.0 - - - - - - - - 3.58 8.0 Portugal
Slovak Republic 6.61 31.0 4.67 56.8 0.64 - 37.3 0.26 243.1 0.13 - 52.2 0.91 29.1 Slovak Republic
Spain
30.28 - 3.9 15.00 3.8 6.26 - 38.3 0.17 - 79.0 0.14 - 62.1 8.71 52.2 Spain
Sweden
34.78 8.9 18.86 3.5 0.30 - 2.6 - - - - 15.62 16.6 Sweden
Switzerland
10.88 1.1 6.11 - 6.2 - - - - - - 4.77 12.2 Switzerland
Turkey
23.61 - 10.9 - - 10.48 - 13.3 2.23 - 35.8 0.74 392.8 10.16 - 5.8 Turkey
United Kingdom 204.30 - 20.7 21.27 - 8.3 11.77 - 63.3 88.46 - 35.2 78.80 23.7 4.00 100.0 United Kingdom
United States 1 630.68 - 2.0 211.28 13.6 564.20 6.1 322.55 - 18.9 423.84 - 3.1 108.80 - 2.1 United States
G7 2 635.03 - 1.4 496.12 10.5 664.68 - 4.1 571.36 - 13.5 684.49 2.6 218.37 8.3 G7
EU27 897.90 - 6.5 260.16 13.3 195.72 - 29.9 132.48 - 23.7 187.97 - 0.5 121.57 37.4 EU27
OECD total 3 833.78 4.6 611.43 14.4 1 003.14 1.6 965.84 - 4.9 911.59 10.5 341.77 12.6 OECD total
Brazil 201.32 90.6 2.57 291.2 2.50 21.7 87.31 139.3 11.43 175.9 97.51 56.5 Brazil
China 1 640.94 53.9 13.84 313.7 1 145.36 69.5 181.43 20.9 42.62 183.9 257.70 16.1 China
India 478.07 24.4 4.51 116.9 186.29 42.4 37.14 - 5.3 23.84 39.6 226.29 16.1 India
Russian Federation 1 193.66 25.1 39.25 49.5 139.04 18.8 468.71 52.9 515.69 7.3 30.96 31.1 Russian Federation
South Africa 158.59 18.6 2.94 - 0.1 138.36 18.4 1.50 274.0 1.78 4.0 14.00 19.7 South Africa
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en11
1. These figures are based on an assumption of 100% efficiency for hydro-electric, 33% for
Sources:
nuclear and approximately 10% for geothermal plants.
Energy Balances of OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2007;
2. Includes hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables, waste and Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2007.
international trade in electricity.
3. Million tonnes of oil equivalent.
- Nil or negligible.
Figures in italics are provisional.
27
28
Energy > Energy consumption and electricity generation, 2005
Final energy consumption by sector1 Total electricity generation
Total Industry Transport Other
% Change
TWh2
% Change % Change % Change % Change
2005/1995
Mtoe3 Mtoe3 Mtoe3 Mtoe3
2005/1995 2005/1995 2005/1995 2005/1995
Australia 76.48 19.2 28.12 12.1 30.24 20.2 18.13 30.1 250.9 45.0 Australia
Austria 28.16 30.2 9.18 34.1 8.42 50.6 10.56 14.9 63.0 14.1 Austria
Belgium 40.62 10.2 15.41 9.8 10.17 15.8 15.04 7.0 85.7 16.6 Belgium
Canada 201.33 14.9 75.68 12.8 56.93 16.3 68.72 16.1 628.1 12.2 Canada
Czech Republic 28.06 5.8 11.38 - 16.1 6.91 124.5 9.78 - 1.2 81.9 35.3 Czech Republic
Denmark 15.77 3.4 3.08 - 6.4 5.41 15.9 7.28 - 0.3 36.3 - 1.0 Denmark
Finland 25.85 13.7 12.55 18.8 4.94 17.5 8.35 5.0 70.6 10.2 Finland
France 176.40 11.5 49.25 0.1 51.96 11.6 75.19 20.5 570.7 16.2 France
Germany 261.01 8.4 82.87 6.2 63.70 - 1.2 114.44 16.3 613.2 15.1 Germany
Greece 21.81 33.0 4.84 8.8 8.32 25.2 8.65 62.9 59.4 43.9 Greece
Hungary 20.36 16.9 5.52 3.2 4.35 60.6 10.49 12.0 35.8 5.1 Hungary
Iceland 2.38 32.8 0.92 83.7 0.37 32.4 1.09 7.8 8.7 74.4 Iceland
Ireland 12.81 49.7 2.74 9.6 5.10 111.8 4.97 36.1 25.6 45.6 Ireland
Italy 148.07 19.9 48.35 11.2 45.06 12.7 54.66 36.6 294.4 24.0 Italy
Japan 350.85 4.6 135.95 - 1.2 93.74 1.8 121.16 14.7 1 094.2 13.7 Japan
Korea 146.07 35.8 71.65 54.9 32.43 20.1 41.98 22.2 387.9 114.1 Korea
Luxembourg 4.50 48.4 0.97 - 7.4 2.78 107.5 0.76 16.2 3.4 + Luxembourg
Mexico 108.11 14.4 35.91 - 2.0 47.67 34.7 24.53 9.2 234.9 49.1 Mexico
Netherlands 64.37 16.5 26.73 30.4 15.54 22.3 22.10 0.2 100.2 23.8 Netherlands
New Zealand 12.74 12.5 4.01 - 13.3 5.63 34.0 3.10 24.0 43.0 21.6 New Zealand
Norway 21.10 10.6 9.01 10.6 5.04 13.7 7.05 8.4 137.3 12.5 Norway
Poland 61.56 - 5.3 19.81 - 20.6 12.81 53.0 28.95 - 8.7 155.4 13.4 Poland
Portugal 21.38 34.3 8.02 17.1 7.25 44.2 6.11 51.3 46.2 39.3 Portugal
Slovak Republic 11.79 8.5 4.86 9.8 2.42 68.1 4.51 - 9.7 31.4 18.6 Slovak Republic
Spain 106.19 47.9 38.50 38.5 40.75 51.8 26.94 56.9 290.6 75.5 Spain
Sweden 35.23 - 4.0 13.92 - 9.1 8.87 12.4 12.43 - 7.8 158.4 6.8 Sweden
Switzerland 22.52 10.9 4.64 13.5 7.18 10.8 10.70 9.9 57.8 - 7.2 Switzerland
Turkey 66.98 38.7 25.32 58.5 14.19 14.7 27.48 37.8 162.0 87.8 Turkey
United Kingdom 162.20 6.5 42.68 - 2.2 56.83 17.4 62.69 4.1 397.6 19.6 United Kingdom
United States 1 598.10 14.7 446.70 9.7 648.60 18.1 502.81 15.0 4 268.4 20.0 United States
G7
2 897.96 12.4 881.48 6.7 1 016.81 14.3 999.66 15.8 7 866.4 17.9 G7
EU27 1 303.08 12.7 422.13 4.7 374.85 20.6 506.10 14.5 3 274.1 20.7 EU27
OECD total
3 852.78 14.3 1 238.55 9.7 1 303.59 17.8 1 310.64 15.5 10 392.5 22.7 OECD total
Brazil 186.23 41.6 89.86 53.6 54.51 30.5 41.86 34.0 403.0 46.2 Brazil
China
1 112.53 41.5 567.71 49.7 114.23 125.8 430.59 20.7 2 497.4 147.8 China
India
409.41 22.3 123.74 39.1 36.24 - 2.8 249.44 19.6 699.1 67.4 India
Russian Federation 419.98 - 9.7 160.62 - 8.2 94.85 15.9 164.50 - 20.9 951.2 10.7 Russian Federation
South Africa 64.18 21.2 25.99 12.3 15.72 22.9 22.47 32.2 242.9 30.2 South Africa
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en12
1. Including non-energy use.
Sources:
2. Terawatt hours, excluding output from pumped storage plants. Energy Balances of OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2007;
3. Million tonnes of oil equivalent. Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2007.
+ Growth of more than 500%
Figures in italics are provisional.
29
30
Labour > Employment
Civilian employment*
Total labour force* Foreign-born labour force
Composition
Total,
% change
Female participation Agriculture, forestry and
thousands
Industry Services % of total labour force
Thousands, % change,
rate* fishing
2005 2005/95
2005 1995 2005 2005/95 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995
Australia 10 575 16.8 69.6 64.8 9 987 21.3 3.6 5.0 21.0 22.8 75.3 72.2 24.9 24.4 Australia
Austria 4 032 3.3 65.7 62.3 3 814 2.3 5.5 7.5 27.6 32.3 66.9 60.3 15.5 12.0 Austria
Belgium 4 669 8.1 60.1 56.4 4 235 14.0 2.0 2.4 24.7 26.4 73.3 71.1 12.3 9.2 Belgium
-4 +1
Canada 17 402 17.9 72.8 67.4 16 170 21.6 2.7 4.1 22.0 22.0 75.3 74.0 19.9 19.2 Canada
Czech Republic 5 174 0.1 63.0 64.9 4 749 - 3.2 4.0 6.6 39.6 42.2 56.4 51.1 2.0 .. Czech Republic
Denmark 2 876 2.8 76.2 73.6 2 704 5.4 3.1 4.4 24.1 27.4 72.8 68.1 6.1 3.4 Denmark
Finland 2 641 5.2 73.3 70.0 2 392 14.4 4.8 8.1 25.9 27.3 69.3 64.5 2.7 .. Finland
France 27 475 8.4 64.5 60.3 24 392 11.1 3.5 4.6 22.6 26.3 73.9 69.1 11.2 11.4 France
-3
Germany 41 040 4.2 67.4 61.5 36 185 1.1 2.4 3.1 30.0 36.3 67.6 60.5 14.9 12.8 Germany
Greece 4 849 14.3 53.4 45.2 4 382 14.7 12.4 20.4 22.4 23.2 65.2 56.4 8.8 4.4 Greece
Hungary 4 205 2.7 54.7 50.1 3 856 7.9 5.0 8.3 32.8 33.5 62.2 58.2 1.9 .. Hungary
Iceland 166 11.4 80.5 82.4 161 13.4 6.5 9.5 21.6 24.7 71.9 65.8 .. .. Iceland
Ireland 2 015 38.1 60.9 47.8 1 922 51.1 5.9 11.7 27.9 28.3 66.2 59.9 11.8 5.5 Ireland
Italy 24 451 6.9 50.7 42.8 22 306 12.4 4.2 6.7 31.1 34.1 64.6 59.2 8.1 0.4 Italy
Japan* 66 500 - 0.2 65.5 62.1 63 560 - 1.6 4.4 5.7 27.9 33.6 67.6 60.8 0.3 0.1 Japan*
Korea* 23 743 13.9 58.2 53.5 22 856 12.0 7.9 11.8 26.9 33.4 65.2 54.8 0.8 0.3 Korea*
Luxembourg 317 43.4 89.2 58.3 306 42.3 1.3 2.1 19.1 27.5 79.7 70.4 44.4 38.5 Luxembourg
-5
Mexico 41 925 21.4 44.2 41.3 40 455 25.8 14.7 23.4 27.2 21.7 58.1 55.0 0.4 .. Mexico
Netherlands 8 345 12.6 68.8 59.0 7 877 15.2 3.1 3.7 20.3 22.6 76.6 73.7 11.6 8.6 Netherlands
-4
New Zealand 2 161 18.8 72.3 66.4 2 073 22.2 7.1 9.7 22.0 25.1 70.8 65.2 19.9 .. New Zealand
Norway 2 400 9.8 75.4 72.2 2 274 11.1 3.3 5.2 20.9 23.4 75.8 71.4 7.2 4.6 Norway
Poland 17 218 0.1 57.8 60.9 14 116 - 4.6 17.4 22.6 29.2 32.0 53.4 45.4 0.3 .. Poland
Portugal 5 545 16.7 71.7 61.2 5 094 16.2 11.9 11.6 30.8 32.3 57.3 56.1 7.8 4.1 Portugal
Slovak Republic 2 646 7.1 61.3 61.3 2 216 3.2 4.7 9.2 38.8 38.9 56.5 51.9 0.9 .. Slovak Republic
Spain 20 886 27.5 58.4 46.1 18 883 51.5 5.3 8.9 29.9 30.2 64.8 60.9 13.3 2.0 Spain
Sweden 4 622 5.3 76.0 75.9 4 263 6.9 2.0 3.1 22.0 25.9 76.0 71.0 13.1 6.6 Sweden
Switzerland 4 383 7.1 77.6 73.2 4 196 6.0 3.8 4.4 23.7 28.6 72.5 66.9 25.3 .. Switzerland
Turkey 25 065 10.0 27.2 33.4 22 046 7.1 29.5 44.1 24.7 22.0 45.8 33.9 .. .. Turkey
United Kingdom 29 557 5.5 68.8 66.1 28 035 10.0 1.4 2.1 22.2 27.3 76.4 70.7 10.1 7.3 United Kingdom
United States 150 564 12.7 69.9 69.8 141 730 13.5 1.6 2.9 19.8 24.0 78.6 73.1 15.2 10.3 United States
G7 356 989 8.0 66.9 63.8 332 378 8.7 2.6 3.9 23.7 28.5 73.7 67.7 .. .. G7
EU15 183 319 9.1 63.5 57.2 166 791 12.6 3.7 5.1 26.5 30.4 69.8 64.5 .. .. EU15
OECD total 557 445 9.8 61.5 59.0 517 236 11.1 5.7 8.5 24.8 28.1 69.5 63.5 .. .. OECD total
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en13
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
Labour Force Statistics: 1986-2006, OECD, Paris, 2007;
.. Not available or not applicable.
International Migration Outlook: SOPEMI, 2007 Edition, OECD, Paris, 2007.
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the column
refers to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
31
32
Labour > Part-time and self-employment
Part-time employment*
Female part-time employment Self-employment*
% of total employment
Total Women Men % of total part-time employment % of total employment
2006 1996 2006 1996 2006 1996 2006 1996 2005 1995
Australia* 27.1 25.2 40.7 40.0 16.0 14.0 67.3 68.5 12.6 14.3 Australia*
Austria 17.3 10.9 31.4 21.7 5.4 2.6 83.1 86.4 11.8 10.8 Austria
Belgium 19.3 14.8 34.7 30.2 6.7 4.4 81.1 82.2 13.4 14.8 Belgium
Canada 18.1 19.1 26.2 29.0 10.9 10.8 68.1 69.1 9.2 10.1 Canada
Czech Republic 3.3 3.4 5.6 5.3 1.6 2.0 72.8 67.3 15.3 11.3 Czech Republic
Denmark 18.1 16.6 25.6 24.4 11.4 10.2 66.2 66.1 7.8 8.3 Denmark
Finland 11.4 8.5 14.9 11.4 8.1 5.8 62.9 64.2 12.0 14.1 Finland
France 13.3 14.0 22.9 24.4 5.1 5.7 79.4 77.4 8.9 10.6 France
Germany 21.9 14.9 39.2 29.9 7.6 3.7 81.1 85.8 11.2 9.3 Germany
Greece 7.5 8.0 12.9 13.8 4.0 4.7 67.0 62.5 30.1 33.8 Greece
Hungary 2.7 2.7 4.2 4.3 1.5 1.5 70.4 69.4 13.3 16.4 Hungary
Iceland 16.0 20.9 26.0 35.3 7.6 8.4 74.2 78.3 14.1 18.3 Iceland
Ireland 19.9 14.2 34.9 26.9 7.7 6.4 78.7 72.2 16.6 20.7 Ireland
Italy 14.9 10.5 29.4 20.9 5.3 4.7 78.4 71.5 24.9 24.4 Italy
Japan* 24.5 21.8 40.9 36.7 12.8 11.7 69.4 68.2 10.2 12.1 Japan*
Korea* 8.8 4.3 12.3 6.8 6.3 2.6 58.5 63.9 27.0 27.3 Korea*
Luxembourg 12.7 10.4 27.2 24.8 1.5 2.2 93.1 86.7 6.5 8.4 Luxembourg
-2 -2 -2 -2
Mexico 15.1 14.9 27.6 28.5 8.1 8.3 65.1 62.3 28.4 30.2 Mexico
Netherlands 35.5 29.3 59.7 55.5 15.8 11.3 75.5 77.2 11.8 11.1 Netherlands
New Zealand 21.3 21.9 34.5 36.7 10.1 9.9 74.4 75.0 17.8 19.8 New Zealand
Norway 21.1 21.6 32.9 37.5 10.6 8.1 73.5 79.7 7.1 8.3 Norway
+1 +1 +1 +1
Poland 10.8 11.9 16.3 16.6 6.5 8.2 67.0 61.1 20.4 23.5 Poland
Portugal 9.3 9.2 13.2 15.1 5.9 4.5 65.8 72.9 23.5 25.8 Portugal
Slovak Republic 2.5 2.1 4.1 3.5 1.3 1.1 70.0 71.9 12.5 6.4 Slovak Republic
Spain 11.1 7.5 21.4 16.2 3.9 2.9 79.3 74.9 16.5 21.1 Spain
Sweden 13.4 14.8 19.0 23.5 8.4 6.7 67.3 76.5 9.6 10.7 Sweden
Switzerland 25.5 23.7 45.7 44.9 8.8 7.3 81.2 82.4 9.3 9.7 Switzerland
Turkey 7.9 5.5 17.8 12.0 4.4 2.9 58.6 63.2 29.1 29.2 Turkey
United Kingdom 23.4 22.9 38.8 41.4 9.9 7.8 77.6 81.3 12.6 13.9 United Kingdom
United States* 12.6 13.9 17.8 20.1 7.8 8.3 67.8 68.9 7.3 8.3 United States*
G7 17.4 16.6 27.8 27.3 8.7 8.1 72.7 72.7 10.1 11.0 G7
EU15 18.0 15.1 31.7 28.7 7.1 5.4 78.1 79.3 14.5 14.9 EU15
OECD total 16.1 14.9 26.4 25.6 8.1 7.2 72.1 71.9 14.1 15.0 OECD total
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en14
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
Labour Market Statistics, O ECD database, May 2007;
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if Labour Force Statistics: 1986-2006, OECD, Paris, 2007;
the column refers to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005. OECD Employment Outlook, OECD, Paris, 2007.
33
34
Labour > Unemployment
Long-term
Unemployment rates* Youth unemployment rates
unemployment
% of civilian labour force (under 25) % of youth labour force
(12 months or more) %
of total unemployment
Total Women Men Total Women Men
2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2006 1996 2006 1996 2006 1996 2006 1996
Australia 5.1 8.5 5.3 8.1 4.9 8.8 17.8 28.5 10.4 15.7 9.8 14.8 10.9 16.5 Australia
Austria 5.2 3.7 5.5 4.3 4.9 3.2 27.3 24.9 9.1 6.1 9.3 6.5 8.8 5.8 Austria
Belgium 8.4 13.0 9.5 16.9 7.6 9.9 55.6 61.3 18.9 20.5 19.5 24.4 18.4 17.3 Belgium
Canada 6.8 9.5 6.5 9.1 7.0 9.8 8.7 16.8 11.6 15.4 10.3 13.8 12.9 16.9 Canada
Czech Republic 8.0 4.1 9.8 4.8 6.5 3.5 55.2 31.3 17.5 7.2 18.6 8.3 16.6 6.4 Czech Republic
Denmark 5.0 7.1 5.5 8.2 4.6 6.2 20.4 26.5 7.6 10.6 7.6 12.4 7.6 9.0 Denmark
Finland 8.4 15.4 8.6 15.1 8.2 15.8 24.8 34.5 18.8 27.9 18.4 26.0 19.3 29.5 Finland
France 10.0 11.6 10.8 13.6 9.3 10.0 44.0 39.6 23.9 26.3 25.8 31.9 22.4 22.0 France
Germany 11.2 8.2 10.9 9.4 11.5 7.3 57.2 47.8 13.5 9.4 12.6 9.0 14.2 9.6 Germany
Greece 9.6 10.0 15.2 15.3 5.8 6.7 55.6 56.7 24.5 31.2 33.9 41.3 17.3 21.5 Greece
Hungary 7.3 10.4 7.5 8.7 7.1 11.8 46.1 54.4 19.1 18.0 19.8 16.4 18.6 19.0 Hungary
Iceland 2.6 4.9 2.6 4.9 2.6 4.9 7.3 19.8 8.4 8.4 7.5 7.6 9.2 9.2 Iceland
Ireland 4.3 12.2 3.8 12.1 4.6 12.3 34.3 59.5 8.4 18.3 7.9 17.0 8.8 19.3 Ireland
Italy 7.8 11.7 10.1 16.2 6.3 9.1 52.9 65.6 21.6 32.2 25.3 39.5 19.1 27.0 Italy
Japan 4.4 3.2 4.2 3.2 4.6 3.1 33.0 19.3 8.0 6.7 7.2 6.7 8.8 6.8 Japan
Korea 3.7 2.1 3.4 1.7 4.0 2.3 1.1 3.8 10.0 6.1 9.0 4.8 11.7 8.1 Korea
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Luxembourg 3.1 2.3 3.3 2.7 3.0 2.1 26.4 27.6 13.7 9.2 16.2 8.3 11.7 10.1 Luxembourg
Mexico 3.5 6.9 3.6 8.6 3.4 6.0 2.5 2.2 6.2 9.2 7.4 12.3 5.4 7.6 Mexico
Netherlands 5.2 7.1 5.6 8.7 4.9 5.9 45.2 50.0 7.6 12.1 8.2 13.1 7.1 11.1 Netherlands
New Zealand 3.7 6.3 4.0 6.3 3.4 6.2 7.1 20.8 9.6 11.8 10.0 11.1 9.3 12.4 New Zealand
Norway 4.6 5.0 4.4 4.6 4.9 5.3 14.1 14.2 8.6 12.4 8.7 12.7 8.6 12.1 Norway
Poland 17.7 13.3 19.1 14.7 16.6 12.1 50.4 39.0 29.8 28.5 31.6 31.2 28.3 26.3 Poland
Portugal 7.7 7.2 8.7 8.0 6.7 6.4 51.8 53.1 16.2 16.3 18.4 19.4 14.5 13.8 Portugal
Slovak Republic 16.2 13.1 17.2 13.8 15.3 12.6 73.1 52.6 26.6 21.0 27.0 21.6 26.3 20.6 Slovak Republic
Spain 9.2 23.0 12.2 30.8 7.1 18.1 29.5 55.9 17.9 39.9 21.6 48.9 15.0 33.0 Spain
Sweden 7.8 9.2 7.6 8.2 7.9 10.1 14.2 30.1 21.3 21.2 21.5 20.7 21.1 21.6 Sweden
Switzerland 4.3 3.3 4.8 3.9 3.9 2.9 39.1 25.6 7.7 4.6 7.5 4.1 7.9 5.2 Switzerland
Turkey 10.3 7.6 10.3 7.3 10.3 7.8 35.8 44.3 18.7 13.5 19.8 11.1 18.2 14.8 Turkey
United Kingdom 4.6 8.6 4.2 6.8 5.0 10.1 22.1 39.8 13.9 14.7 11.8 11.1 15.8 17.8 United Kingdom
United States 5.1 5.6 5.1 5.6 5.1 5.6 10.0 9.5 10.5 12.0 9.7 11.3 11.2 12.6 United States
G7 6.3 6.7 6.4 7.1 6.2 6.4 31.0 30.8 12.1 13.2 11.3 12.9 12.9 13.5 G7
EU15 8.3 10.8 9.1 12.5 7.7 9.6 44.2 49.4 16.1 20.6 16.4 22.6 15.8 19.0 EU15
OECD total 6.7 7.5 7.0 8.2 6.4 7.0 32.2 34.2 12.5 14.0 12.3 14.4 12.6 13.7 OECD total
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en15
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
Labour Market Statistics, OECD database, May 2007;
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to Labour Force Statistics: 1986-2006, OECD, Paris, 2007;
-n
2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
OECD Employment Outlook, OECD, Paris, 2007.
35
36
Labour > Services: employment*
Contribution to total employment
% of total civilian employment
Wholesale and retail trade, Transport, storage and Real estate, renting and Public administration and Education, health, social
Finance and insurance
restaurants and hotels communication business services finance work and other services
I II III IV V VI
2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Australia* 24.7 25.4 6.4 6.5 3.6 3.9 12.1 9.5 5.8 6.2 22.4 20.4 Australia*
Austria 21.9 21.1 6.9 7.2 3.1 3.2 9.6 6.3 6.8 7.2 20.3 18.1 Austria
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Belgium 17.2 18.0 6.9 7.1 3.3 3.7 15.6 11.7 9.9 9.6 22.6 21.0 Belgium
Canada 24.0 23.3 6.8 7.3 5.2 5.4 11.6 8.2 5.2 6.1 21.5 22.2 Canada
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Czech Republic 18.0 17.3 7.3 7.3 1.5 1.6 9.8 7.3 6.4 5.8 14.9 13.7 Czech Republic
Denmark 19.0 17.9 6.5 6.6 3.0 3.0 11.2 7.9 6.0 7.1 29.2 28.5 Denmark
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Finland 15.8 14.8 7.2 7.7 1.6 2.3 10.3 7.4 7.3 7.6 26.4 24.7 Finland
France 16.9 16.0 6.3 6.1 3.1 3.2 14.8 11.7 8.6 9.5 22.7 21.5 France
Germany 19.8 18.8 5.4 6.0 3.2 3.4 13.0 8.0 7.0 8.1 21.2 18.0 Germany
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Greece 20.5 19.3 6.5 6.6 2.6 2.3 6.8 4.9 7.8 7.4 17.1 14.7 Greece
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Hungary 17.8 15.9 7.7 8.9 2.1 2.3 6.9 3.6 7.8 7.3 19.4 20.3 Hungary
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Iceland* 16.6 16.4 6.2 7.4 3.9 3.9 9.1 5.5 5.2 12.6 30.1 17.0 Iceland*
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Ireland 20.2 19.4 6.1 5.1 4.5 3.8 8.5 6.0 5.0 5.6 21.6 20.4 Ireland
Italy 20.4 20.2 6.4 6.3 2.4 2.7 11.1 7.3 5.7 6.6 16.7 16.4 Italy
-1 -1 +2 +2 +2 +2 -1 -1
Japan* 18.0 17.1 5.8 5.9 2.7 3.1 1.5 1.5 3.3 3.3 27.8 23.4 Japan*
Korea 26.3 26.8 6.2 5.2 3.4 3.5 8.7 4.2 3.4 3.2 16.0 9.9 Korea
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Luxembourg 18.5 21.1 7.5 7.0 11.0 10.3 17.1 9.9 5.4 5.4 15.3 14.6 Luxembourg
-1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1
Mexico* 19.3 26.3 6.0 5.1 0.5 1.1 3.5 2.6 4.6 4.4 .. 8.1 Mexico*
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Netherlands 19.0 20.0 6.3 5.8 3.8 3.5 15.9 11.5 7.3 7.0 22.4 25.1 Netherlands
New Zealand 26.4 26.3 6.2 6.0 3.0 3.8 12.3 9.3 3.3 4.5 25.7 23.6 New Zealand
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Norway 16.4 16.5 9.0 10.0 2.3 2.7 10.3 6.6 7.4 9.0 28.5 26.1 Norway
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Poland 17.4 14.2 5.7 5.9 2.1 1.7 7.5 3.2 6.6 2.6 16.0 14.7 Poland
-2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1
Portugal 22.0 19.3 3.8 3.5 1.8 2.6 5.7 5.7 7.2 8.0 14.7 17.2 Portugal
Slovak Republic 20.2 12.1 7.0 7.9 1.7 1.2 7.4 3.9 6.9 6.1 18.1 18.4 Slovak Republic
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Spain 22.4 20.9 5.7 5.9 2.1 2.7 8.5 5.7 7.6 8.8 15.2 19.0 Spain
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Sweden 15.4 15.5 6.6 6.9 2.1 2.1 11.7 8.3 6.2 7.9 32.8 32.4 Sweden
Switzerland* 21.3 22.4 6.6 6.4 5.7 5.4 10.3 7.8 3.9 3.5 19.0 16.3 Switzerland*
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Turkey* 19.2 13.0 5.0 5.0 1.1 .. 2.5 .. 5.7 .. 9.4 .. Turkey*
-1 -1
United Kingdom 24.2 23.1 5.9 5.8 4.1 4.4 15.4 12.4 6.4 7.1 23.8 23.8 United Kingdom
United States* 21.4 24.1 4.8 5.0 4.5 4.7 15.0 10.6 8.4 9.1 24.7 21.0 United States*
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en16
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
National Accounts of OECD Countries, OECD, Paris, 2006;
.. Not available or not applicable.
STAN: OECD Structural Analysis Statistics, OECD;
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if the Labour Force Statistics: 1985-2005, OECD, Paris, 2006.
column refers to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
37
38
Science and technology > Research and development (I), 2005*
Government budget
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) Business enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD)
appropriations for R&D, 2006
Per capita at % of value
% financed by % financed by
% of which
% of GDP current USD, % of GERD added in % of GDP
defence R&D
Government Industry Government Industry
PPPs industry
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Australia* 1.76 39.84 51.64 574 53.5 1.27 4.3 91.4 0.54 6.5 Australia*
-1 -1 -1 -1
Austria* 2.42 36.46 45.47 831 67.7 2.12 6.4 67.2 0.70 0.0 Austria*
-2 -2 -1 -1 -2 -2
Belgium 1.82 23.55 60.31 601 68.3 1.83 5.8 81.8 0.60 0.3 Belgium
-1 -1
Canada* 1.98 32.93 47.85 675 53.9 1.44 2.2 82.4 0.57 3.6 Canada*
-1 -1
Czech Republic 1.42 40.87 54.09 293 64.5 1.23 14.7 80.8 0.57 2.8 Czech Republic
-2 -2 -2 -2
Denmark 2.45 27.10 59.89 834 68.3 2.71 2.4 85.6 0.76 0.6 Denmark
Finland 3.48 25.65 66.86 1 077 70.8 3.66 3.8 90.9 0.99 2.4 Finland
-1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2
France 2.13 37.56 51.73 644 61.9 1.98 9.3 79.9 0.93 22.3 France
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Germany 2.46 30.52 66.56 758 69.3 2.43 5.9 91.8 0.77 6.4 Germany
-2 -2 -2 -2 -1
Greece 0.49 46.42 28.23 144 29.3 0.21 4.4 75.9 0.29 0.5 Greece
-1 -1
Hungary 0.94 49.41 39.45 165 43.2 0.62 3.9 77.8 0.37 0.1 Hungary
-1 -1
Iceland 2.81 40.50 48.00 1 017 51.5 2.28 2.8 84.9 1.44 0.0 Iceland
-1 -1
Ireland 1.26 32.43 57.25 491 65.3 1.16 4.1 86.1 0.48 0.0 Ireland
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Italy 1.10 50.80 43.00 305 47.8 0.77 13.8 75.0 0.62 1.4 Italy
-1 -1
Japan* 3.33 16.76 76.12 1 023 76.4 3.40 1.2 98.3 0.70 5.1 Japan*
Korea 2.99 23.02 74.96 662 76.9 3.17 4.6 94.4 0.92 16.6 Korea
-2 -2 -2 -2 -1
Luxembourg 1.56 11.16 80.39 1 094 86.2 1.82 2.5 89.2 0.34 .. Luxembourg
-1 -1
Mexico 0.50 45.34 46.49 54 49.5 0.38 5.7 92.6 0.21 0.0 Mexico
-1 -2 -2 -1 -1 -2 -2
Netherlands 1.78 36.23 51.06 598 57.8 1.52 3.4 81.6 0.73 2.0 Netherlands
-2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -7 -9
New Zealand 1.15 45.06 38.47 273 42.5 0.65 10.0 76.2 0.54 0.7 New Zealand
-2 -2
Norway 1.52 41.91 49.23 735 53.7 1.16 8.9 80.6 0.70 5.6 Norway
-2 -2
Poland 0.57 57.71 33.35 79 31.8 0.25 13.7 83.0 0.29 1.3 Poland
-2 -2 -2 -2 -1
Portugal 0.80 60.11 31.73 160 36.2 0.46 5.3 89.2 0.77 0.6 Portugal
-1 -1
Slovak Republic 0.51 57.03 36.60 82 49.8 0.34 26.7 67.9 0.30 5.0 Slovak Republic
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Spain 1.12 41.01 48.04 306 54.4 0.86 12.5 82.1 0.84 16.4 Spain
-2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1
Sweden 3.89 23.45 64.97 1 250 74.0 4.55 5.9 85.9 0.87 16.9 Sweden
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -3
Switzerland 2.93 22.71 69.73 1 017 73.7 3.19 1.5 90.9 0.76 0.4 Switzerland
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Turkey 0.67 56.96 37.92 49 24.2 0.20 4.2 95.0 .. .. Turkey
-2 -2
United Kingdom 1.78 32.76 42.10 584 61.6 1.62 8.6 64.4 0.72 31.0 United Kingdom
United States* 2.62 30.37 63.97 1 094 69.6 2.60 9.7 90.3 1.03 57.9 United States*
-3 -3
G7 2.48 28.94 63.42 878 69.0 2.43 7.2 89.9 0.91 37.0 G7
-2 -2 -1 -1 -2 -2
EU15* 1.86 34.97 54.14 567 63.3 1.72 7.7 82.1 0.76 13.6 EU15*
-2 -2 -1 -1 -2 -2
EU27* 1.74 35.72 53.49 470 62.5 1.58 7.9 82.0 0.71 13.0 EU27*
-1 -1 -2 -2
OECD total* 2.25 30.20 62.10 659 67.9 2.17 6.9 89.4 0.80 32.6 OECD total*
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2
Brazil 0.91 57.88 39.88 76 40.2 .. 0.8 99.2 0.53 1.2 Brazil
China* 1.34 26.34 67.04 88 68.3 .. 4.6 91.2 .. .. China*
-1 -1 -3
India* 0.69 .. .. 22 25.3 .. .. .. .. .. India*
-2 -4
Russian Federation 1.07 61.95 30.00 116 68.0 1.09 53.6 37.3 0.36 52.1 Russian Federation
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
South Africa 0.86 35.61 48.62 96 56.3 0.69 7.7 74.5 .. .. South Africa
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en17
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
Main Science and Technology Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2007.
.. Not available or not applicable. National sources:
-n Brazil: Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT)
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column
India: National Science & Technology Management Information System, Department of Science & Technology
refers to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
39
40
Science and technology > Research and development (II), 2005*
Researchers
Higher education expenditure on R&D
% of business expenditure on R&D (BERD) performed in
(HERD)
(national totals)
Medium Medium low-tech
High-tech Per 1 000 total
high-tech and low-tech Service industries Full-time equivalent % of GERD % of GDP
industries* employment
industries* industries*
-2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1
Australia 12.1 17.9 15.6 41.1 81 740 8.4 27.2
0.5 Australia
-1 -1 -1 -1
Austria 39.2 23.7 16.2 18.0 28 207 6.8 26.7
0.6 Austria
-1 -1 -1 -1
Belgium 38.8 23.5 16.1 17.8 31 953 7.6 22.8
0.4 Belgium
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Canada 37.5 7.7 36.4
9.5 11.3 37.9 125 330 0.7 Canada
-1 -1 -1 -1
Czech Republic 11.5 40.8 9.0 36.9 24 169 4.8 16.4
0.2 Czech Republic
-1 -1 -1 -1
Denmark 37.9 17.4 10.2 33.3 28 187 10.2 23.8
0.6 Denmark
-1 -1 -1 -1
Finland 55.2 16.2 11.7 14.5 39 582 16.5 19.0
0.7 Finland
-2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1
France 44.7 30.0 11.6 8.0 19.5
9.4 200 064 0.4 France
-1 -1 -1 -1
Germany 30.6 53.4 7.1 7.0 16.9
8.3 271 119 0.4 Germany
-2 -2 -2 -2
Greece 32.4 18.1 13.3 34.2 17 024 3.7 49.3
0.2 Greece
Hungary 55.4 18.0 5.7 18.9 15 878 4.1 25.1
0.2 Hungary
Iceland 25.0 5.8 59.7 2 155 .. 22.0
6.8 0.6 Iceland
-1 -1 -1 -1
Ireland 38.2 13.6 9.1 38.7 11 487 5.9 27.0
0.3 Ireland
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Italy 34.8 30.7 9.3 24.4 72 012 3.0 32.8
0.4 Italy
-2 -2 -2 -2
Japan 38.0 39.0 11.9
9.1 704 949 11.0 13.4 0.4 Japan
-1 -1 -1 -1
Korea* 53.0 26.1 8.9 7.9 9.9
6.9 179 812 0.3 Korea*
-1 -1 -1 -1
Luxembourg 19.4 29.3 14.8 24.7 2 091 6.8 1.5
0.0 Luxembourg
Mexico 9.7 21.8 35.1 32.6 48 401 1.2 27.4
0.1 Mexico
-1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -1 -1
Netherlands 39.4 28.5 9.4 18.3 37 282 4.5 27.9
0.5 Netherlands
-2 -2 -2 -2
New Zealand .. .. .. .. 15 568 10.2 28.5
0.3 New Zealand
-1 -1 -1 -1
Norway 15.6 16.0 17.8 35.3 21 653 9.2 30.7
0.5 Norway
-1 -1 -1 -1
Poland 19.4 30.6 13.5 24.7 62 162 4.7 31.6
0.2 Poland
Portugal .. .. .. .. 21 003 4.1 39.1
0.3 Portugal
Slovak Republic .. .. .. .. 10 921 5.2 20.4
0.1 Slovak Republic
-1 -1 -1 -1
Spain 24.7 26.9 17.1 25.6 109 753 5.7 28.6
0.3 Spain
-2 -2 -2 -2
Sweden 51.4 30.0 6.5 10.4 54 175 12.5 19.6
0.8 Sweden
-1 -1 -1 -1
Switzerland .. .. .. .. 25 400 6.1 22.9
0.7 Switzerland
-3 -3 -3 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1
Turkey 25.4 38.2 22.9 11.6 33 876 1.6 67.9
0.5 Turkey
-1 -1 -1 -1 -7 -7
United Kingdom 47.9 21.6 7.1 21.1 157 662 5.5 25.6
0.5 United Kingdom
-2 -2 -2 -2
United States* 40.3 16.6 6.4 36.1 1 394 682 9.7 14.1
0.4 United States*
-2 -2 -2 -2
G7* 39.2 26.5 8.2 24.8 2 953 782 8.6 16.5
0.4 G7*
-2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1
0.4 EU15*
EU15* 38.7 34.9 9.2 15.0 1 088 206 6.2 22.6
-1 -1
EU27* .. .. .. .. 1 241 253 5.8 22.7
0.4 EU27*
OECD total* .. .. .. .. 3 865 778 7.3 17.7
0.4 OECD total*
-1 -1 -1 -1
Brazil .. .. .. .. 84 979 1.0 38.4
0.4 Brazil
0.1 China*
China* .. .. .. .. 1 118 698 1.5 9.9
-3 -3 -3 -3
India* .. .. .. .. 92 500 0.2 4.2
0.0 India*
Russian Federation 7.7 3.4 78.6 464 577 6.8 5.8
5.1 0.1 Russian Federation
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
South Africa .. .. .. 35.8 17 915 1.6 21.1
0.2 South Africa
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en18
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
Main Science and Technology Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2007;
.. Not available or not applicable. Research and Development Expenditure in Industry, 2006.
-n National sources:
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the
Brazil: Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT)
column refers to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
India: National Science & Technology Management Information System, Department of Science & Technology
41
42
Science and technology > Patents and trade in technology
Technology balance of payments Patenting activity Trade coverage ratios Export market shares
Applications to the EPO* Exports as % of imports % of total OECD
Triadic
Million USD, 2005* patent % of which Medium high- All manu- High-tech
Bio- High-tech
families* Total foreign co- ICT tech facturing mfg
technology industries*
inventors industries* industries industries*
Receipts Payments Balance 2005 2005 2003 2003 2003 2005 2005 2005 2005
-7 -7 -7
Australia 103.0 224.9 - 121.9 414 1 013 19.8 291 108 24 22 0.9 0.5 Australia
-5 -5 -5
Austria
2 429.7 2 425.8 3.9 301 1 451 24.2 278 46 83 108 1.8 1.0 Austria
Belgium
6 581.1 5 422.1 1 159.0 333 1 259 36.5 298 85 94 118 5.1 4.0 Belgium
-2 -2 -2
Canada
1 721.6 881.5 840.1 820 2 090 29.6 701 136 60 87 4.5 2.3 Canada
Czech Republic 307.7 840.0 - 532.3 15 109 34.8 12 5 85 128 1.3 0.8 Czech Republic
-6 -6 -6
Denmark
1 657.3 1 055.3 602.0 220 915 19.2 224 119 106 92 1.2 1.1 Denmark
Finland
2 655.1 2 188.7 466.3 264 1 280 12.8 694 35 136 96 1.1 1.1 Finland
-2 -2 -2
France
5 188.3 3 233.5 1 954.8 2 463 8 049 16.9 2 388 258 104 110 6.8 6.6 France
Germany 31 635.8 28 264.4 3 371.4 6 266 21 960 12.7 5 221 666 109 210 15.2 12.5 Germany
Greece .. .. .. 13 90 31.7 26 4 22 18 0.3 0.1 Greece
-6 -6 -6
Hungary 216.1 503.7 - 287.6 37 126 39.6 26 6 116 106 1.0 1.3 Hungary
Iceland .. .. .. 5 23 34.2 11 9 41 7 0.1 0.0 Iceland
Ireland .. .. .. 59 283 31.7 82 10 217 195 1.8 3.8 Ireland
Italy
4 265.2 4 553.2 - 288.1 716 4 599 9.8 730 80 69 119 6.0 2.7 Italy
Japan 18 402.5 6 384.7 12 017.8 15 239 22 123 2.8 9 193 731 138 372 9.5 10.4 Japan
-2 -2 -2
Korea 816.4 3 237.3 -2 420.9 3 158 4 926 4.5 1 906 71 172 158 4.8 6.9 Korea
-1 -1 -1
Luxembourg 2 767.7 915.1 1 852.6 24 98 48.3 13 0 49 58 0.2 0.1 Luxembourg
-1 -1 -1
Mexico 43.8 555.5 - 511.7 20 78 42.9 10 2 99 95 3.0 3.5 Mexico
Netherlands .. .. .. 1 184 3 321 19.1 1 513 144 107 123 4.8 6.3 Netherlands
-6 -6 -6
New Zealand 7.9 3.7 4.2 64 176 23.6 36 21 22 25 0.3 0.1 New Zealand
Norway
2 312.3 2 220.4 91.9 111 378 16.1 99 14 45 37 0.6 0.3 Norway
-3 -3 -3
Poland 246.3 1 044.6 - 798.3 11 132 29.5 21 3 39 92 1.4 0.4 Poland
Portugal 559.6 910.3 - 350.7 9 61 23.9 11 6 44 59 0.6 0.3 Portugal
-4 -4 -4
Slovak Republic 30.4 64.9 - 34.4 3 22 60.4 6 1 67 107 0.5 0.3 Slovak Republic
-7 -7 -7
Spain 190.9 1 025.4 - 834.5 201 1 150 22.3 153 40 47 77 3.0 1.4 Spain
Sweden .. .. .. 652 2 329 16.9 652 76 137 122 2.1 1.9 Sweden
Switzerland 7 494.5 8 080.8 - 586.3 801 2 817 32.9 593 102 168 120 2.1 3.7 Switzerland
Turkey .. .. .. 27 198 27.2 15 4 30 44 1.1 0.3 Turkey
United Kingdom 29 205.6 14 418.2 14 787.3 1 588 4 891 22.7 1 833 286 100 80 5.7 7.2 United Kingdom
United States 57 410.0 24 501.0 32 909.0 16 368 32 064 12.3 11 638 2 096 78 67 13.7 19.5 United States
Brazil .. .. .. 59 189 24.6 25 6 49 100 1.6 0.6 Brazil
China .. .. .. 433 1 403 27.1 387 42 113 82 12.5 18.4 China
India .. .. .. 132 516 32.4 105 39 25 63 1.6 0.4 India
Russian Federation 391.6 960.9 - 569.3 49 197 46.4 57 19 19 47 1.6 0.2 Russian Federation
South Africa .. .. .. 33 144 16.6 28 0 16 68 0.6 0.1 South Africa
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en19
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
Main Science and Technology Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2007;
.. Not available or not applicable. OECD, STAN: OECD Strucural Analysis Statistics (STAN Industry and STAN Indicators);
-n OECD Patents database;
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers
OECD, International Trade by Commodity Statistics; United Nations, COMTRADE Database, 2006.
to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
43
44
Environment > Resources, latest available year*
Land Forest Threatened species Water
Major
Nitrogenous Use of forest Water Total fish Public waste
Total area protected Pesticides use Wooded area Mammals Birds
fertilisers use resources withdrawal catches water plants
areas*
t / km� of t / km� of % of gross % of
Harvest / % of known % of known % of world
Thousand km� % of total area agricultural agricultural % of land area annual population
annual growth species species catches
land land availability connected
Australia*
7 713 18.5 0.2 0.01 21 0.6 25 13 5 0.2 .. Australia*
Austria 84 28.0 2.9 0.09 42 0.7 22 27 5 - 86 Austria
Belgium 31 3.4 10.7 0.69 22 0.9 31 28 33 - 46 Belgium
Canada
9 971 8.7 2.5 0.06 45 0.4 32 13 2 1.2 72 Canada
Czech Republic 79 15.8 6.9 0.10 34 0.7 19 50 13 - 71 Czech Republic
Denmark* 43 11.1 7.8 0.11 13 0.7 22 13 4 1.1 88 Denmark*
Finland
338 9.1 5.9 0.06 76 0.7 12 13 2 0.1 81 Finland
France
549 13.3 7.6 0.27 32 0.6 19 19 18 0.7 79 France
Germany
357 31.5 10.4 0.17 30 0.5 42 27 19 0.3 93 Germany
Greece
132 5.2 2.9 0.14 23 0.6 38 2 12 0.1 56 Greece
Hungary 93 8.9 5.8 0.17 19 0.5 71 19 5 - 57 Hungary
Iceland
103 9.5 0.7 - 1 - - 44 - 1.9 50 Iceland
Ireland 70 1.2 7.9 0.05 9 0.7 2 5 2 0.3 70 Ireland
Italy
301 19.0 5.2 0.58 23 0.5 41 18 44 0.3 69 Italy
Japan
378 17.0 9.0 1.24 69 0.4 24 13 20 4.7 67 Japan
Korea
100 9.6 20.1 1.20 64 0.1 18 13 36 1.7 79 Korea
Luxembourg 3 17.1 - 0.33 34 0.5 52 50 3 - 95 Luxembourg
Mexico
1 958 9.2 1.2 0.04 34 0.2 34 17 16 1.4 35 Mexico
Netherlands 42 18.9 13.8 0.41 10 0.6 19 21 10 0.6 99 Netherlands
New Zealand
270 32.4 2.6 0.02 35 .. 18 21 2 0.6 80 New Zealand
Norway*
324 6.4 10.1 0.08 39 0.5 3 8 1 2.7 76 Norway*
Poland
313 29.0 4.8 0.06 30 0.6 14 9 18 0.2 59 Poland
Portugal 92 8.5 2.3 0.40 37 0.8 18 14 12 0.2 60 Portugal
Slovak Republic 49 25.2 3.7 0.16 42 0.5 22 14 1 - 52 Slovak Republic
Spain
506 9.5 3.5 0.14 33 0.5 26 26 33 0.9 55 Spain
Sweden
450 9.5 5.2 0.05 74 0.7 22 19 1 0.3 85 Sweden
Switzerland 41 28.7 3.6 0.10 31 0.8 33 36 5 - 97 Switzerland
Turkey
779 4.3 3.6 0.06 27 0.5 22 31 17 0.5 35 Turkey
United Kingdom* 245 30.1 6.3 0.20 12 0.6 6 15 22 0.7 98 United Kingdom*
United States
9 629 25.1 2.7 0.08 33 0.6 19 12 19 5.3 71 United States
G7 21 430 17.1 3.4 0.12 39 0.5 .. .. 12 13.2 76 G7
EU15
3 242 15.1 6.2 0.23 38 0.6 .. .. 19 5.6 80 EU15
OECD total* 35 042 16.4 2.2 0.07 34 0.6 .. .. 11 26.2 68 OECD total*
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en20
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
OECD Environmental Data Compendium 2004, OECD, Paris, 2005;
.. Not available or not applicable.
Environment at a Glance: OECD Environmental Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2006.
- Nil or negligible.
45
46
Environment > Emissions and pollution, latest available year*
Air Waste
Environment R&D
budget*
Sulphur oxides Nitogen oxides Quantity generated
Industrial waste Nuclear waste per
as % of total
Municipal waste
% change since % change since
per unit of GDP* unit of energy*
kg / capita kg / capita government R&D
1990 1990
budget
t / million USD kg / capita t / Mtoe
Australia* 127 84 29 20 690 - 4.2 Australia*
59
Austria* 4 - 55 25 - 3 .. 560 - 1.9 Austria*
Belgium 22 - 88 32 - 40 50 460 2.2 2.3 Belgium
Canada* 76 - 27 78 - 6 .. 420 6.2 4.4 Canada*
Czech Republic 15 - 58 26 - 24 30 290 1.7 2.9 Czech Republic
Denmark 4 - 87 32 - 36 10 740 - 1.7 Denmark
Finland 16 - 64 41 - 32 110 470 1.9 1.8 Finland
France 9 - 60 23 - 29 50 540 4.2 2.7 France
Germany 7 - 89 17 - 48 20 600 1.2 3.4 Germany
Greece 46 4 29 11 .. 440 - 4.0 Greece
Hungary 24 - 76 18 - 24 30 460 1.7 9.7 Hungary
Iceland 35 90 - 2 10 520 - 0.4 Iceland
22
Ireland 25 - 48 31 5 40 740 - 0.9 Ireland
Italy 11 - 63 22 - 34 20 540 - 2.7 Italy
Japan* 7 - 14 16 - 2 40 400 1.5 0.8 Japan*
Korea 10 - 46 24 47 40 380 3.2 4.5 Korea
Luxembourg 7 - 80 38 - 27 30 710 - .. Luxembourg
Mexico 12 .. 12 18 .. 340 0.1 1.0 Mexico
Netherlands 5 - 58 27 - 28 40 620 0.1 1.2 Netherlands
New Zealand* 19 39 16 10 400 - .. New Zealand*
39
Norway 5 - 58 47 - 5 20 760 - 2.1 Norway
Poland 38 - 55 21 - 38 120 250 - 2.4 Poland
Portugal 28 - 9 28 13 50 470 - 3.5 Portugal
Slovak Republic 19 - 81 19 - 53 130 270 3.0 1.0 Slovak Republic
Spain 37 - 29 35 14 30 650 1.2 3.0 Spain
Sweden 6 - 45 27 - 25 110 480 4.1 2.2 Sweden
Switzerland* 2 - 60 11 - 46 - 650 1.9 0.1 Switzerland*
Turkey 25 13 35 30 440 - .. Turkey
18
United Kingdom 17 - 73 26 - 43 30 580 1.0 1.8 United Kingdom
United States* 49 - 31 64 - 19 .. 750 1.0 0.4 United States*
G7 29 - 45 41 - 22 50 630 1.6 .. G7
EU15 15 - 65 24 - 30 40 570 1.6 .. EU15
OECD total 27 - 41 34 - 17 50 560 1.5 .. OECD total
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en21
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
OECD Environmental Data Compendium 2004, OECD, Paris, 2005;
.. Not available or not applicable.
Environment at a Glance: OECD Environmental Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2006.
- Nil or negligible.
47
48
Environment > CO2 emissions, 2005
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion1
By type of fuel By sector
CO2 per unit CO2 per
Total, million
Million tonnes of CO2 Million tonnes of CO2 of GDP capita
% change
tonnes of
2005/1990
Electricity kg/2000
CO2
Coal Oil Gas Others2 Industry Transport Residential Other t/capita
and heat USD
Australia
376.8 45.1 214.5 110.0 51.9 0.5 219.1 42.4 79.7 7.9 27.7 0.80 18.40 Australia
Austria 77.2 33.6 15.8 40.4 18.9 2.0 17.8 15.6 22.4 9.2 12.2 0.37 9.37 Austria
Belgium
111.7 2.7 19.1 57.0 33.3 2.3 24.6 25.5 26.2 20.5 14.9 0.45 10.67 Belgium
Canada
548.6 27.9 110.8 267.2 170.1 0.5 126.7 90.9 160.2 39.8 130.9 0.67 17.00 Canada
Czech Republic 118.1 - 23.3 74.4 25.1 17.8 0.8 62.2 22.3 18.9 7.0 7.7 1.74 11.54 Czech Republic
Denmark 47.5 - 6.2 14.3 21.9 10.4 0.9 20.3 5.1 13.3 3.6 5.2 0.28 8.77 Denmark
Finland 55.4 0.8 20.1 26.5 8.4 0.5 22.4 12.3 13.3 2.1 5.3 0.40 10.57 Finland
France
388.4 9.3 51.9 239.5 92.8 4.2 56.6 78.2 134.5 65.5 53.6 0.27 6.19 France
Germany
813.5 - 15.9 327.7 297.0 185.0 3.8 338.1 118.5 158.5 121.0 77.3 0.41 9.86 Germany
Greece 95.7 35.5 37.8 52.3 5.4 0.1 46.6 9.4 22.1 9.9 7.7 0.53 8.62 Greece
Hungary 57.7 - 18.3 12.8 17.6 27.0 0.3 18.1 8.5 11.9 10.6 8.6 0.97 5.72 Hungary
Iceland 2.2 16.1 0.4 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.21 7.46 Iceland
Ireland 43.8 41.5 10.7 25.2 7.9 0.0 15.0 5.2 12.8 6.7 4.1 0.35 10.55 Ireland
Italy
454.0 14.0 63.4 224.3 163.2 3.1 141.1 84.1 119.1 61.8 47.9 0.40 7.76 Italy
Japan 1 214.2 14.8 418.9 620.1 171.3 3.9 472.0 268.1 249.2 67.8 157.1 0.24 9.50 Japan
Korea
448.9 97.6 180.3 198.4 63.8 6.5 184.7 93.8 86.9 32.9 50.6 0.70 9.30 Korea
Luxembourg 11.3 7.7 0.3 8.2 2.8 0.1 1.3 1.6 7.0 1.4 0.1 0.48 24.83 Luxembourg
Mexico
389.4 32.8 34.8 255.8 98.8 0.0 121.1 58.5 130.8 21.4 57.6 0.61 3.70 Mexico
Netherlands 182.9 15.7 30.3 68.8 80.6 3.3 57.1 40.3 34.6 17.8 33.1 0.45 11.21 Netherlands
New Zealand 34.9 62.9 9.8 17.9 7.1 0.0 11.9 4.8 14.1 0.5 3.6 0.56 8.51 New Zealand
Norway 37.0 28.9 3.0 22.3 11.2 0.5 0.8 7.3 13.8 0.7 14.4 0.20 8.00 Norway
Poland
295.8 - 15.3 207.7 59.3 26.7 2.1 164.7 37.8 34.9 30.0 28.4 1.49 7.75 Poland
Portugal 63.0 59.1 12.9 40.9 8.6 0.5 24.9 9.5 19.3 2.3 7.0 0.54 5.97 Portugal
Slovak Republic 38.3 - 32.7 15.7 9.2 13.2 0.2 10.7 9.5 6.5 3.5 8.0 1.50 7.11 Slovak Republic
Spain
341.8 64.8 80.1 193.6 67.2 0.9 114.6 64.5 110.7 20.7 31.3 0.50 7.87 Spain
Sweden 51.0 - 4.5 9.9 37.2 1.7 2.2 9.3 11.8 22.9 1.5 5.5 0.19 5.64 Sweden
Switzerland 45.0 8.9 0.6 34.7 6.5 3.2 1.6 6.5 16.7 12.2 8.0 0.17 6.00 Switzerland
Turkey
218.9 70.2 87.4 78.6 52.8 0.1 74.4 57.1 37.9 29.1 20.5 0.89 3.04 Turkey
United Kingdom 529.9 - 5.0 138.9 191.1 195.9 4.0 195.3 63.5 129.1 79.9 62.0 0.33 8.80 United Kingdom
United States 5 817.0 19.9 2 130.9 2 456.6 1 201.9 27.5 2 485.3 636.0 1 813.3 347.3 535.1 0.53 19.61 United States
G7 9 765.5 13.3 3 242.6 4 296.0 2 180.1 46.9 3 815.0 1 339.4 2 764.0 783.2 1 063.9 0.43 13.55 G7
EU27
3 884.9 - 1.3 1 190.0 1 678.6 984.9 31.4 1 396.0 640.0 941.6 479.5 427.8 0.42 7.90 EU27
OECD total 12 909.7 16.4 4 335.3 5 698.6 2 802.1 73.7 5 038.2 1 889.4 3 521.3 1 034.7 1 426.2 0.45 11.02 OECD total
Brazil
339.0 75.9 50.7 241.2 47.1 0.0 36.2 104.0 138.0 15.6 45.1 0.51 1.82 Brazil
China 5 059.9 128.9 4 171.8 802.4 85.7 0.0 2 468.6 1 592.6 332.1 243.0 423.6 2.68 3.88 China
India
1 135.3 93.5 773.9 311.5 50.0 0.0 660.7 232.1 95.9 98.4 48.2 1.76 1.04 India
Russian Federation 1 543.9 - 29.5 429.5 315.5 783.4 15.6 872.2 221.9 206.0 116.0 128.0 4.41 10.79 Russian Federation
South Africa 330.3 29.7 271.0 59.3 0.0 0.0 206.1 51.2 42.9 14.6 15.6 2.07 7.05 South Africa
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en22
1. CO2 emissions are calculated using the IEA energy balances, the IPCC Sectoral Approach and the
Sources:
default emissions factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, IEA, Paris, 2007;
Inventories. They may differ from National Communications submitted by the parties to the
Energy Balances of OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2007;
UNFCCC.
Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2007;
2. Includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. Main Economic Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2007.
Figures in italics are provisional.
49
50
Education > Expenditure, 2003*
Teachers' salaries in public
Index of change in annual
Expenditure on educational institutions Annual expenditure per student lower-secondary education
expenditure per student
after 15 years of experience
Primary and
Public and Tertiary
Public Private USD using PPPs* secondary USD using PPPs, 2004*
private education
education
Annual Salary per
Primary Secondary Tertiary
% of GDP % of GDP 1995 = 100 % of GDP 1995 = 100 1995 = 100 statutory statutory
education education education
salary teaching hour
Australia 5.77 4.28 132 1.49 5 494 7 788 12 406 135 94 44 139 55 Australia
Austria 5.49 5.19 108 0.30 7 139 8 943 12 344 .. 115 36 000 58 Austria
Belgium* 6.13 5.89 .. 0.24 6 180 7 708 11 824 .. .. .. .. Belgium*
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Canada* 5.93 4.59 106 1.34 .. 6 482 19 992 119 128 19 994 31 Canada*
Czech Republic 4.72 4.35 113 0.37 2 273 4 088 6 774 112 74 37 925 59 Czech Republic
Denmark* 7.01 6.70 131 0.32 7 814 8 183 14 014 119 118 42 046 .. Denmark*
Finland* 6.13 6.02 130 0.11 5 321 7 402 12 047 121 107 38 318 64 Finland*
France 6.31 5.80 .. 0.51 4 939 8 653 10 704 .. .. 33 548 53 France
Germany 5.28 4.36 110 0.92 4 624 7 173 11 594 105 108 48 167 64 Germany
Greece* 4.20 4.00 198 0.23 4 218 4 954 4 924 178 126 28 646 57 Greece*
Hungary* 6.11 5.54 156 0.56 3 286 3 948 8 576 153 107 14 512 26 Hungary*
Iceland* 7.95 7.47 .. 0.48 7 752 6 898 8 023 .. .. 22 396 34 Iceland*
Ireland 4.44 4.13 165 0.31 4 760 6 374 9 341 168 121 44 185 60 Ireland
Italy* 5.05 4.65 109 0.41 7 366 7 938 8 764 110 128 31 291 53 Italy*
Japan* 4.77 3.53 109 1.24 6 350 7 283 11 556 127 114 45 753 86 Japan*
Korea 7.53 4.59 .. 2.95 4 098 6 410 7 089 .. .. 48 754 86 Korea
Luxembourg* .. .. .. .. 11 481 17 078 .. .. .. 83 390 130 Luxembourg*
Mexico 6.78 5.58 160 1.20 1 656 1 918 5 774 132 113 21 192 20 Mexico
Netherlands 4.99 4.55 131 0.44 5 836 6 996 13 444 132 103 44 669 60 Netherlands
New Zealand* 6.84 5.67 151 1.16 4 841 5 693 8 832 .. .. 36 063 37 New Zealand*
Norway* 6.56 6.45 .. 0.10 7 977 10 919 13 772 111 100 35 420 54 Norway*
Poland* 6.44 5.76 148 0.68 2 859 2 951 4 589 186 63 10 263 15 Poland*
Portugal* 5.92 5.82 135 0.10 4 503 6 094 7 200 166 95 31 635 48 Portugal*
Slovak Republic 4.73 4.27 126 0.46 2 020 2 401 4 678 147 83 45 616 51 Slovak Republic
Spain* 4.71 4.19 126 0.51 4 829 6 418 8 943 129 143 .. .. Spain*
Sweden 6.74 6.55 133 0.19 7 291 7 662 16 073 115 100 40 663 70 Sweden
Switzerland* 6.54 5.96 126 0.58 8 131 12 209 25 900 105 146 30 420 .. Switzerland*
-1 -1 -1 -1
Turkey* 3.71 3.59 196 0.12 869 1 428 .. 170 194 55 115 .. Turkey*
United Kingdom* 6.09 5.12 134 0.97 5 851 7 290 11 866 126 100 .. .. United Kingdom*
United States 7.46 5.40 139 2.07 8 305 9 590 24 074 128 110 40 088 .. United States
OECD average 5.88 5.18 .. 0.70 5 450 6 962 11 254 133 106 37 488 55 OECD average
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Brazil .. 4.36 136 .. 870 1 121 10 054 119 89 .. .. Brazil
Russian Federation* .. 3.68 .. .. .. 1 436 2 451 .. .. .. .. Russian Federation*
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en23
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
Education at a Glance - OECD Indicators 2006, OECD, Paris, 2006 or revised data. www.oecd.org/edu/eag2006.
.. Not available or not applicable.
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2006,
a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
51
52
Education > Performance, 2004*
% educational attainment of adult population and current
Student performance on the combined Index of earning differentials, % unemployment ratio at
graduation rates
reading, scientific and mathematical literacy tertiary-type A to upper- tertiary-type A attainment
First-time
Upper Current upper
scales, mean score, 2003* secondary (25-64 years old)* level (25-64 years old)*
Tertiary-type A tertiary-type A
secondary or secondary
attainment, 25- (ISCED 5A)
higher, 25-64 graduation
64 year-olds graduation
Reading Maths Science Women Men Women Men
year-olds rate
rate
-3 -3
Australia 525.4 524.3 525.1 64.1 .. 21.9 46.4 158 151 2.9 2.7 Australia
Austria 490.7 505.6 491.0 80.2 .. 9.2 19.6 .. .. 4.8 .. Austria
-1 -1
Belgium 507.0 529.3 508.8 64.3 .. 13.6 .. 147 146 4.3 3.9 Belgium
-1 -1
Canada 527.9 532.5 518.7 84.3 .. 22.2 .. 175 170 4.8 4.6 Canada
Czech Republic* 488.5 516.5 523.3 89.1 86.5 12.3 19.7 163 195 1.8 2.1 Czech Republic*
-1 -1 -1 -1
Denmark 492.3 514.3 475.2 81.2 90.4 25.3 45.3 129 142 3.5 2.9 Denmark
-1 -1 -1 -1
Finland 543.5 544.3 548.2 77.6 89.6 17.3 47.8 167 180 4.3 3.5 Finland
-1 -1
France 496.2 510.8 511.2 65.3 81.2 14.3 26.0 156 172 7.0 6.6 France
Germany 491.4 503.0 502.3 83.9 98.9 14.7 20.6 157 159 5.9 5.1 Germany
Greece 472.3 444.9 481.0 56.2 .. 14.7 .. .. .. 9.5 4.7 Greece
Hungary 481.9 490.0 503.3 75.4 86.1 16.6 28.8 191 254 2.4 1.5 Hungary
Iceland 491.7 515.1 494.7 61.0 84.1 24.5 50.0 .. .. .. .. Iceland
-2 -2
Ireland 515.5 502.8 505.4 62.8 92.4 17.3 37.4 172 154 1.9 2.1 Ireland
-2 -2
Italy 475.7 465.7 486.5 48.6 81.4 11.1 36.8 147 162 5.8 3.8 Italy
-1 -1
Japan 498.1 534.1 547.6 84.0 91.4 21.5 36.1 .. .. 3.2 2.9 Japan
-1 -1
Korea 534.1 542.2 538.4 74.4 96.1 22.0 .. 201 138 2.5 2.7 Korea
-2 -2
Luxembourg 479.4 493.2 482.8 63.2 69.4 14.1 .. 145 170 4.7 2.6 Luxembourg
Mexico 399.7 385.2 404.9 22.6 37.7 14.4 .. .. .. 3.0 3.0 Mexico
Netherlands 513.1 537.8 524.4 70.9 .. 27.2 40.2 .. .. 2.5 3.0 Netherlands
New Zealand 521.6 523.5 520.9 77.6 74.6 17.6 48.4 150 148 2.8 2.5 New Zealand
-1 -1
Norway 499.7 495.2 484.2 88.3 99.9 29.5 45.4 130 129 2.1 2.8 Norway
Poland* 496.6 490.2 497.8 50.1 79.3 15.7 44.8 155 184 6.5 5.9 Poland*
Portugal* 477.6 466.0 467.7 25.2 .. 12.5 32.8 .. .. 4.4 4.5 Portugal*
Slovak Republic* 469.2 498.2 494.9 84.7 83.2 11.8 27.7 .. .. 4.3 5.0 Slovak Republic*
Spain 480.5 485.1 487.1 45.0 66.1 18.9 32.6 156 144 8.8 5.3 Spain
-1 -1
Sweden 514.3 509.0 506.1 82.9 77.9 19.3 37.4 136 147 3.6 4.3 Sweden
Switzerland 499.1 526.6 513.0 82.5 89.2 18.0 25.9 171 156 3.9 2.8 Switzerland
Turkey* 441.0 423.4 434.2 26.1 52.8 9.1 10.8 .. .. 10.3 7.2 Turkey*
United Kingdom .. .. .. 65.0 .. 20.3 39.3 198 161 2.0 2.5 United Kingdom
United States 495.2 482.9 491.3 87.9 75.4 29.7 33.6 173 188 2.9 3.0 United States
OECD average 494.2 500.0 499.6 67.5 81.1 17.9 34.8 .. .. 4.4 3.7 OECD average
Brazil* .. .. .. 29.5 65.4 7.8 .. .. .. .. .. Brazil*
-1 -1
Russian Federation .. .. .. 88.9 87.3 20.8 .. .. .. .. .. Russian Federation
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en24
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
Education at a Glance - OECD Indicators 2006, OECD, Paris, 2006. www.oecd.org/edu/eag2006;
.. Not available or not applicable.
Learning for Tomorrow's World - First results from PISA 2003, OECD, Paris, 2004. www.pisa.oecd.org.
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to
2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
53
54
Public finance > Agriculture: support estimates, 2006
Producer support estimate* Consumer support estimate*
Total support
% of value of
estimate*
Total in billion USD Total in billion USD
consumption
% of value of total
expenditure on
gross farm receipts
commodities
2006 2005 2006 2005 % of GDP
domestically produced
Australia 1.4 - 2 - 0.2 - 0.2 0.2 Australia
6 1.4
Canada 23 7.5 - 17 - 3.7 - 2.8 0.8 Canada
6.5
Iceland 66 0.2 - 46 0.0 - 0.1 1.5 Iceland
0.2
Japan 53 - 46 - 47.9 - 52.8 1.1 Japan
40.6 45.2
Korea 63 - 61 - 29.8 - 26.5 3.3 Korea
25.4 23.9
Mexico 17 7.1 - 11 - 4.2 - 2.8 0.9 Mexico
5.5
New Zealand 0.1 - 2 0.0 - 0.1 0.3 New Zealand
1 0.2
Norway 65 2.9 - 50 - 1.4 - 1.5 1.0 Norway
3.0
Switzerland 63 5.0 - 47 - 3.1 - 3.7 1.5 Switzerland
5.6
Turkey 20 - 13 - 5.4 - 9.2 2.9 Turkey
10.1 13.3
United States 11 13 25.9 19.3 0.7 United States
29.3 41.9
EU-25 32 138.0 134.4 - 16 - 54.4 - 54.6 1.1 EU-25
OECD total 27 267.8 281.0 - 15 - 124.3 - 135.0 1.0 OECD total
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Brazil 4.4 - 3 - 1.4 - 0.6 0.8 Brazil
6 2.3
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
China - 4 - 15.7 - 7.3 2.3 China
8 35.6 26.1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Russian Federation 15 6.9 - 8 - 5.0 - 6.0 1.0 Russian Federation
8.4
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
South Africa 1.0 - 8 - 0.9 - 0.7 0.7 South Africa
9 0.9
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en25
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: Monitoring and Evaluation, 2007 Edition, OECD, Paris, 2007.
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column
refers to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
55
56
Public finance > Government sector, 2006
Total general government Total general government General government final Net saving of general Net lending of general
Social security transfers
revenue expenditure consumption expenditure government government
% of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Australia 36.1 34.4 18.2 7.9 2.5 1.7 Australia
Austria 48.0 49.2 18.1 18.3 0.7 - 1.2 Austria
Belgium 49.1 49.0 22.6 15.7 0.4 0.1 Belgium
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Canada 40.7 39.3 19.3 9.8 2.2 1.4 Canada
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Czech Republic 40.4 44.0 22.3 11.5 - 1.0 - 3.5 Czech Republic
Denmark 55.6 51.4 25.5 15.3 4.1 4.2 Denmark
Finland 52.3 48.6 21.4 15.9 4.1 3.8 Finland
France 50.8 53.4 23.6 17.8 - 1.4 - 2.6 France
Germany 44.0 45.7 18.5 18.6 - 1.0 - 1.7 Germany
Greece 34.3 36.6 14.0 14.0 - 2.6 - 2.3 Greece
Hungary 43.7 53.0 22.5 15.1 - 6.7 - 9.2 Hungary
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Iceland 48.1 42.8 24.8 6.8 7.3 5.3 Iceland
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Ireland 35.5 34.4 15.9 8.7 3.8 1.0 Ireland
Italy 45.6 50.1 20.3 17.1 - 0.5 - 4.5 Italy
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Japan 31.7 38.1 18.1 11.3 - 4.4 - 6.4 Japan
-2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
Korea 30.6 28.1 13.5 2.5 8.3 2.5 Korea
Luxembourg 40.5 40.4 15.9 14.0 4.2 0.1 Luxembourg
-2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
Mexico 21.7 21.1 11.9 1.9 2.7 0.6 Mexico
Netherlands 47.2 46.7 25.3 11.2 1.2 0.5 Netherlands
-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
New Zealand 42.0 38.1 17.5 10.2 5.4 3.8 New Zealand
Norway 59.8 40.5 19.3 12.4 20.2 19.3 Norway
Poland 39.6 43.6 18.2 15.5 - 1.5 - 4.0 Poland
Portugal 42.2 46.1 20.5 15.1 - 3.3 - 3.9 Portugal
Slovak Republic 33.9 37.3 19.2 12.0 - 3.1 - 3.4 Slovak Republic
Spain 40.3 38.5 17.9 11.6 4.7 1.8 Spain
Sweden 57.6 55.5 26.7 16.7 3.2 2.1 Sweden
-2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
Switzerland 35.2 36.3 11.7 12.0 - 0.6 - 1.1 Switzerland
-1
Turkey1 .. .. 13.1 .. .. .. Turkey1
United Kingdom 42.2 45.0 22.2 13.0 - 1.2 - 2.8 United Kingdom
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
United States 33.1 36.6 16.0 12.0 - 2.5 - 3.5 United States
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en26
1. According to the 1968 System of National Accounts.
Sources:
National Accounts of OECD Countries, OECD, Paris, 2007.
.. Not available or not applicable.
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g.
-n
if the column refers to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to
2005.
57
58
Public finance > Taxation, 2004
Disposable income of average
Tax structures
Total tax Highest rates of income
production worker*
receipts taxes*
% of total tax receipts % of gross pay*
Personal Corporate
Taxes on
Social security contributions
Personal Corporate Married with
income tax income tax
% of GDP goods and Other taxes Single person
income tax income tax two children*
Employees Employers services % %
Australia 31.2 40.2 18.2 0.0 0.0 28.5 13.1 48.5 30.0 76.3 89.9 Australia
Austria 42.6 22.7 5.4 13.8 15.8 28.2 14.2 42.9 34.0 67.0 82.1 Austria
Belgium 45.0 30.6 8.0 9.9 18.6 25.0 7.8 45.1 34.0 58.1 78.1 Belgium
Canada 33.5 35.1 10.3 6.2 8.5 25.9 14.1 46.4 36.1 76.1 87.8 Canada
Czech Republic 38.4 12.7 12.4 9.5 27.0 31.2 7.2 28.0 28.0 76.2 95.9 Czech Republic
Denmark 48.8 50.7 6.5 2.3 0.1 32.7 7.7 55.0 30.0 59.1 71.0 Denmark
Finland 44.2 30.5 8.1 4.8 20.3 31.7 4.6 50.3 29.0 68.9 76.9 Finland
France 43.4 17.0 6.3 9.3 25.3 25.6 16.5 36.7 35.4 71.2 83.0 France
Germany 34.7 22.8 4.5 17.6 19.8 29.2 6.1 47.5 38.9 56.5 76.7 Germany
Greece 35.0 13.8 9.4 13.9 16.0 37.1 9.7 33.6 35.0 77.5 77.0 Greece
Hungary 38.1 17.8 5.8 6.3 23.4 40.8 5.8 56.0 16.0 65.6 80.3 Hungary
Iceland 38.7 36.9 3.3 0.2 8.1 41.1 10.4 42.0 18.0 74.7 94.6 Iceland
Ireland 30.1 27.4 11.9 4.8 9.3 37.8 8.8 42.0 12.5 83.1 102.5 Ireland
Italy 41.1 25.4 6.9 5.5 21.1 26.4 14.7 41.4 33.0 72.7 85.7 Italy
Japan 26.4 17.8 14.2 16.2 17.1 20.0 14.6 47.2 39.5 81.8 84.9 Japan
Korea 24.6 13.6 14.3 12.1 8.6 36.3 15.0 36.6 29.7 90.1 91.3 Korea
Luxembourg 37.8 17.8 15.3 12.4 12.6 30.4 11.4 33.9 30.4 73.5 99.6 Luxembourg
Mexico* 19.0 24.6 .. 16.5 .. 55.5 3.4 26.4 33.0 94.8 94.8 Mexico*
Netherlands 37.5 16.4 8.2 18.3 11.2 32.0 14.0 52.0 34.5 67.5 77.7 Netherlands
New Zealand 35.6 41.0 15.5 0.0 0.0 33.8 9.7 39.0 33.0 80.0 82.0 New Zealand
Norway 44.0 23.5 22.6 7.3 13.0 29.7 3.8 47.5 28.0 69.9 79.2 Norway
Poland* 34.4 12.0 5.8 40.9 .. 36.0 5.2 26.2 19.0 68.2 70.1 Poland*
Portugal* 34.5 15.9 8.3 9.3 21.4 38.6 6.5 35.6 27.5 78.2 89.8 Portugal*
Slovak Republic 30.3 9.3 8.1 9.4 28.0 39.8 5.4 16.5 19.0 77.8 97.2 Slovak Republic
Spain 34.8 17.7 9.8 5.4 24.4 28.0 14.7 45.0 35.0 80.0 87.6 Spain
Sweden 50.4 31.4 6.3 5.6 22.5 25.8 8.5 56.5 28.0 68.5 75.9 Sweden
Switzerland 29.2 34.8 8.6 11.4 11.0 23.7 10.5 37.8 24.1 78.4 90.6 Switzerland
Turkey 31.3 14.9 7.3 8.4 10.7 47.7 11.1 40.6 33.0 69.5 69.5 Turkey
United Kingdom 36.0 28.7 8.1 7.7 10.4 32.0 13.1 40.0 30.0 73.4 80.5 United Kingdom
United States 25.5 34.7 8.7 11.6 13.3 18.3 13.4 41.4 39.3 76.6 95.5 United States
EU average 39.7 24.6 8.2 9.4 16.6 30.7 10.6 43.8 31.1 70.3 82.9 EU average
OECD average 35.9 24.6 9.6 8.5 14.9 32.3 10.1 41.3 29.8 73.7 84.9 OECD average
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en27
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
Revenue Statistics, 1965-2005, OECD, Paris, 2006;
.. Not available or not applicable.
Taxing Wages , 2005/2006, OECD, Paris, 2007;
59
60
Public finance > Development aid
Official development assistance (ODA)* Grant element Multilateral aid Grants by NGOs* ODA to least
developed
% of total DAC % annual average % of ODA countries (LDCs) %
Million USD % of GNI % of ODA* % of GNI
ODA* change in volume commitments*
of GNI*
2000/01-2005/06* 2005 2005 2005 2005
2006 * 2006 * 2006 *
Australia 2 128 0.30 2.0 4.4 100.0 13.8 0.12 0.06 Australia
Austria 1 513 0.48 1.5 14.0 100.0 21.7 0.05 0.08 Austria
Belgium 1 968 0.50 1.9 9.0 99.7 33.4 0.07 0.16 Belgium
Canada 3 713 0.30 3.6 9.4 100.0 24.6 0.09 0.09 Canada
Denmark 2 234 0.80 2.1 - 3.1 100.0 35.6 0.03 0.31 Denmark
Finland 826 0.39 0.8 9.7 100.0 33.8 0.01 0.13 Finland
France 10 448 0.47 10.1 10.3 95.0 27.8 .. 0.11 France
Germany 10 351 0.36 10.0 7.2 95.0 26.1 0.05 0.07 Germany
Greece 384 0.16 0.4 2.2 100.0 46.3 0.00 0.04 Greece
Ireland 997 0.53 1.0 15.2 100.0 32.9 0.18 0.21 Ireland
Italy 3 672 0.20 3.5 13.1 95.9 55.4 0.01 0.08 Italy
Japan 11 608 0.25 11.2 2.1 87.3 20.8 0.01 0.05 Japan
Luxembourg 291 0.89 0.3 5.0 100.0 27.1 0.03 0.35 Luxembourg
Netherlands 5 452 0.81 5.2 1.7 100.0 28.0 0.07 0.27 Netherlands
New Zealand 257 0.27 0.2 6.2 100.0 18.2 0.09 0.07 New Zealand
Norway 2 946 0.89 2.8 5.6 100.0 27.0 .. 0.35 Norway
Portugal 391 0.21 0.4 - 2.2 94.9 42.1 0.00 0.12 Portugal
Spain 3 801 0.32 3.7 6.7 95.2 38.3 .. 0.07 Spain
Sweden 3 967 1.03 3.8 8.4 100.0 32.9 0.01 0.31 Sweden
Switzerland 1 647 0.39 1.6 6.2 100.0 20.8 0.08 0.10 Switzerland
United Kingdom 12 607 0.52 12.1 12.7 100.0 24.2 0.03 0.12 United Kingdom
United States 22 739 0.17 21.9 15.9 100.0 8.5 0.07 0.05 United States
G7 75 138 0.26 72.3 10.1 96.1 20.9 0.05 0.06 G7
EU15 58 902 0.43 56.7 8.2 97.6 30.9 0.03 0.11 EU15
DAC total 103 940 0.30 100.0 8.7 96.9 23.1 0.05 0.08 DAC total
12
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en28
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
OECD/DAC Statistics, www.oecd.org/dac/stats
.. Not available or not applicable.
61
62
International trade and investment > Direct investment
Direct investment flows Direct investment positions
Inflows Outflows Inward Outward
% of GDP Billion USD % of GDP Billion USD Billion USD Billion USD
2006 1996 2006 1996 2006 1996 2006 1996 2005 1995 2005 1995
Australia 3.2 1.5 24.5 6.1 2.7 1.7 21.0 7.1 206.3 104.1 178.3 53.0 Australia
Austria 0.1 1.9 0.2 4.4 1.3 0.8 4.1 1.9 62.5 19.7 68.2 11.8 Austria
Belgium-Luxembourg* 39.2 4.8 168.5 13.9 33.6 2.7 144.1 7.8 .. .. .. .. Belgium-Luxembourg*
Canada 5.3 1.6 66.6 9.6 3.4 2.2 42.1 13.1 350.0 123.2 394.7 118.1 Canada
Czech Republic 4.2 2.5 6.0 1.4 0.9 0.3 1.3 0.2 60.7 7.3 3.6 0.3 Czech Republic
Denmark 2.6 0.4 7.0 0.8 3.0 1.4 8.2 2.5 115.5 23.8 127.1 24.7 Denmark
Finland 1.8 0.9 3.7 1.1 .. 2.8 .. 3.6 54.3 8.5 81.4 15.0 Finland
France 3.6 1.4 81.1 22.0 5.2 2.0 115.1 30.4 627.9 191.4 882.3 204.4 France
Germany 1.5 0.3 42.9 6.6 2.7 2.1 79.5 50.8 660.4 104.4 801.4 233.1 Germany
Greece 1.7 1.0 5.4 1.2 1.4 .. 4.2 .. 29.2 .. 13.6 .. Greece
Hungary 5.4 7.2 6.1 3.3 2.7 .. 3.0 .. 61.9 11.3 8.0 0.3 Hungary
Iceland 21.4 1.2 3.2 0.1 27.5 0.9 4.2 0.1 4.7 0.1 10.1 0.2 Iceland
Ireland 5.9 3.6 12.8 2.6 10.1 1.0 22.1 0.7 166.2 .. 102.9 .. Ireland
Italy 0.9 0.3 16.6 3.5 2.3 0.5 42.1 6.5 224.1 65.3 293.5 106.3 Italy
Japan .. .. - 6.5 0.2 1.2 0.5 50.2 23.4 100.9 33.5 386.6 238.5 Japan
Korea 0.4 0.4 3.6 2.3 0.8 0.9 7.1 4.7 .. .. .. .. Korea
Luxembourg* .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 43.7 18.5 33.4 4.7 Luxembourg*
Mexico 2.3 3.0 19.0 10.1 0.7 .. 5.8 .. 209.6 41.1 28.0 .. Mexico
Netherlands 0.7 4.0 4.4 16.7 3.4 7.8 22.7 32.1 447.1 116.1 629.9 172.7 Netherlands
New Zealand 1.5 5.9 1.6 3.9 .. .. - 1.6 - 1.2 50.0 25.7 12.6 7.7 New Zealand
Norway 0.5 2.0 1.6 3.2 3.7 3.7 12.2 5.9 .. 19.8 .. 22.5 Norway
Poland 4.1 2.9 13.9 4.5 1.2 .. 4.1 0.1 89.5 7.8 6.4 0.5 Poland
Portugal 3.8 1.2 7.4 1.3 1.8 0.7 3.5 0.7 65.6 19.0 44.1 0.0 Portugal
Slovak Republic 0.8 1.9 4.2 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.1 15.8 1.3 0.6 0.1 Slovak Republic
Spain 1.6 1.1 20.0 6.8 7.3 0.9 89.7 5.6 371.5 110.3 372.9 36.5 Spain
Sweden 7.2 2.0 27.8 5.4 6.3 1.9 24.1 5.0 171.8 31.1 208.8 73.1 Sweden
Switzerland 6.7 1.0 25.1 3.1 21.8 5.3 81.5 16.2 169.0 57.1 426.2 142.5 Switzerland
Turkey 5.2 0.4 20.2 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.1 64.4 0.0 8.3 0.0 Turkey
United Kingdom 5.9 2.1 139.6 24.4 3.4 2.9 79.5 34.1 831.4 199.8 1 228.3 304.9 United Kingdom
United States 1.4 1.1 183.6 86.5 1.9 1.2 248.9 91.9 1 874.3 680.1 2 453.9 885.5 United States
OECD total 2.4 1.0 910.2 246.3 3.0 1.4 1 120.1 343.2 7 128.3 2 020.3 8 805.2 2 656.5 OECD total
Brazil* .. .. 15.2 11.2 .. .. 2.5 - 0.5 195.6 .. 79.3 .. Brazil*
China* .. .. 79.1 40.2 .. .. 11.3 2.1 610.2 .. 64.5 .. China*
India .. .. .. 2.4 .. .. .. 0.2 50.3 .. 12.1 .. India
Russian Federation .. .. 28.7 2.6 .. .. 18.0 0.9 169.0 0.3 138.9 2.4 Russian Federation
South Africa .. .. .. 0.8 .. .. 6.5 1.1 77.4 15.0 36.8 23.3 South Africa
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en29
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
International Direct Investment Database, OECD, Paris, 2006.
.. Not available or not applicable.
63
64
International trade and investment > Trade, 2005
Goods and services1 Trade by commodities2
Imports Exports Imports (cif)* Exports (fob)*
At current At current
prices and % volume prices and % volume Manufacturing, share of Manufacturing, share of Coverage
Total Total
exchange change exchange change total trade total trade ratio
rates rates
% change % of total % change % change % of total % change
Billion USD 2005/2004 Billion USD 2005/2004 Billion USD Billion USD
2005/2004 trade 2005/2004 2005/2004 trade 2005/2004
Australia 160.7 6.9 149.8 2.1 118.9 14.6 81.2 - 2.1 105.8 22.5 33.1 - 4.6 89.0 Australia
Austria 151.0 5.2 165.5 6.4 120.0 7.9 77.8 - 4.2 117.7 6.2 86.7 - 1.9 98.1 Austria
Belgium 309.3 3.5 320.5 2.8 320.2 12.2 76.8 - 2.2 334.0 9.0 82.9 0.5 104.3 Belgium
Canada 385.9 7.1 428.9 2.1 314.4 15.0 81.9 - 2.4 360.1 13.6 65.3 - 4.3 114.5 Canada
Czech Republic 86.6 4.8 88.9 10.4 76.5 12.3 85.4 0.5 78.2 16.4 90.8 0.0 102.2 Czech Republic
Denmark 114.0 10.7 126.3 7.2 75.0 12.1 79.7 - 0.1 83.3 11.4 69.6 0.1 111.1 Denmark
Finland 70.8 12.2 81.7 7.1 58.5 16.8 73.3 - 0.3 65.2 7.2 87.4 0.2 111.5 Finland
France 575.7 5.0 556.2 2.8 476.0 9.6 76.5 - 2.6 434.4 5.0 83.3 - 2.3 91.3 France
Germany 990.2 6.5 1 134.5 6.9 777.4 8.2 79.3 7.3 977.8 7.2 92.1 3.6 125.8 Germany
Greece 72.6 - 2.1 52.3 3.7 54.9 4.0 68.7 - 6.8 17.5 15.1 62.9 - 4.4 31.9 Greece
Hungary 74.8 6.8 73.3 11.6 66.7 10.8 88.2 1.5 63.2 13.9 90.2 0.1 94.8 Hungary
Iceland
7.1 28.9 5.1 7.1 5.0 38.9 80.0 6.7 3.1 10.7 32.3 - 9.5 62.0 Iceland
Ireland 137.5 6.5 162.9 3.9 70.3 12.8 83.8 3.0 110.0 5.5 90.0 0.9 156.5 Ireland
Italy 462.3 0.5 461.0 - 0.5 380.6 8.4 74.5 - 1.6 367.9 5.4 88.9 - 0.9 96.7 Italy
Japan 589.3 5.8 652.5 7.0 515.9 13.3 57.6 - 4.6 594.9 5.2 97.3 - 0.6 115.3 Japan
Korea 315.0 6.9 334.7 8.5 261.2 16.4 63.6 - 2.8 284.4 12.1 92.5 - 0.1 108.9 Korea
Luxembourg 50.4 9.3 58.2 8.0 17.6 4.8 74.4 3.3 12.7 4.1 94.5 4.8 72.2 Luxembourg
Mexico 242.2 8.7 229.9 6.9 221.8 12.7 86.2 - 2.1 214.2 13.9 78.4 - 3.1 96.6 Mexico
Netherlands* 391.3 5.1 439.7 5.5 283.2 9.9 70.7 - 3.9 320.1 10.2 69.4 - 2.1 113.0 Netherlands*
New Zealand 33.4 5.0 30.5 - 0.1 26.2 12.9 78.2 - 1.9 21.7 6.9 36.9 - 6.4 82.8 New Zealand
Norway 84.8 8.6 134.3 0.7 55.5 14.4 81.4 0.0 103.8 26.3 26.0 - 11.0 187.0 Norway
Poland 113.7 4.7 112.7 8.0 101.5 15.1 79.7 - 2.7 89.4 21.1 83.9 - 0.1 88.1 Poland
Portugal 68.8 1.9 52.9 1.1 61.2 11.5 72.2 - 2.6 38.1 6.7 84.0 - 3.2 62.3 Portugal
Slovak Republic 39.1 16.6 36.7 13.8 34.4 18.2 77.0 - 2.2 32.0 15.9 87.5 0.6 93.0 Slovak Republic
Spain 347.8 7.0 287.3 1.5 289.6 11.7 73.2 - 3.6 192.8 5.5 79.4 - 0.6 66.6 Spain
Sweden 146.8 6.9 174.0 6.6 111.4 10.9 77.8 0.9 130.3 5.8 86.0 0.0 117.0 Sweden
Switzerland 150.4 5.3 175.2 6.4 121.2 10.2 86.0 - 1.5 125.9 7.8 96.1 0.2 103.9 Switzerland
Turkey3 123.2 11.5 99.4 8.5 116.8 19.8 74.3 3.8 73.5 16.5 84.4 - 3.2 62.9 Turkey3
United Kingdom 673.5 7.0 592.6 7.9 515.8 11.8 80.9 - 1.0 384.4 10.4 83.8 0.2 74.5 United Kingdom
United States 2 019.8 6.1 1 303.1 6.8 1 732.3 13.6 76.6 - 3.4 904.3 10.6 85.9 - 0.4 52.2 United States
G7 5 696.9 5.8 5 128.8 5.6 4 712.4 11.7 75.6 - 1.2 4 023.8 8.1 87.1 0.0 85.4 G7
OECD total 8 988.2 6.1 8 520.5 5.7 7 380.0 12.0 75.9 - 1.4 6 640.7 9.3 83.6 - 0.7 90.0 OECD total
Brazil .. .. .. .. 76.4 17.5 73.4 1.5 116.1 22.2 55.1 - 1.3 152.0 Brazil
China .. .. .. .. 660.0 17.6 77.6 - 1.9 762.0 28.4 93.6 0.4 115.5 China
India .. .. .. .. 149.7 38.6 51.0 0.2 103.4 29.6 72.5 - 3.6 69.1 India
Russian Federation .. .. .. .. 98.6 29.7 78.8 1.6 241.2 32.8 45.2 2.5 244.6 Russian Federation
South Africa .. .. .. .. 55.0 14.6 78.5 1.8 47.0 16.6 72.3 - 2.8 85.5 South Africa
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en30
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
1. National accounts basis according to the 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA). National Accounts of OECD Countries, OECD, Paris, 2007;
International Trade by Commodity Statistics , OECD, Paris, 2007.
2. Customs basis.
3. For goods and services: national accounts basis according to the 1968 SNA.
.. Not available or not applicable.
65
66
International trade and investment > Trade in services, 2005*
Imports Exports
Total % of total Total % of total
Royalties Royalties
% change Finance and Other % change Finance and Other
Billion USD Transport Travel and license Billion USD Transport Travel and license
2005/2004 insurance services* 2005/2004 insurance services*
fees fees
Australia 30.5 9.2 35.3 36.9 3.6 6.6 17.7 31.0 9.2 19.9 54.3 4.2 1.8 19.9 Australia
Austria* 45.3 - 3.1 16.1 24.4 7.2 3.0 49.3 50.4 2.8 21.1 30.7 6.9 0.4 40.9 Austria*
Belgium 51.3 4.7 24.0 28.9 7.9 2.2 37.0 55.8 5.9 24.9 17.7 7.6 2.0 47.9 Belgium
Canada 64.9 10.3 22.3 28.3 10.8 10.2 28.4 53.6 9.2 17.9 25.3 9.0 6.5 41.3 Canada
Czech Republic 10.0 8.5 18.1 24.2 11.8 2.2 43.8 10.8 11.4 30.5 43.0 4.0 0.6 21.9 Czech Republic
Denmark 37.8 13.9 47.9 17.1 1.4 3.0 30.5 42.5 16.3 62.7 11.6 0.8 3.5 21.3 Denmark
Finland* 15.2 23.7 26.6 20.1 1.6 7.4 44.3 17.0 12.1 14.3 12.9 0.8 7.1 64.9 Finland*
France 106.0 7.7 27.0 29.4 5.0 3.0 35.6 116.0 6.1 23.4 36.4 2.7 5.1 32.4 France
Germany 203.2 4.3 21.5 35.8 4.5 3.3 35.0 155.2 8.5 24.6 18.8 5.4 4.4 46.8 Germany
Greece 14.7 5.3 52.6 20.6 5.5 3.0 18.3 34.3 3.2 50.3 40.0 1.1 0.2 8.4 Greece
Hungary 11.9 12.6 17.5 24.4 3.7 9.2 45.1 12.8 17.8 15.5 33.2 1.3 6.5 43.5 Hungary
Iceland
2.5 39.0 34.7 38.3 2.6 0.1 24.4 2.0 25.7 53.1 20.0 0.4 0.0 26.4 Iceland
Ireland 69.9 7.0 3.4 8.7 14.8 27.8 45.2 57.4 8.9 4.6 8.3 24.9 1.0 61.2 Ireland
Italy 90.6 8.9 24.1 24.7 3.4 2.1 45.7 90.2 6.5 17.1 39.2 2.9 1.2 39.6 Italy
Japan 134.3 1.9 30.0 28.0 3.5 10.9 27.6 110.3 13.1 32.4 11.3 5.4 16.0 34.9 Japan
Korea 58.8 17.7 34.3 26.2 1.6 7.8 30.1 45.1 7.8 52.9 12.9 4.0 4.2 26.0 Korea
Luxembourg 24.9 19.2 4.3 12.0 58.8 0.5 24.4 40.7 21.3 5.9 8.9 66.3 0.7 18.1 Luxembourg
Mexico* 21.4 8.4 12.7 35.4 38.1 0.5 13.3 16.1 14.9 10.9 73.1 9.6 0.4 5.9 Mexico*
Netherlands 84.5 6.1 17.7 19.1 2.8 10.2 50.2 92.0 8.6 23.3 11.4 1.7 11.1 52.5 Netherlands
New Zealand 8.2 14.0 33.8 32.4 4.5 6.7 22.5 8.3 5.6 19.7 58.6 1.4 1.1 19.1 New Zealand
Norway 29.6 28.5 32.3 34.4 5.6 1.6 26.1 29.3 15.3 52.5 11.4 3.7 1.8 30.7 Norway
Poland 14.3 15.8 23.2 30.4 5.5 7.2 33.7 16.3 22.0 33.6 38.7 1.8 0.4 25.6 Poland
Portugal 10.1 4.0 30.3 30.6 4.5 3.2 31.3 15.1 2.0 21.1 52.3 2.1 0.4 24.1 Portugal
Slovak Republic* 4.1 18.2 29.5 20.7 8.6 2.3 38.9 4.4 18.3 36.2 27.5 3.4 1.7 31.2 Slovak Republic*
Spain 65.6 11.0 26.9 23.0 5.4 4.0 40.7 93.8 8.9 16.4 51.0 3.8 0.6 28.2 Spain
Sweden 35.3 6.9 16.3 30.5 3.3 4.2 45.7 43.7 12.2 20.4 17.0 5.3 7.8 49.5 Sweden
Switzerland* 23.4 6.7 12.3 39.8 5.5 .. 42.3 47.1 9.4 9.3 23.4 31.7 .. 35.6 Switzerland*
Turkey* 11.4 11.9 41.6 25.2 11.2 3.9 18.1 26.5 15.7 17.7 68.4 2.5 .. 11.4 Turkey*
United Kingdom 160.5 7.1 22.9 37.2 6.5 5.6 27.8 203.0 2.9 16.3 15.1 22.2 6.5 39.8 United Kingdom
United States 314.6 8.4 28.0 23.4 13.0 7.8 27.8 376.8 10.5 16.8 27.1 10.9 15.2 30.1 United States
G7 1 074.1 6.6 25.5 29.4 7.5 6.2 31.5 1 105.1 8.1 20.1 24.0 10.0 9.6 36.3 G7
EU-25 extra*,1 434.5 7.6 24.3 24.7 6.4 8.9 35.7 505.3 8.4 25.4 17.5 10.2 5.7 41.2 EU-25 extra*,1
EU-25* 1 081.8 7.7 22.0 27.1 6.7 5.7 38.5 1 172.4 7.7 22.0 24.7 10.1 4.0 39.2 EU-25*
OECD total* 1 769.0 7.9 24.4 27.1 7.9 3.5 37.2 1 898.2 8.9 22.0 25.2 10.1 6.8 35.9 OECD total*
Brazil 24.2 40.5 20.5 19.5 5.9 5.8 48.3 16.1 27.9 19.8 24.0 4.0 0.6 51.6 Brazil
China 83.8 16.2 33.9 26.0 8.8 6.4 25.0 74.4 19.2 20.7 39.4 0.9 0.2 38.7 China
-2 -2
India 25.7 22.2 36.4 13.7 6.4 1.6 41.9 23.3 20.1 13.1 16.6 3.4 0.1 66.8 India
Russian Federation 39.4 16.8 13.0 45.2 5.2 4.0 32.5 24.7 21.2 36.9 22.6 2.9 1.1 36.5 Russian Federation
South Africa 12.2 17.7 43.8 27.8 5.4 8.8 14.2 11.2 15.2 13.7 65.7 5.9 0.4 14.2 South Africa
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en31
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
1. Excluding intra-European Union trade. OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 1, 1996-2005, OECD/Eurostat, Paris, 2007.
For Brazil, China, India (2003), Russian Federation and South Africa: IMF
.. Not available or not applicable.
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to
2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
67
68
Prices and finance > Prices and interest rates
Consumer prices Producer prices Share prices Interest rates
March 2007 March 2007 March 2007 March 2007
% change March % change March % change March
2007 / March 2006 2007 / March 2006 2007 / March 2006
2000 = 100 2000 = 100 2000 = 100 Short-term, %* Long-term, %
Australia* 121.2 2.4 123.8 3.8 187.1 16.9 6.43 5.74 Australia*
Austria 113.7 1.8 114.9 2.9 358.1 15.3 .. 3.98 Austria
Belgium 114.3 1.8 113.3 3.6 167.9 11.9 .. 4.01 Belgium
Canada 116.5 2.3 110.7 4.8 137.0 8.6 4.35 4.04 Canada
Czech Republic 116.4 2.0 112.0 3.0 301.7 8.3 2.56 3.76 Czech Republic
Denmark 114.1 2.0 113.2 2.6 177.7 13.6 4.02 3.96 Denmark
Finland 109.8 2.6 103.7 3.5 67.9 9.4 .. 3.98 Finland
France 112.5 1.2 108.8 2.8 98.8 9.2 .. 4.00 France
Germany 111.6 1.9 111.4 2.6 95.1 14.8 .. 3.94 Germany
Greece 124.7 2.6 123.5 0.3 109.1 12.6 .. 4.20 Greece
Hungary 147.2 9.1 114.2 - 0.1 264.6 1.8 7.87 6.79 Hungary
Iceland 134.3 5.9 .. .. 437.0 24.4 14.63 10.49 Iceland
Ireland 127.9 5.1 89.9 - 1.4 174.9 17.9 .. 4.07 Ireland
Italy 116.3 1.7 119.4 3.8 100.5 8.4 .. 4.18 Italy
Japan 97.6 - 0.1 101.5 1.9 110.7 2.8 0.62 1.63 Japan
Korea 122.7 2.2 112.1 1.9 195.5 7.5 4.94 4.98 Korea
Luxembourg 117.1 2.1 137.8 12.4 119.5 34.1 .. 4.02 Luxembourg
Mexico 136.3 4.2 145.5 6.4 410.4 43.5 7.21 7.52 Mexico
Netherlands 116.3 1.8 117.3 1.7 80.9 9.7 .. 3.98 Netherlands
New Zealand* 118.1 2.5 115.5 3.8 159.2 6.4 7.88 5.87 New Zealand*
Norway 112.0 1.1 126.5 6.7 265.0 17.3 4.43 4.45 Norway
Poland* 117.6 2.5 110.2 2.9 285.0 38.5 4.24 .. Poland*
Portugal 122.8 2.3 115.4 0.9 128.4 21.8 .. 4.10 Portugal
Slovak Republic 141.6 2.7 117.8 1.1 503.8 2.1 4.14 4.28 Slovak Republic
Spain 122.9 2.5 120.9 2.8 156.4 23.0 .. 4.01 Spain
Sweden 110.6 1.9 112.6 4.7 112.4 18.0 3.26 3.79 Sweden
Switzerland 105.1 0.2 105.3 2.0 118.2 13.4 2.30 2.70 Switzerland
Turkey 374.7 10.9 421.4 10.9 310.9 1.7 .. .. Turkey
United Kingdom 112.0 3.1 111.3 2.7 97.4 4.5 5.50 4.81 United Kingdom
United States 119.3 2.8 119.9 3.3 134.0 11.6 5.30 4.56 United States
G7 114.1 2.1 114.1 3.0 .. .. .. .. G7
1,2 1,2
Euro area 115.5 1.9 113.8 2.6 93.8 11.1 3.89 4.02 Euro area
1,2 4,5
EU27 117.4 2.3 115.1 2.8 .. .. .. .. EU27
OECD total* 118.5 2.4 117.8 2.8 .. .. .. .. OECD total*
115.5 2.2 114.7 2.7 .. .. .. .. excl. high infl. *,3
excl. high infl. *,3
Brazil 161.8 2.9 203.3 5.1 285.9 20.7 .. .. Brazil
China* .. 3.3 .. 2.6 167.8 145.3 2.63 .. China*
India* 132.9 6.7 137.1 6.5 303.0 46.6 .. .. India*
Russian Federation* 232.6 7.4 261.9 6.0 786.6 27.2 6.51 .. Russian Federation*
South Africa 139.2 6.1 151.8 10.9 304.6 31.9 8.28 7.59 South Africa
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en32
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
1. For Consumer Prices, HICP. Main Economic Indictors, May - Volume 2007 Issue 5, OECD
2. For consumer and producer prices, Source Eurostat.
3. The high-inflation country is Turkey (Excluded).
.. Not available or not applicable.
69
70
Prices and finance > Insurance and pensions
Insurance Pension1
Total Contributions Benefits paid
Direct gross premiums 2005 premiums Financial assets investment of Financial assets to pension by pension
pension funds funds funds
% of GDP Millions of USD Millions of USD % of GDP Millions of USD % of GDP % of GDP
2005 1995 Life Non-life 2005 1995 2006 2006 2001 2006 2006
Australia
6.7 .. 28 113.1 21 496.5 49 609.6 .. 90.9 492 338.4 212 860.0 7.7 3.6 Australia
Austria
6.6 5.9 8 160.1 11 813.8 19 974.0 14 167.6 4.9 15 611.0 7 554.7 0.3 0.2 Austria
-1 -1 -1 -1
Belgium 11.3 5.4 31 596.4 10 225.0 41 821.3 15 400.3 4.5 16 548.9 12 639.0 0.3 0.3 Belgium
Canada
8.7 5.1 40 695.4 57 951.3 98 646.7 30 083.4 53.5 678 952.4 375 564.6 2.5 2.1 Canada
-1 -1
Czech Republic
3.9 2.3 1 876.6 3 010.8 4 887.5 1 273.4 4.6 6 462.1 1 424.1 0.8 0.2 Czech Republic
Denmark .. 6.3 .. .. .. 11 376.1 32.5 89 569.6 43 639.4 0.5 0.5 Denmark
-1 -1 -1 -1
Finland
4.0 3.5 3 868.8 3 954.4 7 823.2 4 513.3 68.7 134 163.1 9 991.5 10.0 9.3 Finland
-1 -1
France 11.1 9.1 157 138.0 78 379.7 235 517.6 142 901.9 1.2 20 000.0 .. .. .. France
Germany 10.7 7.9 112 905.0 184 750.0 297 655.0 199 131.0 4.0 115 754.9 65 147.2 0.2 0.1 Germany
Greece .. .. .. Greece
1.7 1.6 2 388.8 2 485.0 4 873.8 1 875.5 .. ..
Hungary
3.1 2.1 1 517.4 1 935.2 3 452.6 946.7 9.8 10 978.5 2 071.4 1.6 0.1 Hungary
-1 -1 -1 -1
Iceland .. 3.4 44.1 .. .. 237.2 121.2 19 517.0 6 636.0 8.6 3.4 Iceland
Ireland 19.4 8.4 29 652.5 9 173.8 38 826.3 5 641.8 49.8 69 932.2 45 763.0 .. .. Ireland
Italy
8.3 3.9 97 430.9 49 632.2 147 063.1 43 577.5 3.0 55 680.9 25 193.8 0.3 0.2 Italy
-1 -1 -1 -1
Japan
7.5 8.6 257 345.0 86 040.0 343 385.0 448 383.8 4.4 199 648.0 580 519.4 0.1 0.0 Japan
Korea 11.2 11.3 60 026.2 27 902.0 87 928.1 58 488.0 2.9 25 829.1 .. 1.7 0.6 Korea
-1 -1 -1 -1
Luxembourg 34.8 20.0 11 553.9 1 161.1 12 715.0 4 140.7 1.1 391.4 .. 0.2 0.1 Luxembourg
Mexico
1.7 1.4 5 236.1 7 685.2 12 921.3 3 882.4 8.1 67 887.4 26 600.0 0.9 0.1 Mexico
-1 -1 -1 -1
Netherlands
9.6 8.7 31 030.0 29 637.5 60 667.5 36 329.6 122.5 769 986.0 411 460.0 5.0 3.5 Netherlands
New Zealand .. 3.0 .. 3 109.2 .. 1 854.4 12.6 13 120.0 7 686.9 1.4 1.6 New Zealand
-1 -1 -1 -1
Norway
5.7 .. 9 463.1 7 694.9 17 158.0 .. 6.7 20 265.9 9 389.0 0.5 0.2 Norway
-1 -1 -1
Poland
3.2 1.7 4 738.0 4 841.0 9 579.0 2 302.4 8.7 26 324.7 4 621.6 1.4 .. Poland
Portugal
9.1 4.3 11 332.8 5 467.2 16 800.0 4 822.5 13.6 26 580.9 13 277.8 1.1 0.7 Portugal
Slovak Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 942.5 0.0 .. .. Slovak Republic
Spain
5.7 4.8 26 562.5 37 466.3 64 028.8 28 463.0 7.5 92 401.7 35 071.6 0.8 0.3 Spain
-1 -1
Sweden
8.8 .. 18 156.5 13 245.1 31 401.7 .. 9.3 33 211.4 18 254.3 .. .. Sweden
-1 -1 -1 -1
Switzerland 11.8 14.4 24 187.0 18 968.1 43 155.1 45 443.2 119.1 434 746.5 261 356.6 8.0 5.4 Switzerland
Turkey .. 0.5 .. Turkey
1.5 0.8 773.9 4 494.2 5 268.1 1 394.7 0.5 1 972.0
-1 -1 -1 -1
United Kingdom 16.1 12.4 230 787.8 127 675.6 358 463.4 140 266.7 79.1 1 763 762.1 1 040 471.9 3.0 3.0 United Kingdom
United States 11.4 10.4 607 056.0 805 024.8 1 412 080.8 763 639.0 78.4 9 721 115.0 7 207 878.3 .. .. United States
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en33
1. All types of plans are included (occupational and personal, mandatory and voluntary) covering
Sources:
both public and private sector workers. Further details can be found at
OECD, Global Pension Statistics
www.oecd.org/daf/pensions/gps
OECD, Insurance Statistics
.. Not available or not applicable.
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to
-n
2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
71
72
Prices and finance > Financial balance sheets and institutional investment
Financial balance sheets Financial assets of institutional investors
Households and NPISH General government % of GDP
% of disposable income % of GDP
Insurance companies* Pension funds* Investment companies*
Total assets Total liabilities Total assets Total liabilities
2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 1995 2005 1995 2005 1995
-1 -1
Australia 322.99 168.15 26.09 29.00............ Australia
-1 -1 -1
Austria 237.28 88.30 27.77 69.61 31.1 21.9 4.3 0.9 46.2 13.9 Austria
+1 +1 +1
Belgium 447.13 79.99 14.49 95.35 67.4 18.8 4.4 3.0 36.7 8.8 Belgium
-1 -1 -1
Canada 349.84 129.03 48.40 93.70 31.7 27.4 47.1 38.7 35.0 18.4 Canada
-1 -1
Czech Republic 157.30 60.05 39.52 37.59............ Czech Republic
Denmark 533.06 291.99 32.51 41.86 70.2 45.4 50.5 34.3 51.2 3.5 Denmark
Finland 232.80 95.43 105.97 48.44 27.3 12.1 3.2 .. 29.6 0.9 Finland
France 285.93 87.03 32.35 76.02 79.2 40.2 .. .. 74.1 35.7 France
-1
Germany* 291.82 107.50 19.62 71.00 .. .. .. .. 40.5 15.7 Germany*
+1 +1 +1
Greece 193.80 62.05 26.83 98.60 4.3 2.6 0.5 0.1 9.7 7.3 Greece
+2
Hungary .. .. 24.63 64.46 7.7 3.3 8.4 0.1 8.3 2.8 Hungary
Ireland .... 25.46 32.49............ Ireland
+4 +4
Italy 345.14 54.48 25.26 119.99 34.8 21.6 1.8 1.1 24.5 5.0 Italy
-1 -1 -1
Japan 535.61 136.52 109.84 190.90 48.0 41.5 18.2 15.1 55.7 42.0 Japan
+1 +1 +1
Korea 317.58 146.20 64.68 26.24 40.4 20.8 3.5 2.8 34.3 28.1 Korea
+1
Luxembourg* .. .. 57.90 7.88 152.8 37.1 .. .. 5 581.2 1 732.6 Luxembourg*
-1 -1 -1 +2 -1 +4
Mexico 143.47 8.27 3.23 33.39 .. .. 6.3 0.2 5.1 4.0 Mexico
Netherlands 622.93 238.90 25.73 61.43 61.8 48.8 122.0 78.9 16.9 13.6 Netherlands
+1 +1 +1
Norway* .. .. 173.28 49.10 33.8 31.8 7.0 6.3 18.0 4.8 Norway*
+4
Poland 85.97 27.40 37.64 50.31 8.4 1.2 8.8 0.3 6.5 0.2 Poland
+1 +1 +1 +3
Portugal .. .. 28.01 72.03 31.7 10.2 12.5 7.8 20.2 23.3 Portugal
+1
Slovak Republic 91.96 39.77 35.40 39.11 6.1 4.5 0.6 .. 7.2 .. Slovak Republic
Spain 286.26 128.68 20.38 50.17 25.2 13.7 8.2 2.9 30.1 16.9 Spain
-1 -1 +1 +1
Sweden* 284.98 124.63 72.33 59.52 98.5 49.2 10.4 2.2 58.8 .. Sweden*
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +4 -1 +4 -1 +4
Switzerland 582.01 205.20 41.29 58.49 8.3 8.7 98.7 96.9 37.9 32.7 Switzerland
Turkey .. .. .. .. 1.1 0.6 .. .. 6.2 0.4 Turkey
United Kingdom 473.11 164.57 15.50 55.39 97.6 73.2 76.6 68.1 34.6 21.5 United Kingdom
+1 +1 +1
United States 444.78 136.96 18.45 64.76 45.9 38.2 73.2 64.9 76.6 37.2 United States
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en34
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
Institutional Investors database (table 7IA), OECD, Paris, 2007;
.. Not available or not applicable.
Financial Balance Sheets, OECD, Paris, 2007.
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier (later, if +n) than the reference year. E.g. if
the column refers to 2006, a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
73
74
Prices and finance > Domestic and foreign finance
Foreign finance Domestic finance
Exchange rates Monetary aggregate Central government debt Commercial banks
Reserve assets
% of balance sheet, annual averages
Currency units, March 2007 Broad money % of GDP, 2006
Currency
2005
Million SDR* 2000 = 100 % change Net income
Non- Income before
Per USD Per SDR* March 2007 / Marketable before Net provisions
marketable tax*
03/01/2007 03/01/2007 March 2006 provisions*
Australia Australian dollar 1.26 1.87 37 043 167.7 12.9 6.0 0.0 .. .. .. Australia
Austria* Ź (1999 ATS euro) .. .. 5 304 .. .. 54.2 6.4 0.81 0.23 0.58 Austria*
Belgium Ź (1999 BEL euro) .. .. 6 006 .. .. 79.5 9.2 0.49 - 0.03 0.52 Belgium
Canada* Canadian dollar 1.17 1.74 25 981 145.6 7.5 26.7 1.2 1.21 0.12 1.10 Canada*
Czech Republic* Czech koruna 21.17 31.55 20 778 164.6 10.6 23.0 1.2 1.26 - 0.85 2.12 Czech Republic*
Denmark* Danish krone 5.62 8.44 20 299 179.4 13.0 32.6 0.0 1.52 0.03 1.55 Denmark*
Finland Ź (1999 FIM euro) .. .. 4 258 .. .. 33.5 1.6 0.91 - 0.01 0.92 Finland
France Ź (1999 FRF euro) .. .. 32 098 .. .. 48.9 2.9 0.49 0.01 0.48 France
Germany Ź (1999 DEM euro) .. .. 31 453 .. .. 39.5 1.6 0.96 0.26 0.70 Germany
Greece Ź (2001 GRD euro) .. .. 512 .. .. 84.1 7.9 1.70 0.59 1.11 Greece
-1 -1
Hungary forint
188.35 277.78 14 947 229.0 10.5 52.5 6.0 2.61 0.23 2.38 Hungary
-1 -1
Iceland Icelandic króna 66.98 99.01 1 533 286.2 16.4 19.6 0.4 .. .. .. Iceland
Ireland* Ź (1999 IEP euro) .. .. 508 .. .. 17.9 2.2 0.85 0.05 0.81 Ireland*
Italy* Ź (1999 ITL euro) .. .. 20 718 .. .. 85.1 12.2 1.17 0.28 0.89 Italy*
-1 -1
Japan yen
117.30 178.57 591 963 114.1 2.7 145.6 15.3 .. .. .. Japan
Korea* won
943.36 1 428.57 161 332 174.7 9.8 30.6 1.0 1.96 0.50 1.46 Korea*
Luxembourg Ź (1999 LUF euro) .. .. .. .. .. 0.3 1.2 0.65 0.07 0.59 Luxembourg
Mexico Mexican peso 11.12 16.64 50 179 226.4 10.8 21.4 1.8 .. .. .. Mexico
Netherlands Ź (1999 NLG euro) .. .. 7 617 .. .. 39.8 0.3 0.74 0.06 0.68 Netherlands
New Zealand* N. Zealand dollar 1.43 2.11 9 056 187.7 13.4 20.6 1.8 1.69 0.08 1.61 New Zealand*
Norway* Norwegian krone 6.14 9.19 37 735 175.7 15.1 11.1 1.4 1.22 - 0.10 1.32 Norway*
Poland Złoty 2.93 4.37 32 283 171.7 18.3 41.2 4.3 2.23 0.29 1.94 Poland
Portugal Ź (1999 PTE euro) .. .. 1 813 .. .. 55.5 14.3 1.23 0.57 0.66 Portugal
Slovak Republic* Slovak koruna 25.50 37.74 8 830 186.3 16.6 26.7 2.9 0.76 - 0.33 1.09 Slovak Republic*
Spain Ź (1999 ESP euro) .. .. 7 483 .. .. 31.7 1.5 1.18 0.27 0.90 Spain
Sweden Swedish krona 7.02 10.57 16 966 155.8 16.8 41.7 2.2 0.71 - 0.20 0.91 Sweden
Switzerland Swiss franc 1.22 1.84 26 530 129.9 2.9 22.5 3.2 1.30 0.18 1.13 Switzerland
Turkey* Turkish new lira 1.40 2.09 44 911 582.7 23.9 50.4 7.1 4.37 1.89 2.47 Turkey*
United Kingdom* Pound sterling 0.51 0.77 29 110 179.7 12.7 37.1 7.5 1.12 0.24 0.88 United Kingdom*
United States US dollar .. .. 45 909 149.6 6.0 32.2 4.2 2.20 0.29 1.91 United States
G7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. G7
Euro area .. 0.75 1.13 146 064 161.6 10.2 .. .. .. .. .. Euro area
OECD total .. .. .. .. 148.6 7.6 .. .. .. .. .. OECD total
excl. high infl.1 .. .. .. .. 145.2 7.2 .. .. .. .. .. excl. high infl.1
Brazil Real 2.09 .. 72 351 269.0 18.5 .. .. .. .. .. Brazil
China* Yuan 7.74 .. 771 163 285.8 17.5 .. .. .. .. .. China*
India Rupee 44.03 .. 127 803 272.0 19.4 .. .. .. .. .. India
Russian Federation Ruble 26.11 .. 219 187 846.2 44.9 .. .. .. .. .. Russian Federation
South Africa* Rand 7.35 .. 15 832 291.2 22.0 .. .. .. .. .. South Africa*
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en35
* Additional information, including footnotes, are available via the Statlink URL Sources:
1. Excluding Greece, Hungary, Mexico, Poland and Turkey. Main Economic Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2007;
International Financial Statistics, IMF;
.. Not available or not applicable.
Central Government Debt, OECD, Paris, 2007;
-n
Data in this cell are from n years earlier than the reference year. E.g. if the column refers to 2006, Banking Statistics, database, OECD, Paris, 2007.
a data point with '-1' attached refers to 2005.
75
OECD in graphs
2007
GDP growth
GDP per capita
Forecasting with leading indicators
Inflation
Components of population change
Minimum wages
Women in parliament
Thinkforce
Development aid
Public debt
Climate change
Educating medics
78 GDP growth
Average annual real change, % 1996-2006
7.2
Ireland
5.1
Luxembourg
4.4
Hungary
4.3
Iceland
4.2
Korea
4.2
Poland
4.1
Slovak Republic
4.1
Greece
4.0
Turkey
3.8
Finland
3.8
Spain
3.6
Mexico
3.6
Canada
3.4
Australia
3.2
United States
3.1
Sweden
2.8
New Zealand
2.8
United Kingdom
2.8
Czech Republic
2.7
Norway
2.6
OECD total
2.5
Netherlands
2.3
France
2.3
Belgium
2.2
Austria
2.2
Euro area
2.2
Portugal
2.1
Denmark
1.8
Switzerland
1.5
Germany
1.4
Italy
1.1
Japan
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Economic growth in the OECD area grew by an average of 2.6% per year in the 10 years to 2006,
unchanged from the period to 2005 but slightly slower than five years ago. Ireland s real growth
was the fastest again, exceeding 7%, followed by Luxembourg with 5.1%. Average growth
reached over 4% in seven other countries, while four countries posted growth of below 2%, three
of these being G7 countries. Canada and the US were the only G7 economies to grow faster than
3%. Comparing the overall pattern to 2006 with the average recorded five years earlier in 2001,
France has improved its average score to above 2%, though remains below the OECD total.
Whereas in the decade to 2001, some 16 countries performed below the OECD total, in the latest
period that number has shrunk to 10.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/081384574873
GDP per capita 79
USD, using current PPPs, 2006
77800
Luxembourg
53100
Norway
44000
United States
41300
Ireland
39600
Iceland
37500
Switzerland
37300
Netherlands
37100
G7
36200
Austria
36000
Denmark
35900
Canada
34800
Belgium
34700
Australia
34400
United Kingdom
34100
Sweden
33300
Finland
32000
Germany
31900
Japan
31700
France
31600
Greece
31300
Euro area
30900
OECD total
29300
Italy
28800
Spain
26300
New Zealand
23400
Korea
22100
Czech Republic
21000
Portugal
18300
Hungary
17600
Slovak Republic
15000
Poland
11600
Mexico
8700
Turkey
0 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000 70 000
GDP per head exceeded $30,000 in the OECD for the first time in 2006, compared with an
average of around $29,000 in 2005. That is an increase of over $5,000 per head compared
with five years ago. Luxembourg led the field again, bolstered by its transborder services
workers, with nearly $77,800, up from $68,000 in 2005 and well ahead of Norway, the US
and Ireland where GDP per head was over $40,000. Norway s high position reflects buoyant
oil and gas sector revenues, and Ireland s its large foreign sector (see  GDP and GNI at
www.oecdobserver.org). Italy is the only G7 country below the OECD total. GDP per head
exceeded $30,000 in 19 OECD countries, unchanged from 2005. In 2002, only seven
countries exceeded that amount. GDP per head in 2006 was below $20,000 in just five
countries, with Turkey alone with less than $10,000.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/081412281365
80 Forecasting with leading indicators
January 1996-March 2007
Total OECD - ratio to trend
110
Leading Indicator Reference Series
105
100
95
90
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Regional indicators - trend restored
20
Euro Area Japan USA
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Economic forecasters generally have little difficulty following established trends that a recovery
will continue, for instance. They may even warn about a deterioration in the business cycle. But
pinpointing the timing of a turnaround is harder. The OECD's composite leading indicators (CLIs)
serve as a guide for short-term forecasters looking six to nine months ahead. By examining
forward-looking indicators such as building permits, long-term interest rates and order books,
the OECD CLI reveals possible upcoming peaks or troughs in activity. The graph shows these
turning points and compares them with actual outturns; the match is close. Recent leading
indicators have pointed to an overall easing in activity, including in Japan for instance, but a
slight near-term up-tick in the US. Both are consistent with the OECD s latest Economic Outlook
No 81 (June 2007, available at www.oecdbookshop.org).
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/081425506525
Inflation 81
Consumer and producer price indices
March 2007, January 2000 = 100
375
Turkey
421
Hungary
Slovak Republic
Mexico
Iceland
Ireland
Greece
Spain
Portugal
Korea
Australia
United States
OECD total
New Zealand
Poland
Luxembourg
Canada
Czech Republic
Italy
Netherlands
Belgium
Denmark
Austria
France
Norway
United Kingdom
Germany Consumer
prices
Sweden
Finland
Producer prices
Switzerland
Japan
80 100 120 140 160
Not long ago deflation was the conversation on many economists lips. By end 2003,
inflation had sunk to 2% on average and stood at below 3% in 24 OECD countries. In the US
it stood at 1.9% for instance. However, in the year to June 2006 US inflation had risen to
over 4%, hauling the OECD area above 3%. In Australia where inflation has also been
relatively high, producer price inflation stood at nearly 10%, the highest rate outside
Turkey. Consumer price inflation was well below the OECD area in France, Germany and
Japan, three countries where producer price inflation was also relatively low. Euro area
inflation was on the whole quite low, at 2.3%, but climbed to over 8% in non-EU Iceland.
Inflation has been variable in the BRICS countries (including South Africa), ranging from as
high as 9.8% in Russia down to zero in China.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/081445377481
82 Components of population change
Per thousands persons in the population, 2005
- 5 0 5 10 15 20
Ireland
Spain
Turkey
Australia
Italy
Iceland
Luxembourg
Canada
New Zealand
United States
Norway
OECD average
Austria
Switzerland
United Kingdom
France
Portugal
Sweden
Netherlands
Finland
Natural increase
Czech Republic
Denmark Net migration
Japan
Slovak Republic
Germany
Poland
Hungary
Recent increases in international migration to OECD countries are part of an historic trend.
Several developments have influenced these population movements, from post-war
reconstruction and the end of the colonial era, to the oil crisis in 1973, the fall of the Iron Curtain,
and the baby boom. Demographic and economic imbalances between OECD and less developed
countries has also been influential. Since the 1970s, the net migration rate within the OECD has
been increasing, with international migration contributing more to population growth, compared
to natural increase (the excess of births over deaths) with each passing year. In fact, net
migration into the OECD area averaged 790,000 persons per year from 1956 to 1976, 1.24 million
per year from 1977 to 1990 and 2.65 millions per year thereafter up to 2003.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/081458501806
Minimum wages 83
Ratio to gross average manufacturing wages, 2005
France
Australia
Japan
United States
Mexico
Turkey
Korea
China
Brazil
India
Russian Federation
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Minimum wages and wage floors are a feature of many countries, which if set properly, can
improve equity, take-home pay and labour participation. They were introduced in New
Zealand in 1894, followed later by Australia, and the US in 1938. Japan and Korea have
minimum wages, as do France, Hungary, Spain, Turkey and several other European
countries. Ireland and the UK (not for the first time) introduced minimum wages in the
1990s. Rather than a national rate, Austria, Germany, Italy and Scandinavian countries have
traditionally preferred collective agreements for sectors and occupations. Similar floors or
minimum wages also exist in Brazil (since 1940), India (1948), Russia (1993) and China
(1994). Seen against average wages, the rate in three of them are comparable with the
OECD. See OECD Employment Outlook 2007 and OECD Observer.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/081467128461
84 Women in parliament
OECD countries, 2006
0 25 50 75 100
Sweden
Norway
Finland
Denmark
Netherlands
Spain
Belgium
Austria
Iceland
New Zealand
Germany
Mexico
Switzerland
Australia
Luxembourg
Portugal
Canada
Poland
United Kingdom
Italy
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
United States
Korea
Ireland
Greece
France
Hungary
Japan
Turkey
Women political leaders are a rarity in OECD countries, but did you know that men still vastly
outnumber women in all the world s parliaments? Nor can country differences in wealth explain
much, for as a neat little OECD booklet called Women and Men points out, women hold close to
half the seats in Rwanda and Sweden and about a third in the Nordic countries, Cuba, Costa Rica
and Argentina. In nine OECD countries at least a third of parliamentary seats are held by women.
The Nordic countries and the Netherlands stand out, with more than 35%. In most OECD
countries, though, women hold under a quarter, with 15% or less in Italy, Japan and the US.
Women and Men is available free at www.oecd.org/gender
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/081468582522
Thinkforce
85
Researchers per thousand employed, full-time equivalent, 2004 or latest
available year
Finland
Sweden
Japan
New Zealand
United States
Denmark
Norway
Australia
France
Belgium
Canada
Luxembourg
Russian Federation
Germany
Korea
OECD total
EU15
Switzerland
Ireland
Austria
Spain
United Kingdom
Slovak Republic
Poland
Netherlands
Portugal
Greece
Hungary
Czech Republic
Italy
South Africa
China
Turkey
Brazil
Mexico
0 5 10 15 20
Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception and creation of new knowledge,
products, processes, methods and systems, spanning civil, military and business interests.
Latest figures show nearly 4 million R&D professionals in the OECD area, of which about
two-thirds in the business sector. That makes about seven researchers per thousand
employees in the OECD area, compared with 5.8 per thousand in 1992 for instance. The
number of researchers has increased over the last two decades. Finland, Japan, New
Zealand and Sweden have the highest number of research workers per thousand persons
employed. Outside the OECD, China has also seen growth, but at 1.2/1000 in 2004, remains
relatively low. See OECD (2006), Main Science and Technology Indicators, OECD, Paris.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/081472064875
86 Development aid
Official development assistance, 1990-2010
% of GNI
USD billion
0.40 160
0.35 140
0.30 120
0.25 100
0.20 80
0.15 60
0.10 40
0.05 20
ODA as a % of GNI (left scale)
Total ODA (right scale)
Total bilat.ODA (right scale)
0.00 0
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010
After several years of encouraging increases, development aid slumped in 2006, the first fall in
real terms since 1997. The 22 member countries of the OECD Development Assistance
Committee (DAC), the world s major donors, provided $103.9 billion in aid in 2006, down by 5.1%
from 2005 (constant 2005 dollars). Some $19.2 billion was in debt relief, notably to Iraq and
Nigeria. Excluding debt relief, other forms of aid fell by 1.8%. Though 16 of the DAC countries
met the 2006 targets for official development assistance (ODA) set at Monterrey in 2002, aid to
sub-Saharan Africa was static in 2006. Total ODA from the DAC member countries came to just
0.3% of total gross national income (GNI), well short of the 0.7% UN recommendation.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/081473240623
Public debt 87
As a percentage of GDP, 2006
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Japan
Italy
Greece
Belgium
OECD total
Euro area
France
Hungary
Portugal
Germany
Austria
Canada
United States
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Spain
United Kingdom
Finland
Norway
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Denmark
Iceland
Ireland
Korea
New Zealand
Australia
Luxembourg
In the 1990s a general government debt of 60% of GDP was one of a handful of targets
European governments selected as preparation for economic and monetary union, and
eventually the euro. As well as central government, it includes debt of local and regional
governments, for instance. General government debt had eased in many countries, but, has
risen again in several countries on the back of higher global interest rates. The euro area
average stood at 76% in 2006, with Italy s at over 100% of GDP, and no less than seven of
the euro 12 easily overshooting the original 60% mark, including Germany and France.
Interestingly, these countries have also had unspectacular growth. Fast-growing countries
such as Ireland and Luxembourg, as well as Korea, were among those countries with the
lowest government debt. US debt stood slightly above 60%.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/081487036082
Climate change
88
Emissions from fuel combustion, total and per capita, 2005
0 000 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000
Luxembourg
United States
Australia
Canada
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Russian Federation
Belgium
Finland
Ireland
Germany
Japan
Austria
Korea
United Kingdom
Denmark
Greece
New Zealand
Norway
EU27
Spain
Italy
Million tonnes, upper scale
Poland
Iceland
tonnes/capita, lower scale
Slovak Republic
South Africa
France
Switzerland
Portugal
Hungary
Sweden
China
Mexico
Turkey
Brazil
India
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
The IEA predicts China s CO2 emissions will surpass those of the US in 2007! Developing
countries CO2 emissions are projected to grow faster than those of OECD countries, though in
per capita terms OECD emissions will remain 3-5 times higher than those of non-OECD countries
for decades to come. The notion of "Shared but differentiated responsibility" as endorsed in the
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change calls on industrialised countries to take the lead
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and recognises the right of developing countries to pursue
sustainable economic development. This was reaffirmed by the G8. But how to make this
principle work in practice? As well as new technology and regulations, a key approach could be
for industrialised countries to share the burden of emissions reductions with other countries by
using tradeable permits and other market-based mechanisms. See www.oecd.org/environment
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/081504521751
Educating medics 89
Number of medical graduates per 1000 physicians, 1985 to 2005
70
60
50
40
30
20
United Kingdom
OECD (17)
10
Canada
France
Portugal
0
1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005
Ageing will boost demand for health care, but as health care professionals are ageing, how
can that demand be met? Even with no growth in demand for doctors, retraining of new
medics is needed to replace those leaving or taking a break from the profession. That
retraining requirement rises sharply when there is some growth in demand for staff, say, as
people get older. However, medical graduation rates have been declining over the past 20
years, as the latest OECD Health Data 2007 shows. The average graduation rate for doctors
was about 34 per 1000 practising doctors across the OECD area in 2005. This is too low to
meet the expected increase in demand, and raising pressure to bring in doctors from
poorer countries where they are badly needed.
12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/081528044046
90 General notes
Cut-off date
Cut-off date for the data: May 2007.
StatLink
The OECD s award-winning StatLink delivers Excel spreadsheets of the data
underlying the tables in this book. Beside each StatLink logo you will find a
link or code to the corresponding spreadsheet. The OECD s StatLink uses
Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs). To download a spreadsheet, either simply
go to the OECD in Figures online and click the appropriate link, or type it
into your Internet browser. For instance, for background data on GDP, use
StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/864662528136. For more information,
visit www.oecd.org/statistics/statlink.
The online version of OECD in Figures contains additional information,
including footnotes for some items.
Totals and averages
" OECD total refers to the OECD countries as a whole.
" OECD average is the unweighted, arithmetic average of OECD countries
shown in the table.
" EU refers to EU27, unless otherwise specified.
" EU15 refers to the 15 EU member countries prior to May 2004.
Notes and abbreviations
.. Not available or not applicable.
- Nil or negligible.
+ Growth of more than 500%
Data from earlier years
Data are for the year specified or for the latest available year. In the latter
case, the data are followed by a number, corresponding to the number of
years of difference from the indicated year. For instance, -1 means that the
data are one year older than the other figures in the column.
For further information
Please consult the source publication specified at the bottom of each table.
Sources of graphs are available on the online edition.
All OECD publications are available at www.sourceOECD.org, the OECD
online library. All OECD books can be purchased on
www.oecdbookshop.org.
Glossary of terms used in OECD in Figures 91
DAC OECD Development Assistance Committee.
EPO European Patents Office.
GDP Gross domestic product. The standard measure of the incomes generated
from productive activity in a country.
GNI Gross national income. GNI = GDP + net receipts of wages, salaries and
property income from abroad.
ISCED International standard classification of education. A system designed by
UNESCO to ensure comparability of education statistics. ISCED classifies various
education programmes by their level of education (primary, secondary,
tertiary...) and field of education (general programmes, humanities and arts,
science...).
LDC Least developed countries, group of 50 countries established by the United
Nations. To be classified as an LDC, countries must fall below thresholds
established for income, economic diversification and social development.
Mtoe Million of tonnes of oil equivalent. This is defined as 1013 kilocalories. This
quantity of energy is, within a few per cent, equivalent to the net heat content of
1 million tonnes of crude oil.
NGO Non-governmental organisation.
ODA Official development assistance. Government aid to developing countries
designed to promote economic development and welfare. ODA can be bilateral
(from one country to another) or multilateral (via agencies such as the UN or the
World Bank).
PPP Purchasing power parities (PPPs) are the currency conversion which
eliminates the differences in price levels between countries. They are used to
compare the volume of GDP in different countries. PPPs are obtained by
evaluating the costs of a basket of goods and services between countries for all
components of GDP; PPPs are given in national currency units per US dollar (in
euro per US dollar for euro area countries).
SNA The Systems of National Accounts includes definitions that ensure
international comparability of national accounts aggregates such as GDP.
TWh Terawatt hours.