AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
AAPPA “Space Revisited” Workshop
AAPPA “Space Revisited” Workshop
ADAPTIVE AIR CONDITIONING
ADAPTIVE AIR CONDITIONING
by
by
David Uhlhorn
David Uhlhorn
Umow Lai & Associates Pty Ltd
Umow Lai & Associates Pty Ltd
March 2003
March 2003
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Comfort
Comfort
Comfort
Comfort
Occupant satisfaction
Occupant satisfaction
Increased productivity
Increased productivity
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Comfort
Comfort
Some parameters affecting comfort we
Some parameters affecting comfort we
can control:
can control:
temperature
temperature
humidity
humidity
air speed
air speed
ventilation rate
ventilation rate
glare
glare
solar radiation
solar radiation
lighting level
lighting level
colours
colours
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Comfort
Comfort
Some parameters affecting comfort we
Some parameters affecting comfort we
may not be able to control:
may not be able to control:
external weather conditions
external weather conditions
clothing
clothing
relationship with other occupants
relationship with other occupants
odours
odours
job satisfaction
job satisfaction
mood
mood
health
health
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Comfort
Comfort
Definition:
Definition:
“Thermal Comfort is that condition of mind
that expresses satisfaction with the
thermal environment”
- American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Comfort
Comfort
Comfort conditions in air conditioned
Comfort conditions in air conditioned
buildings:
buildings:
ASHRAE Standard 55 “Thermal Environmental
Conditions for Human Occupancy” - satisfies 80%
of sedentary or slightly active persons
.
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Comfort
Comfort
Greater occupant control
Greater occupant control
Greater occupant comfort
Greater occupant comfort
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Comfort with Natural Ventilation
Comfort with Natural Ventilation
Comfort conditions in naturally
Comfort conditions in naturally
ventilated buildings:
ventilated buildings:
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Comfort
Comfort
Adaptive Comfort Theory - occupants adapt
Adaptive Comfort Theory - occupants adapt
to their environment via 3 modes:
to their environment via 3 modes:
Behavioural -
Behavioural -
adjustment
Physiological -
Physiological -
acclimatisation
Psychological -
Psychological -
habituation and expectation
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning:
Adaptive Air Conditioning:
natural ventilation
natural ventilation
mechanical air conditioning
mechanical air conditioning
Also called hybrid or mixed mode
Also called hybrid or mixed mode
ventilation/air conditioning
ventilation/air conditioning
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning benefits:
Adaptive Air Conditioning benefits:
lower capital costs
lower capital costs
lower operating costs
lower operating costs
higher occupant satisfaction
higher occupant satisfaction
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Potential for Natural Ventilation
Potential for Natural Ventilation
Percentage of hours/annum between
Percentage of hours/annum between
15-26
15-26
o
o
C
C
% of Total Hours/Annum
Brisbane
65
Sydney
64
Perth
55
Adelaide
43
Melbourne
37
Canberra
30
Hobart
26
Darwin
25
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
CSIRO Food Science, Werribee:
CSIRO Food Science, Werribee:
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
CSIRO Food Science, Werribee:
CSIRO Food Science, Werribee:
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
The University of Melbourne - Bio21
The University of Melbourne - Bio21
Molecular Science and Biotechnology
Molecular Science and Biotechnology
Institute
Institute
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
The University of Melbourne - Bio21
The University of Melbourne - Bio21
ATRIUM
OCCUPANT CONTROLLED
FAN COIL UNIT IN EACH
OFFICE.
OUTDOOR AIR
VENTILATION DUCT.
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Deakin University, Burwood - Building T
Deakin University, Burwood - Building T
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Deakin Building T
Deakin Building T
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Deakin Building T:
Deakin Building T:
Construction cost $1,650 per m
Construction cost $1,650 per m
2
2
(cf typical > $2,000 per m
(cf typical > $2,000 per m
2
2
)
)
Energy target of 350 MJ per m
Energy target of 350 MJ per m
2
2
(cf typical 450 - 950 MJ per m
(cf typical 450 - 950 MJ per m
2
2
)
)
Average internal temperature 23
Average internal temperature 23
o
o
C
C
(Nov 02 - Jan 03)
(Nov 02 - Jan 03)
AAPPA Workshop
March 2003
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Adaptive Air Conditioning
Summary:
Summary:
Comfort is a personal thing and best that
Comfort is a personal thing and best that
can be expected is 90-95% satisfaction
can be expected is 90-95% satisfaction
Occupants of naturally ventilated
Occupants of naturally ventilated
buildings have lower expectations than
buildings have lower expectations than
occupants of air conditioned buildings
occupants of air conditioned buildings
Degree of control of the environment has
Degree of control of the environment has
a major influence on satisfaction with
a major influence on satisfaction with
thermal conditions
thermal conditions