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PISTON

CYLINDER

Combustion Chamber

LUBRICATION

Oil Pan

Crank
Shaft

PISTON

The Crank shaft rotates in the oil pan and splashes
Oil on to the pistons.

Both sides are lubricated in order to
Reduce friction.

Basic Operaion
A motor has several cavitvities called cylinders. The piston moves up and down in the cylinder
Thus converting vertical movement into rotary movement. This rotary movement is transfered to
The wheels through a gear box to the wheels

The fuel is mixed with air in the carburetor. The air/ fuel mixture is
Then put in the cylinders.

This is called the Intake Stroke

Now the explosive mixture is in the cylinder, it must be crompressed prior to combustion. The piston compresses,
thie mixture.
This is called the:

Compression Stroke

At an exact time, the spark plug ignites the mixture.
This is called the:

Ignition. Stroke

The piston is forced down violently during the ignition stroke then rises again to expell the
Burned gasses. This is the:

Exhaust Stroke

Four Valves

Direct injection: JTD, TDI, HDI

Crank
shaft and
piston

MOTOR

TURBOCHARGER

TWIN TURBO: There are two turbine wheels on one

axis. One is driven by the exhaust fumes, the other

sucks the mixture and pumps it into the cylinder.

This increases the amount of air that injected into

combustion chamber.

Before the INVENTION of the Turbo more

cylinders were needed to boost performance.

Principle of the direct injection: the mixture is injected directly into the cylinder.

The direct injection is possible by the use of a high pressure pump.

This is an example of an IN-LINE 4 CYLINDER Engine

The Cooling System