Dane ogólne: |
Arkusz przeznaczony do wspomagania opracowania laborki z chemii fizycznej pod nazwą: |
"Wpływ siły jonowej roztworu na stałą szybkości reakcji jonowej" |
mającej w semestrze letnim 2003 nr 3 |
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Autor: |
gueel |
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20 V 03 |
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v 60 |
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Instrukcja: |
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1 |
Otwórz kartę arkusza "wpisz swoje pomiary" i w zielone pola wpisz wartości uzyskane podczas pomiarów w laboratorium |
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a) |
kolor zielony wygląda tak: |
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{:-) |
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[uwaga dla osób mających problemy z oznaczeniami analitycznymi] |
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2 |
Otwórz kartę arkusza "obliczenia" |
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a) |
Za tekstem: |
Przykładowe obliczenia dla roztworu nr |
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kliknij na strzałkę i wybierz z listy cyfrę, która jest numerem roztworu dla którego będą wykonywane przykładowe obliczenia. Wyniki obliczeń dla wszystkich roztworów znajdziesz w tabelce pod przykładowym obliczeniem |
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b) |
w dalszych fragmentach tej karty możesz wybierać inną liczbę z zakresu od 1 do 6 |
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c) |
Za tekstem: |
po czasie |
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kliknij strzałkę i wybierz jedną z liczb znajdujących się na liście (5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 25) |
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jest to czas dla którego z odczytanych wartości pomiarów ma być wykonane przykładowe obliczenie |
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3 |
Sprawdzanie |
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a) |
Sprawdź, czy wyniki są realne |
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(minus dła ładunku jonu ujemnego zA?) |
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b) |
Sprawdź, czy nie występują w tekście błędy ortograficzne itp. |
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c) |
Sprawdź, czy tekst, tabelki są prawidłowo sformatowane, w razie konieczności dokonaj korekt |
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d) |
Spisz lub wydrukuj co chcesz (strzałki od wyboru nie są drukowane, lez wybrana liczba tak) |
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] |
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4 |
Koniecznie udaj się do swojego prowadzącego z wynikami w celu konsultacji wyników (lub obgadaj je z osobą która już robiła tą laborkę [nie mam pewności, czy arkusz liczy prawidłowo] |
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5 |
Jeśli arkusz prawidłowo spełnia swoje zadanie rozpowszechnij go nieodpłatnie wśród potrzebujących |
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6 |
W geście wdzięczności: |
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a) |
przeznacz 1 zł na osoby potrzebujące |
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b) |
nie niszcz wyposażenia pracowni |
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c) |
umyj zęby przed wyjściem do uczelni |
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d) |
nie marnuj etanolu (substancja bardzo przydatna, odpowiednio dawkowana ma właściwości lecznicze. Posiada ciekawą zdolność wyczulania zmysłu słuchu po odpowiednim czasie retencji [kilka do kilkunastu godzin od zaaplikowania ] ) |
Przygotowywanie roztworów roboczych |
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Stężenie roztworów wyjściowych |
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[mol/l] |
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fiolet krystaliczny |
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0,0001 |
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azotan potasu |
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1 |
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wodorotlenek potasu |
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0,1 |
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Objętości roztworów podstawowych użytych |
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do przygotowania roztworów roboczych |
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roztwór |
( kolbka |
50 |
ml |
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fiolet krystaliczny |
sól KNO3 |
KOH |
woda H2O |
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[ml] |
[ml] |
[ml] |
[ml] |
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1 |
10 |
0,0 |
5 |
35,0 |
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2 |
10 |
0,5 |
5 |
34,5 |
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3 |
10 |
2,5 |
5 |
32,5 |
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4 |
10 |
5,0 |
5 |
30,0 |
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5 |
10 |
10,0 |
5 |
25,0 |
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6 |
10 |
12,5 |
5 |
22,5 |
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Skład roztworu |
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Stężenia poszczególnych składników |
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roztwór |
kolbka |
50 |
ml |
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fiolet krystaliczny |
sól KNO3 |
KOH |
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[mol/l] |
[mol/l] |
[mol/l] |
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1 |
2E-05 |
0,00 |
0,01 |
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2 |
2E-05 |
0,01 |
0,01 |
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3 |
2E-05 |
0,05 |
0,01 |
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4 |
2E-05 |
0,10 |
0,01 |
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5 |
2E-05 |
0,20 |
0,01 |
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6 |
2E-05 |
0,25 |
0,01 |
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Szukanie długości fali elektromagnetycznej dla której absorpcja jest największa |
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Długość fali dla której roztwór wykazywał maksymalną absotpcję |
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l |
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590 |
[nm] |
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Wartość absorbancji dla roztworu o stężeniu fioletu krystalicznego 2*10-5 M |
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Eo |
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1,489 |
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roztwór |
Ekstynkcja roztworów po różnym czasie od przyżądzenia |
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czas [min] |
5 |
10 |
15 |
20 |
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30 |
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[s] |
300 |
600 |
900 |
1200 |
1500 |
1800 |
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1 |
Ekstynkcja |
0,882 |
0,565 |
0,383 |
0,274 |
0,210 |
0,170 |
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2 |
0,931 |
0,579 |
0,423 |
0,311 |
0,242 |
0,204 |
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3 |
0,990 |
0,593 |
0,498 |
0,369 |
0,284 |
0,230 |
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4 |
1,076 |
0,800 |
0,592 |
0,465 |
0,368 |
0,299 |
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5 |
1,146 |
0,874 |
0,666 |
0,528 |
0,421 |
0,343 |
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6 |
1,160 |
0,932 |
0,741 |
0,610 |
0,505 |
0,433 |
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Obliczanie stałej szybkości reakcji dla różnych roztworów po określonym czasie ze wzoru: |
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2,303 |
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Eo |
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k |
= |
-------------------- |
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lg |
------------------- |
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t |
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E |
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gdzie: |
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t |
- |
czas po którym była badana ekstynkcja roztworu |
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Eo |
- |
ekstynkcja roztworu w chwili początkowej (przed dodaniem jonów -OH) |
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E |
- |
ekstynkcja roztworu w chwili t |
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k |
- |
stała szynkości reakcji |
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Przykładowe obliczenia dla roztworu nr |
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Król:
Liczba całkowita od 1 do 6
2 |
po czasie |
Król:
wstaw jedną z liczb:
5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30
5 |
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[min] |
= |
300 |
[s] |
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Dane: |
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t |
= |
5 |
[min] |
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Eo |
= |
1,489 |
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E |
= |
0,931 |
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2,303 |
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1,489 |
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k |
= |
-------------------- |
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lg |
------------------- |
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5 |
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0,931 |
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k |
= |
0,4606 |
* |
lg |
1,59936 |
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k |
= |
0,4606 |
* |
0,2039 |
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k |
= |
0,093916 |
[min-1] |
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Tabela zawiera wyliczone wartości stałej szybkości reakcji [min-1] |
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czas [min] |
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5 |
10 |
15 |
20 |
25 |
30 |
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k5min |
k10min |
k15min |
k20min |
k25min |
k30min |
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roztwór |
1 |
0,10475 |
0,09692 |
0,09054 |
0,08465 |
0,07836 |
0,07235 |
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2 |
0,09394 |
0,09447 |
0,08391 |
0,07832 |
0,07269 |
0,06627 |
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3 |
0,08165 |
0,09208 |
0,07303 |
0,06977 |
0,06629 |
0,06227 |
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4 |
0,06498 |
0,06214 |
0,06150 |
0,05820 |
0,05592 |
0,05352 |
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5 |
0,05237 |
0,05329 |
0,05365 |
0,05185 |
0,05054 |
0,04895 |
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6 |
0,04995 |
0,04686 |
0,04653 |
0,04463 |
0,04326 |
0,04118 |
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Obliczanie średniej stałej szybkości reakcji |
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Przykładowe obliczenia dla roztworu nr |
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Król:
Liczba całkowita od 1 do 6
2 |
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kśr |
= ( |
k5min |
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+ |
k10min |
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k15min |
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+ |
k20min |
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+ |
k25min |
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+ |
k30min |
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) : 6 |
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kśr |
= ( |
0,09394 |
+ |
0,09447 |
+ |
0,08391 |
+ |
0,07832 |
+ |
0,07269 |
+ |
0,06627 |
) : 6 |
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kśr |
= |
( |
0,4896 |
) : 6 |
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kśr |
= |
0,0816 |
[min-1] |
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roztwór |
kśr |
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1 |
0,0879 |
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2 |
0,0816 |
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3 |
0,0742 |
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4 |
0,0594 |
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5 |
0,0518 |
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6 |
0,0454 |
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Obliczanie logarytmu dziesiętnego ze średniej wartości stałej szybkości reakcji |
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Przykładowe obliczenia dla roztworu nr |
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Król:
Liczba całkowita od 1 do 6
3 |
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Dane: |
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k |
= |
0,0742 |
[min-1] |
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-1,13 |
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k |
= |
0,0742 |
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= |
10 |
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lg k |
= |
-1,13 |
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roztwór |
lg kśr |
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1 |
-1,056 |
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2 |
-1,088 |
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3 |
-1,130 |
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4 |
-1,226 |
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5 |
-1,286 |
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6 |
-1,343 |
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Przekształcanie wzoru na siłę jonową roztworu |
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1 |
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J |
= |
------ |
S |
ci |
* |
zi2 |
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2 |
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gdzie: |
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ci |
- |
stężenie i-tego jonu w roztworze |
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zi |
- |
ładunek i-tego jonu |
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Ponieważ fiolet krystaliczny, wodorotlenek potasowy oraz sól azotan potasu |
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składają się z jonów o ładunku równym jedności wzór upraszcza się do postaci: |
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1 |
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J |
= |
------ |
S |
ci |
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2 |
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Uwzględniając występujące jony równanie porzyjmuje postać: |
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1 |
( |
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) |
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J |
= |
------ |
[K+] |
+ |
[NO3-1] |
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+ |
[OH-] |
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+ |
[Fi+] |
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+ |
[A-] |
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2 |
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gdzie: |
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[K+] |
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- |
stężenie jonu K+ |
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równe sumie stężeń |
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[KNO3] |
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i |
[KOH] |
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[NO3-1] |
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- |
stęzenie jonu NO3-1 |
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równe stężeniu azotanu potasowego |
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[OH-] |
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- |
stężenie jonu OH- |
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równe stężeniu wodorotlenku potasowego |
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(stężenie tych jonów pochodzące od innych substancji pomija się |
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ze względu na ich niewielką wartość) |
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[Fi+] |
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- |
stężenie kationu fioletu krystalicznego |
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[A-] |
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- |
stężenie anionu jednowartościowego towarzyszącego fioletowi krystalicznemu |
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równe stężeniu fioletu krystalicznego |
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Obliczanie stężeń jonów występujących w roztworze |
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Przykładowe obliczenia dla roztworu nr |
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Król:
Liczba całkowita od 1 do 6
2 |
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Dane: |
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[FiA] |
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= |
2E-05 |
[mol/l] |
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[KNO3] |
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= |
0,01 |
[mol/l] |
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[KOH] |
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= |
0,01 |
[mol/l] |
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[K+] |
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= |
[KOH] |
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+ |
[KNO3] |
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[Fi+] |
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= |
[FiA] |
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2E-05 |
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[K+] |
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= |
0,01 |
+ |
0,01 |
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[Fi+] |
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= |
[mol/l] |
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[K+] |
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= |
0,02 |
[mol/l] |
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[NO3-1] |
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= |
[KNO3] |
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[A-] |
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= |
[FiA] |
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[NO3-1] |
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= |
0,01 |
[mol/l] |
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[A-] |
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= |
2E-05 |
[mol/l] |
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[OH-] |
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= |
[KOH] |
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[OH-] |
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= |
0,01 |
[mol/l] |
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Tabela zawierająca obliczone stężenia jonów dla różnych roztworów [mol/l] |
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roztwór |
|
[K+] |
[NO3-1] |
[OH-] |
[Fi+] |
[A-] |
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1 |
0,01 |
0,00 |
0,01 |
2E-05 |
2E-05 |
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2 |
0,02 |
0,01 |
0,01 |
2E-05 |
2E-05 |
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3 |
0,06 |
0,05 |
0,01 |
2E-05 |
2E-05 |
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4 |
0,11 |
0,10 |
0,01 |
2E-05 |
2E-05 |
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5 |
0,21 |
0,20 |
0,01 |
2E-05 |
2E-05 |
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6 |
0,26 |
0,25 |
0,01 |
2E-05 |
2E-05 |
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Obliczanie mocy jonowej roztworu |
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1 |
( |
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) |
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J |
= |
------ |
[K+] |
+ |
[NO3-1] |
|
+ |
[OH-] |
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+ |
[Fi+] |
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+ |
[A-] |
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2 |
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Przykładowe obliczenia dla roztworu nr |
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Król:
Liczba całkowita od 1 do 6
2 |
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Dane: |
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[K+] |
= |
0,02 |
[mol/l] |
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[NO3-1] |
= |
0,01 |
[mol/l] |
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[OH-] |
= |
0,01 |
[mol/l] |
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[Fi+] |
= |
2E-05 |
[mol/l] |
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[A-] |
= |
2E-05 |
[mol/l] |
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1 |
( |
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) |
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J |
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------ |
0,02 |
+ |
0,01 |
+ |
0,01 |
+ |
2E-05 |
+ |
2E-05 |
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2 |
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1 |
( |
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J |
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------ |
0,04004 |
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2 |
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J |
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0,02002 |
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siła jonowa roztworów |
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roztwór |
J |
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1 |
0,01002 |
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2 |
0,02002 |
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3 |
0,06002 |
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4 |
0,11002 |
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5 |
0,21002 |
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6 |
0,26002 |
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Obliczanie pierwiastka kwadratowego z siły jonowej roztworu |
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Przykładowe obliczenia dla roztworu nr |
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Król:
Liczba całkowita od 1 do 6
2 |
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Dane: |
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J |
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0,02002 |
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1/2 |
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J1/2 |
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0,02002 |
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J1/2 |
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0,141 |
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roztwór |
J |
J1/2 |
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1 |
0,01002 |
0,100 |
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2 |
0,02002 |
0,141 |
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3 |
0,06002 |
0,245 |
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4 |
0,11002 |
0,332 |
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5 |
0,21002 |
0,458 |
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6 |
0,26002 |
0,510 |
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Dane do wykresu lg k = f(J1/2) |
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roztwór |
J1/2 |
lg k |
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1 |
0,100 |
-1,056 |
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2 |
0,141 |
-1,088 |
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3 |
0,245 |
-1,130 |
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4 |
0,332 |
-1,226 |
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5 |
0,458 |
-1,286 |
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6 |
0,510 |
-1,343 |
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Przecięcie osi oy w punkcie |
( 0 ; |
-0,984 |
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Nachylenie wykresu funkcji |
Y = |
-0,685 |
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Obliczanie stałej Debye'a - Huckel'a |
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Y |
= |
2 |
A' |
* |
zA |
* |
zB |
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Jeśli |
zA= |
1 |
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oraz |
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zB= |
1 |
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to: |
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Y |
= |
2 |
A' |
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Y |
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A' |
= |
------ |
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2 |
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dla |
Y |
= |
-0,685 |
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-0,685 |
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A' |
= |
------------- |
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2 |
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A' |
= |
-0,3425 |
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