Wszystkie zwroty zostały podzielone na kategorie związane z organizacją tekstu: wprowadanie argumentów, uzasadnianie, wyrażanie opinii, zgadzanie się oraz niezgadzanie się, doprecyzowanie swoich myśli, argumentów, przedstawianie różnic, ppodsumowywanie – przedstawianie wniosków.
Przedstawianie
kolejnych argumentów:
1. To begin with
– na początek – To begin with, you have to remember
that…
2. First of all/ firstly/
secondly – przede wszystkim/ po pierwsze/ po drugie –
Firstly, it’s not true that…
3.
As for – co do – As for functions, there are all of
them.
4. As regards – co się
tyczy – As regards the introduced options, they are very
useful.
5. Then – poza tym,
następnie – I agree and then there is another aspect.
6.
Besides – zresztą, oprócz tego – It’s too long and
besides I don’t like the author’s style.
7.
What is more – co więcej – His attitude is wrong and
what’s more, he seems to be a layman.
8.
Further – co więcej – Further, the author has to
reconsider his claims.
9. Furthermore
– ponadto – Furthermore, I neglect such a view.
10.
Moreover – ponadto – The idea is not reasonable and
moreover it’s unreal.
Uzasadnianie:
11.
Thus – tak więc – Thus, the whole project cannot be
implemented.
12. Thereby – tym
samym – He broke all the rules and thereby, he was
expelled.
13. Therefore –
dlatego (też) – Profits, therefore, were down last
time.
14. Because – ponieważ –
I argue with you because you are completely wrong.
15.
Since – ponieważ – I decided to write it since I was
asked to do so.
16. As – gdyż
–As you always come too late, I decided not to wait for
you.
17. Accordingly – z tego
powodu, w związku z tym – He won the election and accordingly
he bacame a chairman.
18. In
consequence – w konsekwencji – He did it and in
consequence he was on time.
19. Hence
– stąd, w związku z tym, dlatego też – He had credentials
and hence they employed him.
Wyrażanie
opinii:
20. I would say that –
powiedziałbym, że – I would say that such a view is
unacceptable.
21. It seems to me that
– wydaje mi się, że – It seems to me that his arguments are
difficult to prove.
22. In my opinion
– moim zdaniem – In my opinion, it is not worth its
price.
23. I am of the opinion that
– jestem zdania, że – I am of the opinion that it is
impossible.
24. I am of the view that
– uważam, że – I am of the view that it is very
probable.
25. As for – co do,
jeśli chodzi o – As for me, I would have done it.
26.
To my mind – według mnie – To my mind, it is
nonsense.
27. As far as I know –
Z tego, co wiem – As far as I know it works in a different
way.
28. As far as I am concerned
– jeśli o mnie chodzi – As far as I am concerned they can do
what they want.
29. According to (sb)
– według (kogoś innego niż ja) – According to the
author…
30. I reckon (that) –
uważam, że – I reckon these allegations are
unjustified.
31. I opine (that) –
uważam, że – I opine that such a statement is
ridiculous.
32. I hold the view that –
reprezentuję pogląd/zdanie, że –I hold the view that it
cannot be correct.
33. From sb’s
standpoint – z czyjegoś punktu widzenia – Try to think
of it from my standpoint.
34. I think
(that) – uważam, że – I think the authors
exaggerate.
35. I have every reason to
believe that – mam wszelkie powody, by sądzić, że –I
have every reason to believe that it could not happen for
real.
36. Judging from/by –
sądząc po – Judging from the facts it is possible.
37.
I suppose (that) – sądzę, że – I suppose he did not
consider the elementary rules.
38. I
guess (that) – zgaduję, że – I guess he wrote it
himself.
39. I claim (that) –
twierdzę/utrzymuję, że – He claims he followed the
instructions.
40. I assert that –
twierdzę/zapewniam, że – I assert that the thesis is to be
substantiated.
41. I maintain (that)
– upieram się/obstaję przy tym, że – He maintained his
innocence.
42. I consider sb (to be)
– uważam kogoś za – I consider the author (to be) a great
novelist.
43. I believe (that) –
sądzić, uważać, przypuszczać – I believe (that) this
conclusion is legitimate.
44.
I am convinced that - jestem przekonany, że – I am
convinced that it may happen.
Zgadzanie
się:
45. I agree – zgadzam się
– I agree with you.
46. I accept
– akceptuję – I accept these arguments.
47.
Be correct – zgadzać się, być prawidłowym – Your
thinking is correct.
48. Tally with –
zgadzać się z – It tallies with my calculations.
49.
Be positive – być przekonanym – He is positive that they
did it.
50. Confirm –
potwierdzać – I confirm his arguments.
51.
Approve of – aprobować – I approve of his
conclusions.
52. Support –
popierać – I support the solution he suggested.
53.
I am in sympathy with sb – popieram kogoś – I am in
sympathy with the author.
54. I
sympathise with – sympatyzuję z – I sympathise with his
opinion.
Niezgadzanie
się:
55. I disagree – nie
zgadzam się – I disagree with you.
56.
I protest against – protestuję przeciwko – I protest
against such behaviour.
57. Reject –
odrzucać, nie akceptować – I reject this ideology.
58.
I negate – neguję – I negate such thinking.
59.
Disapprove of – nie pochwalać, potępiać – I disapprove
of such thinking.
60. Oppose –
sprzeciwiać się – I had to openly oppose him because he was
completely wrong.
61. Object –
sprzeciwiać się – I object to be called in such a way.
62.
I differ with sb – nie zgadzam się z kimś – I differ
with him on this issue.
Precyzowanie
danej myśli:
63. What I mean is that
– chcę powiedzieć, że – What I mean is that it is not
going to be easy.
64. I mean (to say)
– to znaczy – His approach is inappropriate, I mean (to say)
it lacks theoretical basis.
65. What I
am getting at is (that) – chodzi mi o to, że – What I am
getting at is (that) you are not being realistic.
66.
The point is (that) – chodzi o to, że – The point is
(that) I just cannot agree.
67. In
other words – inaczej mówiąc- In other word, the software
is full of bugs.
68. That is to say
– to znaczy, czyli – Sociolinguistics, that is to say the
study of a language in a society is often underestimated.
69.
Make oneself clear – wyrażać się jasno – I will make
myself clear.
70. I will put it this
way – ujmę to w ten sposób – I will put it this way, If
you want to succeed you have to concentrate on your goals.
Wyrażanie
różnic:
71.
Actually – faktycznie, w
rzeczywistości – It is a well known
fact, actually.
72.
In fact – faktycznie, de facto –
In fact, I am completely against your suggestion.
73.
In a way – w pewnym sensie – I
know your thinking is not correct, but in a way, I can understand
such reasoning.
74.
To a certain extent – do pewnego
stopnia – I agree with the author to
a certain extent, but…
75.
Anyway – w każdym razie, tak czy inaczej –
anyway, I think that…
76.
As a rule – z reguły – As
a rule, he is never wrong.
77.
On the one hand – z jednej strony –
On the one hand, it is what I
need.
78.
On the other hand – z drugiej strony
– On the other hand, it is too
complicated.
79.
Still – jednak – The
novel is hard to read; still, it is interesting.
80.
Yet – jednak, mimo to – She
is not a mathematician and yet her skills are amusing.
81.
However – jednak(że) – I
usually drink coffee. Today, however, I am having a cup of
tea.
82.
On the contrary – przeciwnie – He
is not tall, on the contrary, he is really short.
83.
In spite of – (po)mimo – In
spite of evidence, they did not believe him.
84.
Nevertheless – pomimo to, niemniej
jednak – Nevertheless, it is still
valued by scholars.
85.
Nonetheless - pomimo to, niemniej
jednak – Nonetheless, it is important
to him.
86.
Notwithstanding – jednakże, mimo
wszystko, mimo to – He is a decent
man, notwithstanding I do not like him.
87.
In contrast to/with – w odróznieniu
od – In contrast to his father he is
very famous.
88.
But – (a) mimo to, (a) jednak – The
story is strange but true.
89.
But then (again) – ale z drugiej
strony, ale przecież – But then such
methods are practical.
Podsumowywanie:
90.
Finally – wreszcie, w końcu – Finally, I would like to
concentrate on the main issue.
91. In
short – krótko mówiąć – In short, it was
outrageous.
92. All things considered
– w sumie – All things considered, he is a happy man.
93.
To sum up – podsumowując – To sum up, there are
advantages and disadvantages.
94. To
recap – podsumowując – To recap, it can be
accepted.
95. To conclude – na
zakończenie – To conclude, the translator domesticated the
story.
96. In conclusion –
kończąc – I would like to say in conclusion, that I admire
them.
97. As a conclusion –
kończąc – As a conclusion we may quote the poet…
98.
Generally speaking – ogólnie rzecz biorąc – Generally
speaking, it is not a problem.
99. On
the whole – ogólnie rzecz biorąc – On the whole, it is
a quite good idea.
100. Lastly –
wreszcie, w końcu – …and lastly it is the most popular
programme.