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sprzyja: greckie einai,

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samego “jest”. I w najbardziej

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jakkolwiek tajemniczym blasku.

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czci

Z7RPDV]D]$NZLQX7HNVW]RVWDáRSXEOLNRZDQ\Z:6WUy*HZVNLIstnienie i sens, “Znak”, Kraków

V,7G]LNXMHZ\GDZQLFWZX³=QDN´]D]JRGQDXPLHV]F]HQLHWHNVWXQDQDV]HMVWURQLH

2

Z$XJXVW\Q:\]QDQLD;,F\WZJWáXPDF]HQLDZ.Kubiaka, Warszawa 1978, s.227.

2

³3U]\FKRG]L PL QD P\O ± F]\tamy w napisanym przez ks. Aleksandra Fedorowicza

/LFLHGR Przyjaciela±*HPHWDIL]\NDMHVWQLF]\PLQQ\PMDNUH]XOWDWHPLQWHQV\ZQHJRSU]H*\FLD

U]HF]\ZLVWRFL VZRMHJR ZáDVQHJR LVWQLHQLD L WHJR ZV]\VWNLHJR FR QDV RWDF]D -HVW RQD SUyE

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znaczeniu”

3

Tyle ks. Aleksander

)HGRURZLF] 3U]\JRWRZDQL MHJR JáERN UHIOHNVM ZUyüP\

ponownie do naszego podstawowego pytania”

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1

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RU\JLQDOHQLHSUHF\]XMQDZHWSRGPLRWXVZ\FKHJ]\VWHQFMDOQ\FKRU]HF]H$SU]HFLH*ZáDQLH

G]LNL WHPX SU]HFLZVWDZLHQLX ]RVWDáR XFKZ\FRQH F]\VWH LVWQLHQLH 7\P FR PR*H E\ü
przeciwstawione istnieniu, jest jedynie nic

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Wykluczenie istnienia wszelkiej

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PXVLE\üDEVROXWQLHWR*VDPH]VRE=DFKRG]LWR*VDPRüPLG]\LVWQLHQLHPLW\PFRMHVWJG\*
sens jest

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w duchu Parmenidesa

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WR*VDPH,VWRWQLH r¶ \ýSD¯U¶YRŸ™Y—DU™YUŸ1DLŸLYDLP\OHüERZLHPL

E\üMHVWW\PVDP\PDOEREDUG]LHMGRVáRZQLHWRVDPRLVWQLHMHGODP\OHü i dla E\ü.

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3

.VLG]$OHNVDQGHU)HGRURZLF]5R]ZD*DQLDLP\OL3R]QDPallottinum 1971, s.254 i 255

3

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QLH]QDMGXMHWXUDFMLGRSRVWDZLHQLDMDNLHJRNROZLHNS\WDQLD³,VWQLHMFHMHVW´LQLFSRQDGWR

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2

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ND*GHJR]QLFK´

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SRQLHZD*WHU]HF]\VWDMVLSRVZHM]PLDQLHWDPW\PLDWDPWH]QRZSRVZHM]PLDQLHVWDMVL
tymi”

4

Na pytanie: co to zna

F]\LVWQLHü+HUDNOLWPyJáE\ZLFRGSRZLHG]LHüVáRZDPLBergsona:

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NRQIOLNWHP PLHG]\ E\ü L QLHE\ü 7DN Z ND*G\P UD]LH ]LQWHUSUHWXMH Z ODSLGDUQ\P

VIRUPXáRZDQLXMHJRP\O$U\VWRWHOHVªavra Ÿivai 1ai ¦BŸLYDL : wszystko jest i nie jest ..

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GR ]DZURWQ\FK Z\*\Q PHWDIL]\F]QHJR P\OHQLD L ZUHV]FLH QD LFK SRGVWDZLH ]EXGRZDá VZyM

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PDM QLH]Z\NOH JáERNLH SRF]XFLH ZL]L ] ILOR]RILF]QD WUDG\FM : W\P WDN*H ] WUDG\FM

QDMRGOHJOHMV] 2ERN +HUDNOLWD +HJHO VWDZLD 3DUPHQLGHVD ] MHJR LGHDáHP P\OHQLD

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SU]\VWSL GR WáXPDF]HQLD RVWDWHF]Q\FK XZDUXQNRZD VWDZDQLD VL ]PLDQ\ RGZRáD VL GR

SU]HFLZLHVWZDF]\VWHJR%\FLDLF]\VWHJR1LFNWyUH±]JRGQLH]+HUDNOLWHPDRGPLHQQLHQL*X

4

&\WZJ)LOR]RILDVWDUR*\WQD*UHFMLL5]\PXWHNVW\Z\EUDáLZVWSHPSRSU]HG]Lá-DQLegowicz, Warszawa 1968,

s.79-81.

4

3DUPHQLGHVD ± QLH Z\NOXF]DM VL OHF] WZRU] MHGQRü 3DUPHQLGHVRZVND ]DVDGD WR*VDPRFL

RJUDQLF]RQD SLHUZRWQLH GR VDPHJR E\WX ]RVWDMH UR]FLJQLWD QD E\W L MHJR SU]HFLZLHVWZR

REHMPXMH Z Z\*V]HM GLDOHNW\F]QHM L ± MDN PyZL +HJHO ³QLHVSRNRMQHM´ MHGQRFL E\FLH L

QLHE\FLH%\WL1LF3U]\SRPQLMP\MDNEU]PLSRF]WNRZHD]DUD]HPQDMEDUG]LHMSRGVWDZRZH

WZLHUG]HQLDRWZLHUDMFHJáyZQ\]UE+HJORZVNLHMNauki logiki – Wissenschaft der Logik:

³%\W F]\VW\ E\W ± EH] MDNLFKNROZLHN GDOV]\FK RNUHOH : VZRMHM QLHRNUHORQHM

EH]SRUHGQLRFLUyZQDVLWHQE\WW\ONRVRELHVDPHPXD]DUD]HPQLHMHVWF]\PFRQLHUyZQD

VLWHPXFRLQQHQLHPD*DGQHMUy*QRFLDQLZVRELHVDP\PDQLQD]HZQWU]VLHELH%\WWHQ±

JG\E\Z\Uy*QLDQRZQLPMDNLHRNUHOHQLHOXEWUHüDOERJG\E\]RVWDáG]LNLWHPX]DáR*RQ\MDNR

Uy*Q\ RG F]HJR LQQHJR ± QLH PyJáE\ E\ü XWU]\PDQ\ Z VZRMHM F]\VWRFL %\W MHVW F]\VW

QLHRNUHORQRFL L SXVWN -HOL PR*QD WX PyZLü R RJOGDQLX ± WR QLH PR*QD Z QLP niczego

RJOGDüDOERLQDF]HMPyZLFMHVWW\PF]\VW\PSXVW\PRJOGDQLHPVDP\P3RGREQLHQLHPDZ

QLP QLF]HJR R F]\P PR*QD E\ P\OHü DOER LQDF]HM PyZLF MHVW W\ONR VDP\P SXVW\P

P\OHQLHP%\WQLHRNUHORQDEH]SRUHGQLRüMHVWIDNW\F]QLHNiczymLQLF]\PZLFHMDQLQLF]\P

PQLHMQL*1LF´

5

:W\PWUXGQ\PWHNFLHSUDZLHND*GHVáRZRZ\PDJDáRE\NRPHQWDrza. Przede wszystkim:

MDN WáXPDF]\ü QLHPLHFNLH Sein? F]DVRZQLNRZR F]\ U]HF]RZQLNRZR" =D SU]\NáDGHP $

/DQGPDQDPyZL%\W$OHZ\GDMHVL*HZáDFLZV]HE\áRE\VáRZR%\FLH%\WRZDQLHDQDZHW
Istnienie: wszak Heglowskie Sein znajduje swoje historyczne zakorzenienie w einai

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NWyU\P ZSUDZG]LH PRPHQW\ E\FLD L QLF]HJR ]DZLHUDM VL WDN*H NWyUH MHGQDN VDPR

SU]HFLZVWDZLDVLRNUHORQHPXQLHLVWQLHQLX"

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MHVW : SHZQ\P VHQVLH SU]HNUDF]DM ]QDQH PR*OLZRFL SR]QDQLD MHOL WH PLDá\E\ E\ü

RJUDQLF]RQH GR SR]QDZDQLD SRMFLRZHJR %\FLH L 1LF V SU]HGPLRWDPL F]\VWHM P\OL DOH
rozumianej raczej jako intuicja. Anschauung

QLH MDNR MDNLNROZLHN G\VNXUV 5yZQRF]HQLH V

WDN*H PRPHQWDPL NWyUH ZDUXQNXM ZV]HONLH RNUHORQH LVWQLHQLH ZV]DN ± MDN PyZL +HJHO

³QLJG]LHDQLQDQLHELHDQLQD]LHPLQLHPDWDNLHJR&]HJRNWyUHE\QLH]DZLHUDáRZVRELHREX
momentów – Bytu – Niczego”. Pierwszym przejawem tej jedni jest

VWDZDQLHVLEGFHUXFKHP

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istnienie, Dasein

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PLG]\MHJRPRPHQWDPL´

6

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Dasein

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QDXNRZHJR ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD -HG\QLH Z U]DGNLFK Eá\VNDFK V]F]HJyOQHJR ZUF] HNVWDW\F]QHJR

GRZLDGF]HQLDZLDWDXZLDGDPLDP\VRELH*HQLHZ\F]HUSXMHJRPQRJRüRNUHORQ\FKE\WyZ

:VWU]VDMF\P SRF]XFLHP WUZRJL RG]\ZD VL FR FR SU]HNUDF]D MH ZV]\VWNLH FR UDG\NDOQLH

Uy*QL VL RG QLFK QLH MHVW QLF]\P ] QLFK MHVW 1LF]\P ³1LFRü ± F]\WDP\ Z Czym jest
metafizyka

"QLHMHVWSU]HGPLRWHPQLHMHVWRQDZRJyOHE\WHP1LFRüQLHQDGFKRG]LVDPDGOD

5

G.W.F. Hegel Nauka logiki,

SU]HáR*\áLREMDQLHQLDPLRSDWU]\á$GDPLandman, tom I, Warszawa 1867, s.92.

6

Jw.s.97 i 139.

5

VLHELH DQL RERN E\WX GR NWyUHJR E\ PLDáD QLHMDNR SU]\VWDZDü 1LFRü MHVW ZDUXQNLHP NWyU\

XPR*OLZLDXMDZQLHQLHVLZREHFOXG]NLHMSU]\WRPQRFLE\WXMDNRWDNLHJR1LFRüQLHWZRU]\SR

SURVWX SRMFLD SU]HFLZVWDZQHJR GR SRMFLD E\WXDOH OH*\ X (UyGáD VDPHM LVWRW\ : E\FLX E\WX

GRNRQXMHVLQLFRFLRZDQLHQLFRFL´

7

%\FLH E\WX WR SRMHFLH MHVW WX QDMZD*QLHMV]H 7R GR %\FLD GRSURZDG]Lü PLDáR

GRZLDGF]HQLH1LFRFL±WRSU]H]QLDFLOHMZQLHMZáDQLHPR*HVLRQRSU]HMDZLü=DF\WXMP\
raz jeszcze Heideggera:

³&]\VWHE\FLHLF]\VWH1LFVZLFWym samym”. To zdanie Hegla pozostaje prawomocne.

%\FLH L QLFRü ZVSyáWZRU] VL UD]HP DOH QLH GODWHJR*H ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD +HJORZVNLHJR

SRMFLDP\OHQLD±]ELHJDMVLZVZHMQLHRNUHORQRFLOHF]GODWHJR*HVDPRE\FLHMHVWZVZHM

LVWRFLHVNRF]RQHLXMDZQLDVLW\ONRZWUDQVFHQGHQFMLGRNRQ\ZDQHMSU]H]E\WSU]\WRPQ\NWyU\

SU]HNUDF]DE\WNXQLFRFL´

8

³/HF] E\FLH ± F]\P*H MHVW E\FLH" 2QR ± WR RQR VDPR 0\OHQLH PXVL Z SU]\V]áRFL

QDXF]\üVLWHJRGRZLDGF]DüLWRZ\SRZLDGDü³%\FLH´WRQLHMHVWDQL%yJDQL]DVDGDZLDWD

%\FLHMHVWGDOHML]DUD]HPEOL*HMF]áRZLHNDQL*ZV]HONLE\WF]\EG]LHQLPVNDáD]ZLHU]G]LHáR

V]WXNL PDV]\QD DQLRá F]\ %yJ %\FLH MHVW W\P QDMEOL*V]\P /HF] EOLVNRü RZD SR]RVWDMH GOD

F]áRZLHNDF]\PFRQDMGDOV]H&]áRZLHN]DZV]HLSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPWU]\PDVLE\WX0\OHQLH

SU]HGVWDZLDMFE\WZL*HVLZSUDZG]LH]E\FLHPDOHQDSUDZGP\OLRQR]DZV]HE\WMDNRWDNL
a nigdy bycie jako takie”.

9

0XVLP\ SRSU]HVWDü QD W\FK F\WDWDFK XND]XMF\FK ]UHV]W MHG\QLH SLHUZV] ID]

+HLGHJJHURZVNLHJR QDP\VáX QDG E\FLHP 1LHFKDM WR FR ]RVWDáR SRZLHG]LDQH GR WHM SRU\

Z\VWDUF]\GODXZ\GDWQLHQLDU]HF]\GODQDVZWHMFKZLOLQDMZD*QLHMV]HMFKDUDNWHU\VW\NLGZyFK

NRQFHSFMLLVWQLHQLD3LHUZV]D]QLFKRGJUDQLF]DMFQDMFLOHME\FLHRGQLHE\FLDLVSURZDG]DMF

E\FLHGRWR*VDPRFLXQLHUXFKDPLDMHRGZUDFDVLRGZV]HONLHMZLHORFLL]PLDQ\DXWU]\PXMF

SU\PDWF]\VWHJRP\OHQLDZSR]QDQLXWUDNWXMHGDQHZV]HONLHJRSR]DP\ORZHJRGRZLDGF]HQLD

MDNR]áXG

'UXJD ZLHUQLHMV]D SHáQHPX GRZLDGF]HQLX DNFHQWXMH G\QDPLF]QRü E\FLD DOH E\ WR

RVLJQüXWR*VDPLDMH]QLFRFLDOERMHOLWDNPR*QDSRZLHG]LHüSU]H]QLFRü³SU]HSURZDG]D´

5yZQRF]HQLH WUDNWXMH WDN SRZVWDá MHGQL MDNR QDMRJyOQLHMV] ZV]HFKRJDUQLDMF ]DVDG ]

NWyUHM E\W\ Z\áDQLDM VL MDN ]H VZHJR RVWDWHF]QHJR ZDUXQNX ] arche – jak z apeironu
Anaksymandra.

&]\ MHVW NRQFHSFMD LVWQLHQLD NWyUD ]DFKRZXMF MHJR G\QDPLF]QRü SRWUDILáDE\

UyZQRF]HQLH SU]HFLZVWDZLü MH QLFRFL D X]QDMF MHJR SRZV]HFKQRü XVWU]HF VL SU]HG

]DWRSLHQLHPZRJyOQRFL"

&LHQND QLWND LQWXLFML SR]ZDODMFHM OHG]Lü DQDORJLF]QH ]QDF]HQLD Z VáRZDFK LVWQLHQLH

bycie, Sein, einai,

ŸivaiZWOHMHQDPWHUD]GRJUDQLFPR*OLZRFL&]\QDGDOEG]LHP\PyZLOLR

W\P VDP\P" :VSRPQLHOLP\ QD SRF]WNX *H GR URG]LQ\ SU]HG FKZLO Z\PLHQLRQ\FK VáRZ

QDOH*\WDN*HáDFLVNLHesse.=QDMGXMHP\VLDZND*G\PUD]LHFKFHP\VL]QDMGRZDüZNUJX

PHWDIL]\NL L WR QDZHW JG\E\P\ ± SRSU]H] Heideggerowskie rozumienie Sein, dotykali jej

JUDQLF7HUD]ZUDFDP\GRMHMFHQWUXPE\XFKZ\FLüWU]HFLNRQFHSFMLVWQLHQLD±esse.

7

Martin Heidegger,

%XGRZDüPLHV]NDüP\OHü(VHMHZ\EUDQH:\EUDáRSUDFRZDáLZVWSHPRSDWU]\á.U]\V]WRI

Michalski, Warszawa 1977,s.39.

8

Jw.,s.44.

9

/LVWR³KXPDQL]PLH´WáXPJ.Tischner, w:M.Heidegger, op.cit.s.93.

6

3

&]\PMHVWLVWQLHQLH":VáXFKDMP\VLZRGSRZLHG(NWyUQDWRS\WDQLHGDMHZ7RPDV]

2WRIUDJPHQWDUW\NXáXNZHVWLLQuestiones disputatae De potentia Dei:

“To, co nazywam istnieniem (Quod dico esse)

MHVWSRUyGZV]\VWNLHJRQDMGRVNRQDOV]H$

Z\QLND WR VWG *H DNW MHVW ]DZV]H GRVNRQDOV]\ RG PR*QRFL (actus est semper perfectior
potentia

.D*GSU]HFLH*RNUHORQIRUPSR]QDMHP\DNWXDOQLHW\ONRG]LNLWHPX*HRQDLVWQLHMH

(esse

SRQLWXU ³&]áRZLHF]HVWZR´ F]\ ³RJQLVWRü´ PR*HP\ ZSUDZG]LH UR]SDWU\ZDü MDNR

HJ]\VWXMFHZPR*QRFLPDWHULLDOERZG]LHOQRFLVSUDZF\DOERWH*ZLQWHOHNFLHWRMHGQDNFR

SRVLDGDLVWQLHQLHGRSHáQLDVLSRSU]H]DNWLVWQLHQLD6WGZ\QLND*HWRFRQD]\ZDPLVWQLHQLHP

MHVWDNWXDOQRFLZV]\VWNLFKDNWyZDG]LNLWHPXGRVNRQDáRFLZV]\VWNLFKGRVNRQDáRFL1LH

QDOH*\MHGQDNVG]Lü*HGRWHJRFRQD]\ZDPLVWQLHQLHPPR*HE\üGRGDQHFRFRE\áRE\RGH
bardziej istotne (formalius

LRNUHODáRE\LVWQLHQLHMDNDNWRNUHODPR*QRüLVWQLHQLHERZLHP

G]LNLNWyUHPXFRZMDNLNROZLHNVSRVyEMHVWMHVWF]\PLVWRWRZRUy*Q\PRGWHJRGRF]HJR

GRGDMH VL MDNLHNROZLHN RNUHOHQLD 7RWH* QLH PR*QD GRGDü GR LVWQLHQLD QLF]HJR FR E\áRE\

]HZQWU]QHZREHFQLHJRJG\*SR]DQLPQLHPDQLFSUyF]QLHE\WXNWyU\QLHPR*HE\üDQLIRUP

DQLPDWHUL6WGLVWQLHQLHQLHPR*HE\üGHWHUPLQRZDQHSU]H]FRLQQHJRMDNPR*QRüSU]H]DNW

OHF] UDF]HM MDN DNW SU]H] PR*QRü >@ 'ODWHJR WH* PyZL 'LRQL]\ Z 2 LPLRQDFK ER*\FK *H

FKRFLD* E\W\ *\MFH V V]ODFKHWQLHMV]H RG W\FK FR W\ONR HJ]\VWXM WR MHGQDN LVWQLHQLH MHVW

V]ODFKHWQLHMV]HRG*\FLDE\W\R*\ZLRQHPDMERZLHPQLHW\ONR*\FLHDOHZUD]]*\FLHPPDM

WDN*HLVWQLHQLH´

7DN SU]HGVWDZLD VL Z QLHFR GRZROQ\P WáXPDF]HQLX WHNVW Z 7RPDV]D $ EU]PL WX

SHZQH QXW\ QLHF]VWR VSRW\NDQH Z MHJR SLVPDFK 3U]HGH ZV]\VWNLP SU]HPDZLD Z SLHUZV]HM
osobie:Quod dico esse.

&KFH]DDNFHSWRZDü*HMHJRUR]XPLHQLHWHJRVáRZDMHVWLQQHQL*E\áR

SU]\MPRZDQHGRWHMSRU\&]\*QLH]DXZD*DP\ZW\FK]GDQLDFKSRF]XFLDRGSRZLHG]LDOQRFL]D

WR FR VL Z QLFK VWZLHUG]D L Z]LFLD RGSRZLHG]LDOQRFL QD VLHELH ± ]D QRZ SHUVSHNW\Z

PHWDIL]\NLMDNDVLWXRWZLHUD".RQFHSFMLQLHGRVNRQDáRFLF]\FKRüE\W\ONRQLHRNUHOQRFLesse
zostaje przeciwstawiona koncepcja radykalnie odmienna: “To, co nazywam istnieniem ,jest

SRUyGZV]\VWNLHJRQDMGRVNRQDOV]H´

=DFKRZDMP\WNROHMQRüMDNSU]\MáZ7RPDV]QDSLHUZV]HPLHMVFHZ\VXQLWDMHVW

GRVNRQDáRü LVWQLHQLD SRWHP SU]\FKRG]L X]DVDGQLHQLH WHJR VWZLHUG]HQLD LVWQLHQLH MHVW DNWHP

3RU]GHN ³Z\QLNDQLD´ SU]\MW\ Z X]DVDGQLHQLX MHVW WX Z\UD(QLH LQQ\ QL* SRU]GHN

GRZLDGF]HQLD$RQRSR]ZDODPyZLüRGRVNRQDáRFLesseMDNRRF]\PEH]SRUHGQLRGDQ\P

=ZUyüP\ XZDJ *H Z WHM F]FL ]GDQLD NWyUH X]DVDGQLD RZ GRVNRQDáRü QLH MHVW QDZHW

SRZWyU]RQHVáRZResseXWR*VDPLHQLHLVWQLHQLDLDNWXSR]RVWDMHZGRP\OH1DWRPLDVWZ]GDQLX

QDVWSQ\PGRNRQXMHVL]DELHJRGZURWQ\QLHX]DVDGQLDVLGRVNRQDáRFLLVWQLHQLDSRSU]H]DNW

OHF]DNWXDOQRüZW\PSU]\SDGNXIRUP\SRSU]H]LVWQLHQLH5ROHVL]PLHQLDMJG\QDSRF]WNX

PLHOLP\ RGZRáDQLH VL GR DNWX MDNR RF]\ZLVWHJR ZDUXQNX X]DVDGQLDMFHJR GRVNRQDáRü
istnienia (actus est perfectior potentia

WHUD]VDPRLVWQLHQLHX]DVDGQLDGRVNRQDáRüDNWX:\QLND

]WHJR]UHV]WMHV]F]HMHGQRMHOLLVWQLHQLXSU]\SLVXMHVLGRVNRQDáRüQDWHM]DVDG]LH*Hactus est
semper perfectior potentia

SRGNUHODVLUyZQRF]HQLH*HLVWQLHQLHMHVW]DZV]HDNWHPMHVWZLF

DNWHP V]F]HJyOQ\P NWyU\ QLH PR*H Z MDNLP LQQ\P XNáDG]LH VWDü VL PR*QRFL MDN WR VL

G]LHMHQS]IRUPNWyUDPLPR*HMHVWDNWHPZSRU]GNXLVWRW\MHVWUyZQLF]HQLHPR*QRFLZ
stosunku do aktu esse): Nec intelligendum est, quod ei quod dico esse, aliquid addatur quod sit
eo formalius...

,VWQLHQLHMHVWDNWHP$OHLVWQLHQLHMHVWWDN*HZDUXQNLHPDNWXDOQRFLF]HJR1LFQLHPR*H

E\üX]QDQH]DDNWXDOQHMHOLQLHMHVW7RLVWQLHQLHVWDQRZL*HFRMHVWDNWHP±QLHRGZURWQLH.

7

A wobec tego istnienie jest aktem par excellence,

ZH ZáDFLZ\P ]QDF]HQLX VáRZD ³DNW´

ZV]\VWNLH LQQH DNW\ V W\ONR ³DQDORJLF]QH´ ZREHF DNWX LVWQLHQLD $NW MHVW ZLF LVWQLHQLHP

LVWQLHQLHMHVWDNWHP'ODWHJRWRFRMHVWLQDF]HMQL*ZDNFLH±QDSUDZGQLHMHVWWR]DFRMHVWMHVW
in actu

7DN RWR ] NUJX LVWQLHQLD ]RVWDMH Z\NOXF]RQD ZV]HOND SRWHQFMDOQRü ZLUWXDOQRü

LQWHQFMRQDMQRü6WRSHZQHJRURG]DMXHJ]\VWHQFMHDOHMDNRHJ]\VWHQFMHQLHEGFHZDNFLHQLH

PDMSUDZDGRPLDQDLVWQLHQLD,VWQLHQLHMHVW³HJ]\VWHQFMZDNFLH´&RWRMHGQDN]QDF]\"

3U]HGHZV]\VWNLPPXVLP\Z\]E\üVLQDLZQHJRSU]HZLDGF]HQLD*HX]QDQLHWR*VDPRFL

esse = actus jest ze strony Tomasza jedynie zastosowaniem Arystotelesowskiej teorii aktu-

PR*QRFLGRZáDVQHMNRQFHSFMLLVWQLHQLD

3U]HGZV]HONWHRULQDOH*\XPLHFLüGRZLDGF]HQLH,QWXLFMH]ZL]DQH]SRMFLHPDNWX

SRSURVWXRGVáDQLDMMDNVLRND]XMHMHGHQ]DVSHNWyZGRZLDGF]HQLDLVWQLHQLD2GVáDQLDMMHJR

G\QDPLF]QRü7RFRQDSUDZGMHVWLVWQLHMHZVSRVyE]GROQ\GRV]F]HJyOQHMVDPRLVWQRFLGR

XWU]\PDQLD VL Z VZ\P E\FLH -X* WR Z\PDJD PLQLPXP PHWDIL]\F]QHM ³HQHUJLL´ F]HJR Z

URG]DMXVLá\³SRGWU]\PXMFHM´E\W1LH]QDMG]LHP\MHMZesencjalnej strukturze bytu, albowiem

VLáDWDQLHZDUXQNXMHZU]HF]\WHJRczymOXEFRRQDMHVWOHF]WR*HMHVWLjak jest. EvŸS\ŸLD –

WRSRJUHFNXZáDQLHDNW7U]HEDPLHüSLHUZRWQ³HQHUJL´E\FLD´E\E\üF]\P3RPLP\QD

UD]LH SLHUZRWQ ³HQHUJL´ E\FLD E\ E\ü F]\P 3RPLP\ QD UD]LH QDU]XFDMFH VL WX S\WDQLH

VNGVLWD³HQHUJLD´ELHU]HDZLFG]LNLF]HPXMHVWWRFRMHVW=ZUyüP\XZDJQDMHV]F]HLQQ

NRQVHNZHQFM WU]HED Z WHQ V]F]HJyOQ\ ZáDQLH ³HQHUJLF]Q\´ VSRVyE E\ü F]\P E\ PyF

QDU]XFLüVLMDNRLVWQLHMFHMDNRE\W±LGDüVL]QDOH(üGDüVLGRZLDGF]\üGDüVLRGVáRQLü

3R]QDQLHWHRUHW\F]QH³VSHNXODW\ZQH´ZSU]HFLZLHVWZLHGRSUDNW\F]QHJRMHVWVSRZRGRZDQH

³QDU]XFHQLHP VL´ U]HF]\ XP\VáRZL NWyUHPX ³GDM VL´ MDNR DNW\ZQRü UXFK´ ...intellectus
speculativus [...] est quodammodo motus ab ipsis rebus, et ita res mensirant ipsum.

10

.Na tym

ZáDQLHSROHJDSUDZGD ktora jest warunkiem, a nie wynikiem poznania: Hoc est ergo quod addit
verum supra ens, scilicet conformitatem, ut dictum est, sequitur cogbitio rei. Sic ergo entitas rei
praecedit rationem veritatis, sed cognitio est quidam veritatis effectus

11

'ODWHJR7RPDV]PR*H

]DDNFHSWRZDü]DUyZQRWRFRPyZLRSUDZG]LHZ$XJXVW\Q(Verum est id quod est), MDNLZ
Hilary (veritas est manifestativum et declarativum esse)

12

7DNRWRZUDFDP\GRSRMFLDSUDZG\

MDNRRGVáRQLFLD±manifestatio – i do bytu jako pierwszego przedmiotu intelektu.

,VWQLHQLH±XWU]\PXMFHcoU]HF]\LQDU]XFDMFHVLMDNRVDPRLVWQHMestF]HJRGRZLDGF]DQHMHVW
jako fakt

7HJRVWZLHUG]HQLDQLHPDZWHNFLHZ7RPDV]DDOHFK\EDQLHPDZWSOLZRFL*HWDN

WRZáDQLHUR]XPLDá7RFRMHVWW\ONRin potentia materiae albo in virtute agentis, albo wreszcie
in intellectu,

QLH MHVW F]\P FR GRV]áR GR VZHJR ZáDVQHJR LVWQLHQLD GRNRQDáR VL MHGQ\P

VáRZHP]DLVWQLDáRde facto.:ND*G\P]SU]\WRF]RQ\FKWXSU]\SDGNyZPDP\GRF]\QLHQLD]

HJ]\VWHQFMZQDMGRNáDGQLHMV]\PUR]XPLHQLXVáRZDex-sistere:FRNROZLHNMHVWZPR*QRFLF]\
to biernej, czy czynnej, czy wreszcie w intelekcie, jako przedmiot czysto intencjonalny,

FKRFLD*E\MX*MDNR]DPLDUSURMHNWF]HJRU]HF]\ZLVWHJR±MHVWFLJOH³QDXWU]\PDQLX´F]HJR

LQQHJRMHVW]DZV]HF]\PZ\áDQLDMF\PVLDOHQLH]GROQ\PGRVWDQLDVLVDPRG]LHOQ\P-HV]F]H

LQDF]HMVZHJRIXQGDPHQWXE\WRZHJRQLH]QDMGXMHZVRELHMDNRZáDVQHJResse, lecz zawsze w
esse

F]HJR GUXJLHJR , WDNLHM ZáDQLH HJ]\VWHQFML D UDF]HM WDNLP HJ]\VWHQFMRP JG\* UR*QH

PRJ E\ü LFK modi, SU]HFLZVWDZLD VL LVWQLHQLH GRSHáQLDMFH L GRSHáQLRQH RNUHORQH

UyZQRF]HQLHMDNRactus i jako perfectio-DNRZáDVQHLVWQLHQLHF]HJRunumquodque est suum
proprium esse

MHVWUyZQLHLQG\ZLGXDOQHLQLHSRZWDU]DOQHMDNWRF]HJRMHVWLVWQLHQLHPZLFHM±

WR G]LNL QLHPX ZáDQLH RZR FR MHVW F]\P QDSUDZG LQG\ZLGXDOQ\P QLHSRZWDU]DOQ\P

10

De veritate,1 2c

11

Jw.,1, 1c

12

-Z6]HU]HMQDWHQWHPDW]RE7U]\Z\PLDU\SUDZG\Z:áDG\VáDZ6WUy*HZVNL,VWQLHQLHLZDUWRü.UDNyZ

s.121-130.

8

jedynym.

,VWQLHQLHMHVWZLF]DZV]HLVWQLHQLHPF]HJR&RLVWQLHMFH±WRE\Wens. Istotowa strona

E\WXDZLFWRFRELHU]HP\SRGXZDJRGSRZLDGDMFQDS\WDQLH³FRWRMHVW"´QDU]XFDQDPVL
bardziej

SLHUZV]RSODQRZRQL*MHJRLVWQLHQLH³)HMHVW´F]HJRMHJRLVWQLHQLHGDQHMHVWZSUDZG]LH

UyZQLHEH]SRUHGQLRDOHLQDF]HM±WDNEDUG]RLQDF]HM*HVDPEH]SRUHGQLRüGDQLDRZHJR³*H

MHVW´RGNU\ZDP\QLHNLHG\±U]HF]SDUDGRNVDOQD±GURJUHIOHNVMLJG\XZLDGDPLDP\VRELHL*

³QDU]XFHQLHVL´QDPF]HJRNROZLHNE\áRE\QLHPR*OLZHJG\E\SRSURVWXQLHLVWQLDáR,VWQLHQLH

³SU]HQLND´LVWRWDOHQLHXWR*VDPLDVL]QL$U\VWRWHOHV]DXZD*\áUy*QLFPLG]\S\WDQLHP³FR

MHVW"´ L³F]\ MHVW"´ DOH QLH GRVWU]HJá NRQLHF]QRFL RGUy*QLHQLD LVWRW\ L LVWQLHQLD³&]áRZLHN´ L

³F]áRZLHNLVWQLHMF\´WRZHGOHQLHJRMHGQRLWRVDPR'OD7RPDV]DWDZáDQLHUy*QLFDVWDQLHVL

QDMZD*QLHMV]D ]H ZV]\VWNLFK hoc auten quod est esse, in nullis creaturae ratione perfecte
inchuditur; cuiislibet enim creaturae esse est aliud ab eius quidditate

13

Nie ma tu potrzeby rozwijania

7RPDV]RZHM WHRULL UHDOQHM Uy*QLF\ PLG]\ LVWRW D

LVWQLHQLHPZE\FLHUR*Q\PRG%RJD$OHGODXZ\GDWQLHQLDMHV]F]HMHGQHJRXMFLDesse musimy

SRVWDZLüS\WDQLHRUROMDNVSHáQLDRQRZFDáRFLF]HJRLVWQLHMFHJRDZLFZNRQNUHWQ\P

E\FLH2GSRZLDGDMFQDWRS\WDQLH7RPDV]RGZRáXMHVLZ\UD(QLHGR$U\VWRWHOHVRZVNLHMWHRULL

DNWX L PR*QRFL -HOL FR MHVW G]LNL VZHPX ZáDVQHPX LVWQLHQLX unumquodque est per suum
proprium esse)

WR ]QDF]\ WR L* UDFM IDNWX LVWQLHQLD WHJR F]HJR ³*H MHVW´ F]HJR MHVW

SU]\VáXJXMF\PXDNWLVWQLHQLD:SRU]GNXZNWyU\PUR]ZD*DP\LPPDQHQWQVWUXNWXUE\WX

WR VWZLHUG]HQLH MHVW RVWDWHF]QH 1LH MHVW RVWDWHF]QH JG\ SRVWDZLP\ GDOV]H S\WDQLH R UDFM

SU]\VáXJLZDQLD F]HPX LVWQLHQLD D ZLHF JG\ ]DF]QLHP\ GRFLHNDü GODF]HJR Z RJyOH FR MHVW
Teraz jednak niepokoi nas inna sprawa.

2WRX]\VNDOLP\V]HUHJWZLHUG]HQDWHPDWLVWQLHQLD±esse. “Istnienie jest aktem istoty”,

³LVWQLHQLH MHVW DNWHP ± HQHUJL´ ³LVWQLHQLH MHVW GRVNRQDáRFL´ -DNL FKDUDNWHU PDM WH

WZLHUG]HQLD" :LG]LHOLP\ *H ]D ND*G\P ] QLFK NU\M VL MDNLH V]F]HJyOQH GRZLDGF]HQLD ]

NWyU\FKND*GH]DVáXJXMHQDPLDQRGRZLDGF]HQLDPHWDIL]\F]QHJR$OHF]\G]LNLQLHPXDUDF]HM

G]LNLQLPSU]HQLNQOLP\VZRLVWRüLVWQLHQLDF]\ZLHP\MX*F]\PRQRMHVW³VDPRZVRELH´
a wiec nie w aspekcie jakiegokolwiek jako

DNWX IDNW\F]QRFL GRVNRQDáRFL" 1LF QLH VWRL QD

SU]HV]NRG]LHSRVWDZLHQLDWDNLHJRS\WDQLD±DOHF]\MHVWPR*OLZDMDNDNROZLHNQDQLHRGSRZLHG("

.D*GH ] SU]\WRF]RQ\FK SRZ\*HM WZLHUG]H PR*H E\ü UR]XPLDQH GZRMDNR MDNR

DQDOLW\F]QH OXE MDNR V\QWHW\F]QH : SLHUZV]\P SU]\SDGNX Z\GRE\ZDá\E\ RQH RNUHORQH

PRPHQW\SU]\QDOH*QH]NRQLHF]QRFLLVWQLHQLXLRNUHODMFHMH³MDNRWDNLH´,QDF]HMEH]QLFK

LVWQLHQLHQLHE\áRE\LVWQLHQLHP:GUXJLPSU]\SDGNX]ZL]HNLVWQLHQLDVDPHJR]QLPLE\áRE\

IDNW\F]Q\ZSUDZG]LHDOHE\áDE\GRSRP\OHQLDV\WXDFMDUDG\NDOQLHJUDQLF]QDXMDZQLDMFDW\ONR

L Z\áF]QLH F]\VWH MHVW F]HJR SU]\ F]\P RZR FR E\áRE\ WDN*H SRG ND*G\P Z]JOGHP

QLHRNUHORQH=GDQLH]De potentia: nihil auten potest addi ad esse quod sit extraneum ad ipso

LQWHUSUHWRZDOLE\P\ZWHG\ZVHQVLHQDMEDUG]LHMUDG\NDOQ\PUR]XPLHMFSU]H]extraneumND*G\
orzecznik

QLHWR*VDP\ ] HVW D ZLHF QLH GRSXV]F]DMF GR SRVáX*HQLD VL MDNLPNROZLHN

RU]HF]QLNLHP Z RJyOH :WHG\ ZV]HODNR WU]HED UyZQLH UDG\NDOQLH ]LQWHUSUHWRZDü GUXJ F]ü
cytowanego tu zdania: cum ab eo (scil. esse – W.S.) nihil sit extraneum nisi non-ens

2GSRZLHG(

RGZRáXMH VL ZLF GR QHJDFML ± L GR ³SRMFLD´ UDG\NDOQHJR QLHE\WX , MHVW WR MHG\Q\ VSRVyE

RGSRZLHG]L MDNL MHVW WX Z RJyOH PR*OLZ\ 0yZLF REUD]RZR ]QDMGXMHP\ VL ³QD NUDFDFK
bytu”. “Czyste” jest

XMDZQLDVLW\ONRLZ\áF]QLHZNRQWUDFLH]F]\VW\Pnie-jest – wynikiem

UDG\NDOQHJR SU]HNUHOHQLD XQLFHVWZLHQLD F]HJRNROZLHN 3RVWDZP\ ³NURSN QDG L´ ZáDFLZH

UR]XPLHQLH LVWQLHQLD X]\VNDü PR*QD W\ONR SRSU]H] ZáDFLZH UR]XPLHQLH QLHLVWQLHQLD ± L

RGZURWQLH 6 RQH LVWRWQLH QDMFLOHM ]H VRE VSU]*RQH DOH ± Z SHUVSHNW\ZLH PHWDIL]\NL
Tomasza z

$NZLQX±VSU]*RQHLQDF]HMQL*WRZLG]LHOL+HJHOF]\Heidegger. Czyste istnienie,

13

De veritate, 10, 12c.

9

bycie (Sein

±MHOLRF]\ZLFLHZROQRVSURZDG]Lüesse i sein do wspólnego mianownika – nie

XWR*VDPLDVLZ*DGQ\PDVSHNFLH]F]\VW\PQLHLVWQLHQLHP(Nichts, NichtsseinSR]RVWDMRQHZ

VZHMEH]Z]JOGQHMSLHUZRWQRFLDEVROXWQLHUDG\NDOQLHUy*QHFKRüZV]HONDSUyEDEOL*V]HJRLFK

RSLVDQLDJUR]LRGUD]XQLHEH]SLHF]HVWZHPVSHNXODFMLSURZDG]FHMGRLFKXWR*VDPLHQLD&]\VWH
jest

QLHSRMDZLDVLWDN*H³QDWOH³QLFRFL0yZLHQLHR³WOH´ZRGQLHVLHQLXGRQLFRFLMHVWMX*MHM

LQWHUSUHWDFMSU]\GDQLHPMHMF]HJRFR³]LVWRW\´PXVLE\ü]QLHMUDG\NDOQLHZ\NOXF]RQH&]\VWH
jest i czyste nie jest

VMHGQDNRZRQLHRNUHORQHDMHGQDNPLPRWHMQLHRNUHORQRFL]DFKRG]L

PLG]\QLPLUy*QLFDQDMJáEV]DLQDMEDUG]LHMUDG\NDOQDMDNGDVLZRJyOHSRP\OHü$UDF]HM

MDNLHMSRP\OHüVLQLHGD7\ONRRQD]DVáXJXMHQDPLDQRUy*QLF\PHWDIL]\F]QHM-HMRSLVQLHMHVW

PR*OLZ\

6SUyEXMP\GRNRQDüMHV]F]HMHGQHJRSU]\EOL*HQLDEDGDQHMWXVSUDZ\=Dáy*P\*H]GDQia,

R NWyU\FK PRZD ³LVWQLHQLH MHVW´ V QLHMDNR DQDOLW\F]QH , ZUyüP\ GR WHNVWX Z 7RPDV]D
Esse

LVWQLHQLH±UR]XPLDQHMDNRDNWQLHZVHQVLHF]HJR³QDG´LVWQLHQLHPDNWXDOL]XMF\PMH

OHF]MDNRDNWXWR*VDPLDMF\VL]QLPDZLFLVWQLHQLHDNWQLHDNWLVWQLHQLDMHVWW\PF]HPXQLF

QLHPR*HMX*]RVWDüSU]\GDQH0DMF]GROQRüDNWXDOL]RZDQLDF]HJRNROZLHNL³PLHV]DQLDVL´]

F]\PNROZLHNVDPRQLHPR*HE\üSU]H]QLFDNWXDOL]RZDQH1LHPD*DGQHJRDNWX³SRQDG´DNWHP

LVWQLHQLDQLHPDDNWXZVWRVXQNXGRNWyUHJRRQRVDPRVWDüE\VLPRJáRPR*QRFL,VWQLHQLH

DNW Z\NOXF]D PR*OLZRü SU]HMFLD Z MDNNROZLHN SRVWDü QLHDNWX F]\OL Z PR*QRü -DNR

RVWDWHF]QH³GRSHáQLHQLH´LVWQLHMFHJRE\WXZ\NOXF]DMDNLNROZLHNDNW³QDGVRE´7RFRMHVW

LQDF]HMLVWQLHMFHE\Wjest w akcieDOERQLHMHVWZFDOH&]\P³]HZQWU]Q\P´ZVWRVXQNXGR

LVWQLHQLDDNWXMHVWW\ONRQLFRüMHJRVDPHJR7DN*HZW\PSU]\SDGNXMHVWWRRVWDWHF]QDLQWXLFMD

MDNDMHVWQDPGRVWSQDJG\XVLáXMHP\XFKZ\FLüLVWQLHQLHMDNRLVWQLHQLH%\FLH±DOERUDG\NDOQH

QLHE\FLH QLH Z VHQVLH MDNLHMNROZLHN SRWHQFMDOQRFL MDNLHJR kolwiek nie bycia takim oto czy

LQQ\P OXE WH* QLHE\WX ZREHF WDNLHJR F]\ LQQHJR E\WX OHF] QLHE\FLH Z VHQVLH UDG\NDOQHJR

SU]HNUHOHQLD LVWQLHQLD L UDG\NDOQHJR Z\NOXF]HQLD JR QLHE\FLH Z VWRVXQNX GR VDPHJR E\FLD
(esse)

QLH]DOH*QLHRGWHJRMDNLE\WRQRNRQVW\WXXMH

3U]HNUHOHQLH LVWQLHQLD E\FLD esse F]HJR MHVW RF]\ZLFLH UyZQRZD*QH XQLFHVWZLHQLX

FDáRFL F]HJR LVWQLHMFHJR ± D ZLF WHJR RWR NRQNUHWQHJR E\WX 1LH PR*QD ³RGMü´ F]HPX

LVWQLHQLD Z WDNL VSRVyE E\ WR FR QLH SU]HVWDáR LVWQLHü Z VZHM FDáRFL E\ FRNROZLHN ] QLHJR

³]RVWDáR´-DNLMHVWZREHFWHJR]ZL]HNLVWQLHQLDDNWX]W\PF]HJRMHVWDNWHP"

-HOLMHG\Q³]HZQWU]QRFL´ZREHFLVWQLHQLDMHVWQLFRünihil, to stosunek istnienia do

MDNLHJRFRZUDPDFKLVWQLHMFHJRNRQNUHWXPXVLE\üVWRVXQNLHPQDMEDUG]LHMZHZQWU]Q\P,WDN

ZLG]LWRZáDQLHZ7RPDV]Esse autem est illud quod est magis intimum cuilibet rei, et quod
profundius omnibus inest, cum sit dormale respectu omnium quae in re sunt.

14

. Wedle

SRUyZQDQLDF]VWRX*\ZDQHJRSU]H]Z7RPDV]DLVWQLHQLHPDVLWDNGRLVWRW\MDNZLDWáRGR

SU]H]URF]\VWHJRFLDáDdiaphanum']LNLZLDWáXXMDZQLDVLVDPDQDWXUDSU]H]URF]\VWRFL±

DOH MHM MDNRü ] NROHL GHF\GXMH R FKDUDNWHU]H ZLDWáD NWyUH SU]H] QL SU]HQLND XOHJDMF

VZRLVWHPX RJUDQLF]HQLX Z\QLNDMFHPX ] MHM QDWXU\ 0R*QRü RJUDQLF]D DNW NWyU\ M

SU]H]Z\FL*D =DOH*QRü MHVW ZLF WX GZXVWURQQD FKRü QLH V\PHWU\F]QD ZREHF V]F]HJyOQHM

³Z\*V]RFL´DNWXQDGPR*QRFL1LHPQLHMMHGQDNPR*QRüSU]\SRU]GNRZDQDDNWRZLLVWQLHQLX

MHVWF]\PWDNZD*Q\P*HZáDQLHRGQLHMVWDQRZLFHMSU]HFLH*ZW\P]áR*HQLXLVWRWU]HF]\

]DOH*\ VSRVyE LVWQLHQLD GDQHJR E\WX D Z NRQVHNZHQFML Uy*QRü LVWQLHQLD WHJR RWR E\WX RG

ND*GHJRLQQHJRUy*QRüGHF\GXMFDRVZRLVW\PSOXUDOL]PLHHJ]\VWHQFMDOQ\PZLDWD

=ZUyüP\ MHV]F]H XZDJ QD RVWDWQLH ]GDQLH DQDOL]RZDQHJR SU]H] QDV tekstu:..licet

viventia sint nobiliora quam existentia, tamen esse est nobilius quam vivere, viventia enim non
tantum habent via, sed cum vita simul habent et esse. Oto esse ujawnia tu jeszcze jeden swój

DVSHNWDVSHNWZDUWRFLZW\PSU]\SDGNXZ\UD(QLHZDUWRFLRQW\F]QHMERGRW\F]FHMVWUXNWXU\

14

67,DGSRGNUHOHQLDPRMH±:6

10

VDPHJRE\WXNRQNUHWXMDNRZDUXQNXMDNLHMNROZLHNLQQHMRQW\F]QHMZDUWRFL=DXZD*P\SU]HGH

ZV]\VWNLP*HPDP\WXGRF]\QLHQLD]GZLHPDSDUDPLSRMüviventia – existentia, vita – esse.

Existentia

WRRF]\ZLFLHSU]HGPLRW\PDWHULDOQHQLHR*\ZLRQH:KLHUDUFKLLE\WyZ]DMPXM

RQHQL*V]HPLHMVFHDQL*HOLSU]HGPLRW\*\ZH$OHMHGQHLGUXJLHVQLHG]LNLWHPX*HNRQVW\WXXM

MH WDNLH F]\ LQQH IRUP\ VXEVWDQFMDOQH IRUPD FLDáD QLHRUJDQLF]QHJR Z pierwszym,a forma

RUJDQL]PX*\ZHJRZGUXJLPSU]\SDGNXOHF]*HNRQVW\WXXMMHHJ]\VWHQFMDOQLHtzn, VSUDZLDM*H

VRNUHORQHDNW\LVWQLHQLD6DPDIRUPD*\FLDQLHMHVWUDFMLVWQLHQLDE\WX*\ZHJRGRNáDGQLHZ

WDNLPVDP\PVWRSQLXMDNQLHMHVWQLPIRUPD³]Z\NáHJR´FLDáDPDWHULDOQHJR-HOLWRFR*\ZH
jest,

WR GODWHJR *H SUyF] IRUP\ ± DNWX *\FLD PD WDN*H DNW LVWQLHQLD %H] QLHJR QLH W\ONR QLH

E\áRE\ F]\P *\Z\P DOH E\áRE\ QLF]\P Z RJyOH ,VWQLHQLH esse, jako warunek wszelkiej

U]HF]\ZLVWHMZSHáQL]DNWXDOL]RZDQHMZDUWRFLVDPRPXVLE\üWUDNWRZDQHMDNRZDUWRü-HOL

SHáQLD optimum MDNLHM ZDUWRFL ]DOH*\ RG MHM UHDOL]DFML DNWDOL]DFML WD ]D GRNRQXMH VL

Z\áF]QLHZRSDUFLXRLVWQLHQLHDNWLVWQLHQLDZROQRQDNRFXUD]MHV]F]HSRZLHG]LHüWRFR

]RVWDáRSRZLHG]LDQHQDSRF]WNX.hoc quod dico esse est actualitas omnium actuum, et propter
hoc est perfectio omnium perfectionum.

I jes

]F]HMHGQR*G\$U\VWRWHOHVPyZLáRDNFLHPLDáQDP\OLSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPIRUP

'ODZ7RPDV]DDNWWRSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPesse7HRULDLVWRW\LVWQLHQLDVWDQRZLZLFQLHW\ONR

V]F]HJyOQ\ SU]\SDGHN RJyOQLHMV]HM WHRULL PR*QRFLDNWX 3U]HFLZQLH Z MHM ZLHWOH WHRULD

PR*QRFLDNWX XOHJD ]DVDGQLF]HM PRG\ILNDFML VWDMH VL WHRUL E\FLD E\WX WáXPDF]F E\W Z

DVSHNFLHWHJR*HMHVW1DW\PSROHJD]DVDGQLF]DUy*QLFDPLG]\P\OPHWDIL]\F]Q7RPDV]DD

NRQFHSFM$U\VWRWHOHVD

4

=DQDOL]RZDOLP\W\ONRMHGHQNUyWNLWHNVWZ7RPDV]D$OHMX*QDWHMSRGVWDZLHXPLHP\MDNVL

]GDMH RGSRZLHG]LHü QD S\WDQLH NWyUH SRVWDZLOLP\ XSU]HGQLR RWR ]QDOH(OLP\ NRQFHSFM
istnienia, wedle której:

–

MHVWRQRF]\PLQG\ZLGXDOQ\PSU]\VáXJXMF\PZQLHSRZWDU]DOQ\VSRVyEWHPXLW\ONRWHPX
konkretnemu bytowi,

–

MHVW F]\P G\QDPLF]Q\P ]DUyZQR VDPR Z VRELH MDN L Z VWRVXQNX GR FDáRFL VWUXNWXU\

HVHQFMDOQHMNWyUDNWXDOL]XMH

–

DZUHV]FLHZ\NOXF]DVLDEVROXWQLH]QLHE\WHP]QLFRFL]DFKRZXMFZ\áF]QLHGODVLHELH

ZáDFLZHVHPDQW\F]QHRGQLHVLHQLHF]DVRZQLNDjest.

8SUDV]F]DM]DFDáRüQDV]\FKGRW\FKF]DVRZ\FKUR]ZD*DPRJOLE\P\QDVWSXMFRVWUHFLü
trzy omówione koncepcje istnienia:

–

ZHGOHSLHUZV]HM³LVWQLHü´]QDF]\³E\üWR*VDP\P´

–

ZHGOHGUXJLHM³LVWQLHü´WRSU]HNUDF]DüE\WDW\PVDP\PWZRU]\üMHGQLE\FLDLniebycia;

–

ZHGOHWU]HFLHM³LVWQLHü´WRE\üDNWHPVSUDZLDMF\P*HFRjest,a nie QLHMHVWD]DUD]HPE\ü

GRVNRQDáRFLZV]\VWNLFKGRVNRQDáRFL

3\WDQLHNWyUHWHUD]QD]DNRF]HQLHQDV]\FKUR]ZD*DPXVL]RVWDüSRVWDZLRQHEU]PLSRSURVWX

NWyUD]W\FKNRQFHSFMLMHVWSUDZG]LZD"1LHRGZD*VLQDQLHRGSRZLHG]LHü$OHQLHFKZROQRPL

EG]LH ]DSURSRQRZDü SHZQ SUyE NWyUD ± E\ü PR*H ± U]XFL QD WH WU]\ NRQFHSFMH ZLDWáR

SR]ZDODMFHOHSLHMMH]UR]XPLHü

6WRLP\QDJUXQFLHPHWDIL]\F]QHJRGRZLDGF]HQLDU]HF]\ZLVWRFL:UR*Q\VSRVyEPR*HVLRQR

REMDZLDüZPQLHMOXEEDUG]LHMX]DVDGQLRQ\FKSU]HZLDGF]HQLDFKZVWZLHUG]HQLDFKKLSRWH]DFK

DOH WDN*H ± Z S\WDQLDFK -HGQR ] S\WD VWDZLDQ\FK ZREHF U]HF]\ZLVWRFL D UyZQRF]HQLH

11

X]DVDGQLRQ\FK MHM DXWHQW\F]QLH PHWDIL]\F]Q\P GRZLDGF]HQLHP ]RVWDáR SUHF\]\MQLH

VIRUPXáRZDQHSU]H/HLEQL]DEU]PLRQR

³'ODF]HJRLVWQLHMHUDF]HMFRDQL*HOLQLF"´'RSRZLHG]P\XNU\WH]DáR*HQLHWHJRS\WDQLD

dlaczego istnieje,

VNRURPRJáRE\QLHLVWQLHü?

15

J

HOLS\WDQLHWRMHVWLVWRWQLH]DVDGQLF]HZPHWDIL]\FHWRSRVWDZLHQLHJRZREOLF]XRZ\FK

WU]HFKUR]SDWU\ZDQ\FKGRWGNRQFHSFMLLVWQLHQLDPR*HSRJáELüQDV]HUR]H]QDQLHQDWHPDWLFK

SUDZG]LZRFL3RGHMPLMP\WSUyE

3U]HGHZV]\VWNLPRND*HVL*HQLHPR*QDS\WDü³GODF]HJRMHVW"´ZREHFE\WXNWyU\MHVW

DEVROXWQLH WR*VDP\ ] VRE ³7R FR MHVW ± MHVW L QLH PR*H QLH E\ü´ : WHQ VSRVyE ]RVWDMH

]OLNZLGRZDQH]DáR*HQLHQDV]HJRS\WDQLDRSLHUDMFHVLQDGRZLDGF]HQLXPR*OLZRFLniebycia,
nieistnienia,. Byt

3DUPHQLGHVD Z\NOXF]D ± MHGQ\P VáRZHP ± PR*OLZRü ]DS\W\ZDQLD R MHJR

UDFMRQVDPMHVWUDFM]DVDGapx˜3R]RVWDMHWHG\DOERRGU]XFLüWNRQFHSFME\WXDOER]D

QLH]DVDGQHX]QDüS\WDQLHLZDUXQNXMFHMHGRZLDGF]HQLHLVWQLHQLD3\WDQLH³'ODF]HJRZRJyOH

MHVWUDF]HME\WQL(OL1LF´VWDZLDQDWRPLDVWexpressis verbis Heidegger. Czyni to w swej rozprawie
Czym jest metafizyka?

QDSLVDQHM Z URNX DOH ZUDFD GR QLHJR ZLHORNURWQLH Sy(QLHM

QLHXVWDQQLHSRJáELDMF]DUyZQRVHQVVDPHJR]DS\W\ZDQLDMDNLGDZDQ\FKQDRGSRZLHG]L

3\WDQLH ³GODF]HJR MHVW´ MHVW S\WDQLHP R ]DVDG UDFM Grund. Postawione w okresie

pisania Sein und Zeit

GRSURZDG]LáRGRZQLRVNX*H]DVDGLVWQLHMFHJRE\WXSeiende, jest samo

bycie – Sein.

:W\PNLHUXQNXLGZND*G\PUD]LHGRFLHNDQLDUR]SUDZ\Czym jest metafizyka?

$OHJáEV]\QDP\VáQDGLVWRWSein XMDZQLD*HZJUXQFLHU]HF]\MHVWRQRW\PVDP\PFR

Nichts. W tej perspektywie

S\WDQLH´GODF]HJR FR LVWQLHMH UDF]HM QL* QLH LVWQLHMH"´ WUDFL VZ

GUDPDW\F]QRVWURüZV]DNZV]\VWNRFRMHVWX]DVDGQLRQHMHVW]DUyZQRSU]H]%\FLHMDNLSU]H]

1LFPXVLZLF]LVWRW\VZHME\üLQLHE\ü+HLGHJJHUGRVNRQDOH]GDMHVRELH]WHJRVSUDZ

3\WDQLHRUDFMMHOLZRJyOHPDPLHüVHQVPXVLE\üQLHMDNRSU]HVXQLWHGDOHM:]DNRF]HQLX
do napisanego po dwudziestu latach Wprowadzenia do tekstu Czym jest metafizyka?, Heidegger

S\WD´&RSR]RVWDMHZLNV]]DJDGNWR*HMHVWE\WF]\WR*HMHVWE\FLH"´

6]XNDQLHUDFML%\FLD]PLHQLDVLVWRSQLRZRZSRV]XNLZDQLHUDFMLMHJR³Z\GDU]HQLDVL´

F]\ ³REMDZLHQLD´ :DUXQNLHP RWZDUFLD VL %\FLD MHVW VDPD RWZDUWRü %\FLH VWDMH VL REHFQH

G]LNLZLDWáXNWyUHSURPLHQLRZDüPR*HMHG\QLHZZROQHMSU]HVWU]HQLSU]HZLWX:LFHMWRRQ

XPR*OLZLD V]F]HJyOQ ³JU´ ZLDWáD L FLHQLD %\FLD L 1LFRFL 3U]HZLW MHVW WHG\ ZDUXQNLHP

PR*OLZRFLLUDFMMHGQHJRLGUXJLHJR

&]\PR*QDE\LüMHV]F]HGDOHM±LV]XNDüUDFMLSU]HZLWX":\GDMHVL*HQLH2GNU\WRü

SU]HZLWX XWR*VDPLD VL ] SUDZG SUDZG Z QDMJáEV]\P L QDMZáDFLZV]\P ]QDF]HQLX VáRZD
aletheia

]QDF]FHJRSRSURVWXQLHVNU\WRü:QDXFHZILOR]RILLZP\OHQLXQLHPR*QDLüGDOHM

DQL*HOL VLJD SUDZGD 2QD X]DVDGQLD RF]\ZLVWRü P\OHQLD ³'URJD L PHWRGD ZV]HONLHM P\OL

ILOR]RILF]QHMNWyUDMDZQLHOXEQLHLG]LH]DZH]ZDQLHP³GRU]HF]\VDPHM´SURZDG]LSU]H]ZROQ

SU]HVWU]HSU]HZLWX´SLV]H+HLGHJJHUZHVHMX.RQLHFILOR]RILLL]DGDQLHP\OHQLD

16

'RV]OLP\WHG\GRRVWDWHF]QHJRXZDUXQNRZDQLDPR*OLZRFLP\OHQLDDWDN*HGR(UyGáD

PR*OLZRFLREMDZLHQLDVL%\FLD&]\MHGQDN±SR]ZyOP\VRELHQDWRS\WDQLH±QLH]DWUDFLOLP\

SRGURG]HLVWRWQHJRVHQVXLVWQLHQLD"&]\PHWDIRUDZLDWáDLSU]HZLWXQLHSU]HVáRQLáD±ZEUHZ

LQWHQFML]MDN]RVWDáDX*\WD±]Z\NáHJRD]DUD]HPSRGVWDZRZHJRVHQVXVáRZDjest? Czy, w

JUXQFLHU]HF]\QLHE\á\PXEOL*V]HLQWXLFMH]ZL]DQH]MHGQRFLE\FLDLQLF]HJRZ\NRU]\VWDQH
przez Hegla i

ZHZF]HQLHMV]HMP\OL+HLGHJJHUD"1LHNWyU]\P\OLFLHOHSR]RVWDMF\]UHV]WSRGZSá\ZHPL
urokiem filozofii

+HLGHJJHUD ZUDFDM GR W\FK ZáDQLH LQWXLFML &]\QL WR P LQ ZLHONL

15

Por. dalej (cz.III) rozdzial zasadnicze pytanie metafizyki.

16

0+HLGHJJHU.RQLHFILOR]RILLL]DGDQLHP\OHQLDtlum. Krzysztof 0LFKDOVNLZ'URJLZVSyáF]HVQHMILOR]RILL

Z\EUDáLZVWSHPRSDWU]\á0DUHN-Siemek, Warszawa 1978, s.215.

12

protestancki teolog Paul Tillich. Czytamy w jego Courage To Be.

17

“Odwaga bycia(the courage to be) we wszystkich swych formach posiada, z samej siebie,

FKDUDNWHUREMDZLDMF\8ND]XMHQDWXUE\WXXND]XMH*HVDPRDILUPDFMDE\WXMHVWDILUPDFME\WX

MHVWDILUPDFMNWyUDSU]H]Z\FL*DQHJDFM:\UD*DMFVLPHWDIRU\F]QLHDND*GHWZLHUG]HQLHR

E\FLH VDP\P MHVW EG( PHWDIRU\F]QLH EG( V\PEROLF]QH PR*QD SRZLHG]LHü *H E\W ]DZLHUD

QLHE\WOHF]QLHE\WQLH]Z\FL*DJR³=DZLHUDQLH´MHVWPHWDIRUPyZLF*HE\WREHMPXMHVDP

VLHELH L WR FR MHVW PX SU]HFLZQH ± QLHE\W 1LHE\W SU]\QDOH*Q\ GR E\WX QLH PR*H E\ü RGH

RGG]LHOQ\ 1LH PRJOLE\P\ QDZHW SRP\OHü ³E\WX´ EH] SRGZyMQHM QHJDFML E\W PXVL E\ü

P\ODQ\MDNRQHJDFMDQHJDFMLE\WX2WRGODF]HJRRSLVXMHP\E\WQDMOHSLHMSRSU]H]PHWDIRU³VLá\
bycia” (power of being)

6LáD MHVW PR*OLZRFL DNWXDOL]XMF E\W ZREHF RSRUX LQQ\FK E\WyZ

*G\ PyZLP\ R VLOH VDPHJR E\WX ZVND]XMHP\ *H E\W DILUPXMH VLHELH SU]HFLZ QLHE\WRZL :

QDV]HMG\VNXVMLRRGZDG]HL*\FLXZVSRPQLHOLP\RG\QDPLF]Q\PUR]XPLHQLXU]HF]\ZLVWRFL

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P.Tillich,The Courage To Be, New Haven 196o, s. 178-180.

13

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6WUy*HZVNLIstnienie i sens, op.cit., s. 73-120.