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- 20==K >BB@02;820=8O 8 D;NA>20=8O,
- 20==K F8=:>20=8O,
- =03@520=8O ?5G8 F8=:>20=8O,
- :0<5@K ?>4>3@520=8O ACH8;L=>9 CAB0=>2:8,
- >B>?8B5;L=>9 :>B5;L=>9,
- 307>2KE 87;CG0B5;59 8 =03@520B5;59,
- 8 M;5:B@>-<5E0=8G5A:>9 <0AB5@A:>9.
>A:>;L:C @0AB2>@K (B@02;5=8O, D;NA>20=8O 8 >BB@02;820=8O) 1C4CB
:8A;>B=K<8, B> >1@07>2K20BLAO 87 =8E 1C4CB ?@58 2K1@>AK
E;>@>2>4>@>40 (HCl).
K1@>AK E;>@>2>4>@>40 87 MB8E 20==, A>45@60I8E @0AB2>@ A>;O=>9
:8A;>BK (<0:A.18% HC1 A 4>102:>9 8=3818B>@>2), 1C4CB >ACI5AB2;OBLAO ?@8
?><>I8 25=B8;OB>@>2, G5@57 A:@C115@K 8 40;LH5 =0@C6C F5E0 >B45;5=8O
3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O.
"0:65 8 2K1@>AK ?K;52KE 703@O7=5=89 A ?>25@E=>AB8 75@:0;0 20==K
F8=:>20=8O 1C4CB >ACI5AB2;OBLAO G5@57 D8;LB@ 8 M<8B>@ =0@C6C F5E0.
>B45;5=88 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O �!-!"!", 2
!54;LF5 (2 >4=>9 87 ;8=89 F8=:>20=8O) ?@8 >1J5<5 ?@>4C:F88 7,34 M3/G0A
2K1@>AK ?K;52KE 703@O7=5=89 A>AB02;ONB 6,009 :3/G0A.
K1@>AK ?K;8 87 ?5G8 F8=:>20=8O ?@O<> ?@>?>@F8>=0;L=K
?>25@E=>AB8 ?>425@305<>9 F8=:>20=8N :>=AB@C:F88, ?>A:>;L:C >=0
>1@07C5BAO B>;L:> 2 <><5=B5 F8=:>20=8O A04:8. K1@>AK ?K;8 O2;ONBAO
@57C;LB0B>< 2>7459AB28O D;NA0 A ?>25@E=>AB8 ?>425@305<>9 F8=:>20=8N
:>=AB@C:F88 A @0A?;02;5==K< F8=:>< 2 20==5 F8=:>20=8O.
!@54=OO @0725@B:0 ?>25@E=>AB8 ?>425@305<>9 F8=:>20=8N :>=AB@C:F88
2 !54;LF5 A>AB02;O5B <0:A. 80 <2/M3, GB> 405B 2 ?5@5AG5B5 (P):
P = 7,34 M3/G0A x 80 <2/M3 = 587,2 <2/G0A
#G8BK20O >1J5< 2K1@>A>2 ?K;8 87 ?5G8 F8=:>20=8O, 0 B0:65
<0:A8<0;L=CN ?>25@E=>ABL ?>425@305<>9 F8=:>20=8N :>=AB@C:F88 2
B5G5=85 1 G0A0, ?>;CG8< A;54CNI89 ?>:070B5;L 2K1@>A>2 (W):
W = 6,009 :3/G0A : 587,2 <2/G0A = 0,0103 :3/<2
8
>A:>;L:C 2 ?@>5:B8@C5<>< >B45;5=88 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O
?@54CA<0B@8205BAO >1J5< ?@>872>4AB20 50000 M3/3>4, 0 B0:65 <0:A8<0;L=0O
?@>872>48B5;L=>ABL 15 M3/3>4, 8 MB> 1C45B :>=AB@C:F8O A @0725@B:>9
?>25@E=>AB8 <0:A8<0;L=> 40 <2/M3, MB> 405B 2 ?5@5AG5B5 (P1):
P1 = 15 M3/G0A x 40 <2/M3 = ~ 600 <2/G0A
"0:8< >1@07><, CG8BK20O 2KH5C:070==>5, ?>;CG8< A;54CNI89 <0:A8<0;L=K9
>1J5< 2K1@>A>2 ?K;8 (Epz):
Epz = P1 x W = 600 <2/G0A x 0,0103 :3/<2 = 6,18 :3/G0A
>;8G5AB2> G0A>2 @01>BK >B45;5=8O 3>@G53> F8=:>20=8O (A>3;0A=> ?>;CG5==>9
>B 0A 8=D>@<0F88) A>AB028B 8040 G0A/3>4.
B0:, 3>4>2>9 2K1@>A ?K;8 87 ?5G8 F8=:>20=8O A>AB028B (Epzr):
Epzr = Epz x 8040 G0A/3>4 = 6,18 :3/G0A x 8040 G0A/3>4 = 49687,2 :3/3>4
0: ?>:07K205B 0=0;87 F8=:>2>G=>9 ?K;8 (>:C<5=B ?> >E@0=5
0B<>AD5@=>3> 2>74CE0 4;O CAB0=>2:8 �MoAB>AB0;L !54;LF5 @07@01. <3@
8=6. /F5: (8<0=LA:89, N@>-ABC48O ?> >E@0=5 >:@C60NI59 A@54K 2
0@H025, 0 B0:65 0F8>=0;L=K9 $>=4 >E@0=K >:@C60NI59 A@54K
01>@0B>@8O E8<88 >:@C60NI59 A@54K, <3@ 8=6. 68 ">;28=LA:89,
0@H020, =>O1@L 2002 3>40.), >=0 A>AB>8B 87 >:8A;>2 <5B0;;>2, B.5. F8=:0,
=8:5;O, 65;570, E@><0, <548, A28=F0, :04<8O 8 0;N<8=8O.
@>F5=B=>5 A>45@60=85 2/C <5B0;;>2 A>AB02;O5B:
- F8=: (Zn) 30,2%
- =8:5;L (Ni) 0,036%
- 65;57> (Fe) 0,86%
- E@>< (Cr) 0,008%
- <54L (Cu) 0,11%
- A28=5F (Pb) 0,02%
- :04<89 (Cd) 0,001%
- 0;N<8=89 (Al) 1,2%
!;54>20B5;L=>, <0:A8<0;L=K9 2K1@>A F8=:0 1C45B >?@545;OBLAO =0 C@>2=5:
2K1@>A F8=:0 (Zn) A>AB02;O5B (EZn)
EZn = Epzr x 30,2 % = 49687,2 x 30,2% = ~ 15005,5344 :3/3>4 =~ 15,006 M3/3>4
> 2@5=B@>;O oB45;5=8O 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O C:@08=A:8<8
2;0ABO<8, 2K1@>AK F8=:0 87 oB45;5=8O 3>@G53> F8=:>20=8O 1C45B 87<5@OBLAO
9
=5 2 B5G5=85 F5;>3> 3>40, 0 B>;L:> 2 :>@>B:89 ?5@8>4 2@5<5=8 (=0?@., 1 G0A0
2> 2@5BK oB45;5=8O 3>@G53> F8=:>20=8O) 8 MB> 7=0G5=85 1C45B
C<=>65=> =0 :>;8G5AB2> G0A>2 @01>BK oB45;5=8O 3>@G53> F8=:>20=8O, 8
B0:8< >1@07>< 1C45B 2KG8A;5= 3>4>2>9 2K1@>A F8=:0.
>MB>2 >1J5<0 2K1@>A0 CG8BK20;0AL =5 A@54=OO
?@>872>48B5;L=>ABL oB45;5=8O 3>@G53> F8=:>20=8O, 0 <0:A8<0;L=0O,
?>A:>;L:C B0:0O <>65B =0ABC?8BL 2> 2@5>A:>;L:C 4>?CAB81J5< 2K1@>A0 4;O oB45;5=8O 3>@G53>
F8=:>20=8O 2 8B><8@5 A>AB02;O5B: 1,5 M3 Zn/3>4, B>, GB>1K 2K?>;=8BL
B@51>20=8O MB>9 =>@A
?K;8 (2 B>< G8A;5 F8=:0) A> A;54CNI59 MDD5:B82=>ABLN (Fp):
Fp = [(15,006 M3Zn/3>4 - 1,5 M3 Zn/3>4) : 15,006 M3Zn/3>4] x 100 % == ~ 90 %
;O 157>?0A=>AB8 D8;LB@, A=860NI89 2K1@>A F8=:0, 4>;65= 8<5BL
MDD5:B82=>ABL 2KH5 @0AG8B0==>3> 7=0G5=8O 8 A>AB02;OBL :0: <8=895 % .
>A:>;L:C >AB0;L=K5 <5B0;;K, A>45@60I85AO 2 ?K;8, =5 1K;8
=>@<8@>20=K 2 @07@5H5=88 =0 2K1@>A, ?>MB> 2=8<0=85
?@8 @0AAG5B0E. @><5 2K1@>A>2 ?K;8 87 ?5G8 F8=:>20=8O, 1C4CB B0:65
2K1@>AK 307>2:
- E;>@>2>4>@>40 (HCl),
- 8 0<<80:0 (NH3),
:>B>@K5 1C4CB >1@07>2K20BLAO 2 @57C;LB0B5 B5@<8G5A:>9 48AA>F80F88
E;>@840 0<<>=8O, :>B>@K9 =0E>48BAO 2> D;NA5 =0 ?>25@E=>AB8 M;5<5=B>2,
?>3@C605< F8=:5 A>3;0A=> @50:F88:
NH4Cl 445 - 455�C HCl + NH3
0: A;54C5B 87 87<5@5=89 E;>@>2>4>@>40, 2 2>74CE5, >BA0AK205<>< =04
@0A?;02;5==K< F8=:>< >B45;5=8O 3>@G53> F8=:>20=8O 2 !54;LF5 2> 2@5F8=:>20=8O, 2K?>;=5==KE 2 M<8BB5@5, :>;8G5AB2> MB8E 2K1@>A>2 A>AB028;>
<0:A8<0;L=>: EHCl = 0,1157 :3/G0A1 ?@8 >1J5<5 ?@>4C:F88 6,009 :3/G0A = 587,2
<2/G0A.
#G8BK20O >1J5< 2K1@>A>2 E;>@>2>4>@>40 87 ?5G8 F8=:>20=8O, 0 B0:65
<0:A8<0;L=CN ?>25@E=>ABL ?>425@305<>9 F8=:>20=8N :>=AB@C:F88 2
B5G5=85 1 G0A0, ?>;CG8< A;54CNI89 ?>:070B5;L 2K1@>A>2 (W):
1
7<5@5=8O ?@>8725; 0F8>=0;L=K9 $>=4 >E@0=K >:@C60NI59 A@54K, 01>@0B>@8O E8<88 >:@C60NI59 A@54K, 0@H020,
AA;54>20=8O G8AB>BK 2>74CE0 � >;8<5:A->AB>AB0;L. 0@H020, C;.'0F:>3>, 15/17, @54?@8OB85 !54;LF5, C;.
"5@5A?>;LA:0O, 12, 3;02=K9 M<8BB5@ 23/33 2K1@>A E;>@>2>4>@>40. A2B>@K: <3@ 8=6. . To;28=LA:8, AB.B5E=. A. 8EH8F:89, <09,
2006 3.)
10
W = 0,1157 :3/G0A : 587,2 <2/G0A = 0,00019703678 :3/<2
>A:>;L:C 2 ?@>5:B8@C5<>< >B45;5=88 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O
?@54CA<0B@8205BAO >1J5< ?@>4C:F88 50000 M3/3>4, 0 B0:65 <0:A8<0;L=0O
?@>872>48B5;L=>ABL 15 M3/G0A, 8 MB> 1C45B :>=AB@C:F8O A @0725@B:>9
?>25@E=>AB8 <0:A8<0;L=> 40 <2/M3, GB> 405B 2 ?5@5AG5B5 (P1):
P1 = 15 M3/G0A x 40 <2/M3 = ~ 600 <2/G0A
"0:8< >1@07><, CG8BK20O 2KH587;>65==>5, ?>;CG8< A;54CNI89
<0:A8<0;L=K9 >1J5< M<8AA88 E;>@>2>4>@>40 (EHCl):
EHCl = P1 x W = 600 <2/G0A x 0,00019703678 :3/<2 = 0,1182216 :3/G0A
>;8G5AB2> G0A>2 @01>BK >B45;5=8O 3>@G53> F8=:>20=8O (A>3;0A=>
?>;CG5==K< >B 0A 8=D>@<0F8O<) A>AB028B 8040 G0A/3>4.
!;54>20B5;L=>, 3>4>2>9 2K1@>A E;>@>2>4>@>40 87 ?5G8 F8=:>20=8O A>AB028B
(E HCl ):
E HCl = E HCl x 8040 G0A/3>4 = 0,1182216 :3/G0A x 8040 G0A/3>4 =
~ 950,5 :3/3>4 = ~ 0,9505 M3/3>4.
>A:>;L:C 2 @07@5H5=88 =5 C:070= 0<<80:, B> 0<<80: =5 CG8BK20;AO 2
@0AG5B0E.
%;>@>2>4>@>4 =5 ?>425@305BAO @50:F88 =0 ?K;52>< D8;LB@5 (?>A:>;L:C
MB> 307), ?>MB> 2K1@>A ?@8=8<05< 157 87<5=5=89, :0: 2KH5.
@><5 2KH5C:070==KE 2K1@>A>2 1C4CB >1@07>2K20BLAO B0:65 2K1@>AK
E;>@>2>4>@>40 87 20== B@02;5=8O, >BB@02;820=8O 8 D;NA>20=8O.
K1@>AK 1C4CB >ACI5AB2;OBLAO G5@57 01A>@15@K M<8BB5@0<8 A=0@C68
F8=:>2>G=>3> F5E0.
"5E=>;>38G5A:89 ?@>F5AA 1C45B ?@>E>48BL 0=0;>38G=>, :0: 2 ;8=88 (L-
13<) >B45;5=8O 3>@G53> F8=:>20=8O 2 !54;LF5 (345 B0:65 ?@8<5=5=0
@54C:F8O E;>@>2>4>@>40 ?@8 ?><>I8 01A>@15@>2).
7<5@5=8O 2K1@>A>2 E;>@>2>4>@>40, ?@>872545==K5 =0 M<8BB5@0E
(?5@54 01A>@15@0<8) 87 >B45;5=8O 3>@G53> F8=:>20=8O 2 !54;LF5 ?>:07K20NB
A;54CNI89 AC<<0@=K9 >1J5< 2K1@>A>2 (EHC1):
EHC1 = 2,4 :3/G0A (A<. >:C<5=B :0: 2KH5)
?@8 25;8G8=5 >G8I05<>9 ?>25@E=>AB8, :0: @0AAG8B0=> 2KH5: P = 587,2
<2/G0A. !;54>20B5;L=>, ?>:070B5;L >1J5<0 2K1@>A>2 E;>@>2>4>@>40
A>AB02;O5B (WHC1):
11
WHCI = EHC1 : P = 2,4 :3/G0A: 587,2 <2/G0A = 0,004087193 :3/<2
"> 5ABL, ?@8=8<0O 2> 2=8<0=85 <0:A8<0;L=CN 25;8G8=C ?>25@305<>9
F8=:>20=8N ?>25@E=>AB8 2 B5G5=85 1 G0A0, ?@54CA<0B@8205?@>5:B8@C5<>< >B45;5=8O 3>@G53> F8=:>20=8O, ?>;CG8< A;54CNI89
AC<<0@=K9 >1J5< 2K1@>A>2 E;>@>2>4>@>40 >B 2/C B5E=>;>38G5A:8E
?@>F5AA>2 (EHC1):
EHC1 = WHC1 x P1 = 0,004087193 :3/<2 x 600 <2/G0A = ~2,4523 :3/G0A
= 19,72 M3/3>4
!;54>20B5;L=>, 3>4>2>9 2K1@>A E;>@>2>4>@>40 >B 2/C B5E=>;>38G5A:8E
?@>F5AA>2 A>AB028B (E HCl ):
E HCl = E HCl x 8040 G0A/3>4 = 2,4523 :3/G0A x 8040 G0A/3>4 =
~ 19720 :3/3>4 = ~ 19,72 M3/3>4.
A 2 8B>35, CG8BK20O 2K1@>A E;>@>2>4>@>40 87 ?5G8 F8=:>20=8O, AC<<0@=K9
2K1@>A E;>@>2>4>@>40 A>AB028B (EsHCl):
EsHCl = 19,72 M3/3>4 + 0,9505 M3/3>4 = ~ 20,675 MgHCl/3>4.
>?CAB81J5< 2K1@>A>2 E;>@>2>4>@>40 4;O >B45;5=8O 3>@G53>
F8=:>20=8O 2 8B><8@5 A>AB028B: 12 MgHCl/3>4, B> 5ABL A;54C5B ?@8<5=8BL
01A>@15@K A F5;LN 53> @54C:F88. -DD5:B82=>ABL @54C:F88 HCl 4>;6=0
A>AB028BL (AHCl):
AHCl = [(20,675 MgHCl/3>4 - 12 MgHCl/3>4) : 20,675 MgHCl/3>4] x
100 % = ~ 42 %
;O 157>?0A=>AB8 A;54C5B ?@8<5=8BL 01A>@15@K A MDD5:B82=>ABLN
2KH5 @0AG8B0==>3> 7=0G5=8O, :>B>@>5 4>;6=> A>AB028BL :0: <8=850 % .
03@520=85 ?5G8 F8=:>20=8O 307>2K<8 3>@5;:0<8 8 =03@520B5;L=0O
:0<5@0.
5GL F8=:>20=8O 1C45B =03@520BLAO ?@8 ?><>I8 G5BK@5E 307>2KE
3>@5;>: (<>I=>ABLN ?> 630 :B :0640O) >1I59 <>I=>ABLN 2520 :B.
3>@5;:8 1C45B ?>4020BLAO ?@8@>4=K9 307. @>4C:BK A3>@0=8O 3070, ?>A;5
?@>E>645=8O G5@57 B5?;>>1<5==8: 2 ACH8;L=>9 CAB0=>2:5, 1C4CB C40;OBLAO
=0@C6C F8=:>2>G=>3> F5E0 M<8BB5@><.
03@520=85 cCH8;L=>9 CAB0=>2:8 1C45B 4>?>;=OBLAO (2 A;CG05
=5>1E>48<>AB8) B5?;>< >4=>9 4>3@520NI59 307>2>9 3>@5;:8 <>I=>ABLN 200
12
:B: (Q2 = 200 :B).
07K A3>@0=8O 87 B5?;>>1<5==8:0 >1>3@520 ACH8;L=>9 CAB0=>2:8 1C4CB
>B2>48BLAO M<8BB5@>< 2<5AB5 A 3070<8 A3>@0=8O >B =03@520=8O ?5G8
F8=:>20=8O.
1J5< 2K1@>A>2 87 M<8BB5@0 @0AAG8B0= 4;O <0:A8<0;L=>3> @0AE>40 3070,
4;O 2A5E 3>@5;>: 2<5AB5 (>1I0O <>I=>ABL A>AB02;O5B: 2720 :B).
0@0<5B@K 307>2>3> B>?;820:
- :0;>@89=>ABL: Wo = 34 300 :6/<3,
- A>45@60=85 A5@K = 40 <3/<3.
Ma:A8<0;L=K9 @0AE>4 3070 A>AB02;O5B (B):
B* = Qc : (Wo x �),
345:
B <0:A8<0;L=>5 :>;8G5AB2> A68305<>3> 3070 (<3/A),
Qc =><8=0;L=0O <>I=>ABL 8AB>G=8:0 B5?;0 2720 :B,
� :.?.4. CAB@>9AB20 = 90%,
Wo :0;>@89=>ABL 3070 34300 :6/<3.
=0G5=8O Qc 8 � ?@8=OBK ?> B5E=8G5A:>-42830B5;L=K< 40==K< =03@520B5;L=>3> >1>@C4>20=8O, 0 Wo - A>3;0A=> A5@B8D8:0BC
A68305<>3> 3070.
*) 0==K5 27OBK 87 AB5E8><5B@88 M=5@35B8G5A:>3> 10;0=A0 ?@>F5AA>2 A6830=8O 3070.
B = 2720 : (34 300 x 0,9) = ~ 0,088111435 <3/A = ~ 317,2 <3/G0A
!;54>20B5;L=>, 2K1@>AK >B A6830=8O 3070 A>AB02;ONB: E = B x W
345:
E 2K1@>AK >B45;L=KE 703@O7=5=89,
B <0:A8<0;L=K9 @0AE>4 B>?;820 317,2 <3/G0A
W
?>:070B5;8 2K1@>A>2 703@O7=ONI8E 25I5AB2, >1@07CNI8EAO ?@8
M=5@35B8G5A:>< A6830=88 3070, ?@54AB02;5==K5 ?>
8=D>@<0F8>==> 8=AB@C:B06=K< <0B5@80;0< M.O.S.Z.N.i L. 1/96:
87 1000 <3 3070 2K1@>AK A>AB02;ONB:
a) NO2 1,28 :3,
b) CO 0,36 :3,
c) PM-10 0,015 :3,
d) SO2 x s 2 x 40 <3/<3, (s - A>45@60=85 A5@K 2 3075 2 <3/<3)
!;54>20B5;L=>, <0:A8<0;L=K5 2K1@>AK 87 M<8BB5@0 (>B =03@520=8O ?5G8
F8=:>20=8O 8 =03@520B5;L=>9 :0<5@K) 1C4CB A>AB02;OBL:
ESO2 = 317,2 x 2 x 40 x 10-6 = ~ 0,025376 kg/h = ~ 0,00705 g/s = ~ 0,206 M3/3>4,
ENO2 = 317,2 x 1,28 x 10-3 = 0,406016 kg/h = ~ 0,11278 g/s = ~ 3,2936 M3/3>4,
13
ECO = 317,2 x 0,36 x 10-3 = ~ 0,114192 kg/h = 0,03172 g/s = ~ 0,926 M3/3>4,
Epz = 317,2 x 0,015 x 10-3 = 0,004758 kg/h = ~ 0,001322 g/s = ~ 0,0386 M3/3>4.
>B>: ACE8E 307>2 A3>@0=8O 2 CA;>2=KE CA;>28OE (273 K 8 101,3 :a) 4;O
0=0;878@C52 A3>@0=8O (?@8 A>45@60=88 :8A;>@>40 2 3070E A3>@0=8O
3%) >B =03@520=8O ?5G8 F8=:>20=8O A>AB02;O5B (Vsp):
Vsp = [(0,272 Wo: 1000 + 0,25) x 1,3 x (1 - Xw)] x B = [(0,272 x 34 300: 1000 +
0,25) x 1,3 x (1- 0,220166)] x 311,37 <3/G0A = 9,7116471 x 317,2 <3/G0A =
3080,53446 <3/G0A = ~ 0,84 <3/A
:>=F5=B@0F88 >B45;L=KE 703@O7=5=89 A>AB02OB:
SSO2 = 6,92 <3/A : 0,84 <3/A = ~ 8,24 <3/<3,
SNO2 = 110,71 <3/A : 0,84 <3/A = ~ 131,8 <3/<3,
Sco = 31,137 <3/A : 0,84 <3/A = ~ 37,068 <3/<3,
SPM-10 = 1,297375 <3/A : 0,84 <3/A = ~ 1,5445 <3/<3
K1@>AK 703@O7=5=89 >B A6830=8O 3070 <5ABOBAO 2 4>?CAB8459AB2CNI8E 2 >;LH5.
C:@08=A:>< @07@5H5=88 =5 >?@545;=K AB0=40@BK 2K1@>A>2 4;O MB8E
703@O7=5=89, ?>A:>;L:C C =8E ?>O2;ONBAO B>;L:> ?@545;L=K5 4>?CAB87=0G5=8O, =0 >A=>20=88 :>B>@KE 8E <8=8AB5@AB2> >?@545;O5B @07@5H5==>5
7=0G5=85 2K1@>A>2 2 M3/3>4. @07@5H5=88 C:@08=A:0O AB>@>=0 =5 C:070;0
MB8E 7=0G5=89, ?>MB>3@0=8G820BL D8@< 2>?@>A5.
B>?8B5;L=0O :>B5;L=0O, >B>?;O5<0O 307><
B>?8B5;L=0O :>B5;L=0O, >B0?;8205<0O ?@8@>4=K< 307><, 1C45B >1>@C4>20=0
42CB;0<8 =><8=0;L=>9 <>I=>ABLN ?> Q = 0,98 MW
:064K9. 1I0O <>I=>ABL :>B5;L=>9 A>AB028B 1,96 MB. @>4C:BK A6830=8O
3070 1C4CB C40;OBLAO =0@C6C 42CB5; 1C45B @01>B0BL
8112 G0A/3>4, 2B>@>9 B>;L:> 3600 G0A/3>4. 0AG5BK 2K?>;=5=K 4;O :064>3>
:>B;0 >B45;L=> (?@8 <0:A8<0;L=>< @0AE>45 3070).
0AG5BK 4;O :>B;0 ! I (2@5BK :>B;0 8040 G0A/3>4):
0@0<5B@K 307>2>3> B>?;820:
- :0;>@89=>ABL: Wo = 34 300 :6/<3,
- A>45@60=85 A5@K = 40 <3/<3.
Ma:A8<0;L=K9 @0AE>4 3070 A>AB02;O5B (B):
B* = Qc : (Wo x �),
345:
14
B <0:A8<0;L=>5 :>;8G5AB2> A68305<>3> 3070 (<3/A),
Qc =><8=0;L=0O <>I=>ABL 8AB>G=8:0 B5?;0 980 :B,
:.?.4. :>B;0 = 90%,
Wo :0;>@89=>ABL 3070 34300 :6/<3.
=0G5=85 Qc 8 � ?@8=OB> ?> B5E=8G5A:>-42830B5;L=K< 40==K< =03@520B5;L=>3> >1>@C4>20=8O, 0 Wo - A>3;0A=> A5@B8D8:0BC
A68305<>3> 3070.
*) 0==K5 27OBK 87 AB5E8><5B@88 M=5@35B8G5A:>3> 10;0=A0 ?@>F5AA>2 A6830=8O 3070.
B = 980 : (34 300 x 0,9) = 0,031746 <3/A = 114,2856 <3/G0A
>MB>AK >B A6830=8O 3070 A>AB02;ONB:
E = B x W
345:
E M<8AA8O >B45;L=KE 703@O7=5=89,
B <0:A8<0;L=K9 @0AE>4 B>?;820 114,2856 <3/G0A,
W ?>:070B5;8 M<8AA89 703@O7=ONI8E 25I5AB2, >1@07CNI8EAO ?@8
M=5@35B8G5A:>< A6830=88 3070, ?@54AB02;5==K5 ?>
8=D>@<0F8>==>-8=AB@C:B06=K< <0B5@80;0< M.O.S.Z.N.i L. 1/96:
87 1000 <3 3070 2K1@>AK A>AB02;ONB:
a) NO2 1,28 :3,
b) CO 0,36 :3,
c) PM-10 0,015 :3,
d) SO2 2 x s 2 x 40 <3/<3,(s - A>45@60=85 A5@K 2 3075 2 <3/<3)
!;54>20B5;L=>, <0:A8<0;L=K5 2K1@>AK 87 M<8BB5@0 (87 :>B;0 ! I
>B>?8B5;L=>9 :>B5;L=>9) 1C4CB A>AB02;OBL:
ESO2= 114,2856 x 2 x 40 x 10-6 = 0,0091428 :3/G0A = 0,0025396 3/A =
~0,0742 M3/3>4,
ENO2 = 114,2856 x 1,28 x 10-3 = 0,1462855 :3/G0A = 0,0406348 3/A =
= ~ 1,176 M3/3>4,
ECO = 114,2856 x 0,36 x 10-3 = 0,0411428 :3/G0A = 0,0114285 3/A =
= ~ 0,331 M3/3>4,
Epz = 114,2856 x 0,015 x 10-3 = 0,0017142 :3/G0A = 0,0004761 3/A =
= ~ 0,0138 M3/3>4.
>B>: ACE8E 307>2 A3>@0=8O 2 CA;>2=KE CA;>28OE (273 K 8 101,3 :a) 4;O
a=0;878@C52 A3>@0=8O (?@8 A>45@60=88 :8A;>@>40 2 3070E A3>@0=8O
3%) >B =03@520=8O :>B;0 I >B>?8B5;L=>9 :>B5;L=>9 A>AB02;O5B (Vsp):
Vsp = [(0,272 Wo: 1000 + 0,25) x 1,3 x (1 Xw)] x B = [(0,272 x 34 300: 1000 +
15
0,25) x 1,3 x (1- 0,220166)] x 114,2856 <3/G0A = 9,7116471 x 114,2856 <3/G0A =
1109,9014 <3/G0A = 0,3083059 <3/A
:>=F5=B@0F88 >B45;L=KE 703@O7=5=89 A>AB02OB:
SSO2 = 2,5396 <3/A : 0,3083059 <3/A = ~ 8,24 <3/<3,
SNO2 = 40,6348 <3/A : 0,3083059 <3/A = ~ 131,81 <3/<3
Sco = 11,4285 <3/A : 0,3083059 <3/A = ~ 37,069 <3/<3
SPM-10 = 0,4761 <3/A : 0,3083059 <3/A = ~ 1,54 <3/<3
K1@>AK 703@O7=5=89 >B A6830=8O 3070 <5ABOBAO 2 4>?CAB8AB0=40@B0E, 459AB2CNI8E 2 >;LH5.
C:@08=A:>< @07@5H5=88 =5 >?@545;=K AB0=40@BK 2K1@>A>2 4;O MB8E
703@O7=5=89.
0AG5BK 4;O :>B;0 ! II (2@5BK :>B;0 3600 G0A/3>4):
0@0<5B@K 307>2>3> B>?;820:
- :0;>@89=>ABL: Wo = 34 300 :6/<3,
- A>45@60=85 A5@K = 40 <3/<3.
Ma:A8<0;L=K9 @0AE>4 3070 A>AB02;O5B (B):
B* = Qc : (Wo x �),
345:
B <0:A8<0;L=>5 :>;8G5AB2> A68305<>3> 3070 (<3/A),
Qc =><8=0;L=0O <>I=>ABL 8AB>G=8:0 B5?;0 980 :B,
:.?.4. :>B;0 = 90%,
Wo :0;>@89=>ABL 3070 34300 :6/<3.
=0G5=85 Qc 8 � ?@8=OB> ?> B5E=8G5A:>-42830B5;L=K< 40==K< =03@520B5;L=>3> >1>@C4>20=8O, 0 Wo - A>3;0A=> A5@B8D8:0BC
A68305<>3> 3070.
*) 0==K5 27OBK 87 AB5E8><5B@88 M=5@35B8G5A:>3> 10;0=A0 ?@>F5AA>2 A6830=8O 3070.
B = 980 : (34 300 x 0,9) = 0,031746 <3/A = 114,2856 <3/G0A
>MB>AK >B A6830=8O 3070 A>AB02;ONB:
E = B x W
345:
E M<8AA8O >B45;L=KE 703@O7=5=89,
B <0:A8<0;L=K9 @0AE>4 B>?;820 114,2856 <3/G0A,
W ?>:070B5;8 M<8AA89 703@O7=ONI8E 25I5AB2, >1@07CNI8EAO ?@8
M=5@35B8G5A:>< A6830=88 3070, ?@54AB02;5==K5 ?>
8=D>@<0F8>==>-8=AB@C:B06=K< <0B5@80;0< M.O.S.Z.N.i L. 1/96:
87 1000 <3 3070 2K1@>AK A>AB02;ONB:
e) NO2 1,28 :3,
f) CO 0,36 :3,
g) PM-10 0,015 :3,
16
h) SO2 2 x s 2 x 40 <3/<3,(s - A>45@60=85 A5@K 2 3075 2 <3/<3)
!;54>20B5;L=>, <0:A8<0;L=K5 2K1@>AK (87 :>B;0 ! II >B>?8B5;L=>9
:>B5;L=>9) 87 M<8BB5@0 1C4CB A>AB02;OBL:
ESO2 = 114,2856 x 2 x 40 x 10-6 = 0,0091428 :3/G0A = 0,0025396 3/A =0,032914
M3/3>4,
ENO2 = 114,2856 x 1,28 x 10-3 = 0,1462855 :3/G0A = 0,0406348 3/A = 0,5266278
M3/3>4,
ECO = 114,2856 x 0,36 x 10-3 = 0,0411428 :3/G0A = 0,0114285 3/A = 0,148114
M3/3>4,
Epz = 114,2856 x 0,015 x 10-3 = 0,0017142 :3/G0A = 0,0004761 3/A = 0,0061711
M3/3>4.
>B>: ACE8E 307>2 A3>@0=8O 2 CA;>2=KE CA;>28OE (273 K 8 101,3 :a) 4;O
a=0;878@C52 A3>@0=8O (?@8 A>45@60=88 :8A;>@>40 2 3070E A3>@0=8O
3%) >B =03@520=8O :>B;0 II >B>?8B5;L=>9 :>B5;L=>9 A>AB02;O5B (Vsp):
Vsp = [(0,272 Wo: 1000 + 0,25) x 1,3 x (1 - Xw)] x B = [(0,272 x 34 300: 1000 +
0,25) x 1,3 x (1- 0,220166)] x 114,2856 <3/G0A = 9,7116471 x 114,2856 <3/G0A =
1109,9014 <3/G0A = 0,3083059 <3/A
:>=F5=B@0F88 >B45;L=KE 703@O7=5=89 A>AB02OB:
SSO2 = 2,5396 <3/A : 0,3083059 <3/A = ~ 8,24 <3/<3,
SNO2 = 40,6348 <3/A : 0,3083059 <3/A = ~ 131,81 <3/A3
Sco = 11,4285 <3/A : 0,3083059 <3/A = ~ 37,069 <3/<3
SPM-10 = 0,4761 <3/A : 0,3083059 <3/A = ~ 1,54 <3/<3
K1@>2K 703@O7=5=89 >B A6830=8O 3070 <5ABOBAO 2 4>?CAB8AB0=40@B0E, 459AB2CNI8E 2 >;LH5.
C:@08=A:>< @07@5H5=88 =5 >?@545;=K AB0=40@BK 2K1@>A>2 4;O MB8E
703@O7=5=89.
!6830=85 3070 2 B@5E 307>2KE =03@520B5;OE (oB>?;5=85 F5E0)
;O >B>?;5=8O F5E0 >B45;5=8O 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O 1C4CB
8A?>;L7>20BLAO, 2 G0AB=>AB8, B@8 307>2KE =03@520B5;O <>I=>ABLN ?> 630 :B
:064K9 (8E >1I0O <>I=>ABL A>AB028B Q1 = 3 x 630 :B = 1890 :B). -B8
=03@520B5;O 1C4CB >1>@C4>20=K M<8BB5@0<8.
0AG5BK >1J5<0 2K1@>A>2 703@O7=5=89 2 0B<>AD5@=K9 2>74CE 87
=03@520B5;O ! I (2@5BK =03@520B5;O 3600 G0A/3>4):
17
0@0<5B@K 307>2>3> B>?;820:
- :0;>@89=>ABL: Wo = 34 300 :6/<3,
- A>45@60=85 A5@K = 40 <3/<3.
Ma:A8<0;L=K9 @0AE>4 3070 A>AB02;O5B (B):
B* = Qc : (Wo x �),
345:
B <0:A8<0;L=>5 :>;8G5AB2> A68305<>3> 3070 (<3/A),
Qc =><8=0;L=0O <>I=>ABL 8AB>G=8:0 B5?;0 630 :B,
:.?.4. :>B;0 = 90%,
Wo :0;>@89=>ABL 3070 34300 :6/<3.
=0G5=85 Qc 8 � ?@8=OB> ?> B5E=8G5A:>-42830B5;L=K< 40==K< =03@520B5;L=>3> >1>@C4>20=8O, 0 Wo - A>3;0A=> A5@B8D8:0BC
A68305<>3> 3070.
*) 0==K5 27OBK 87 AB5E8><5B@88 M=5@35B8G5A:>3> 10;0=A0 ?@>F5AA>2 A6830=8O 3070.
B = 630 : (34 300 x 0,9) = ~ 0,0204082 <3/A = ~ 73,47 <3/G0A
!;54>20B5;L=>, 2K1@>AK >B A6830=8O 3070 2 =03@520B5;5 ! I A>AB02OB:
>MB>AK >B A6830=8O 3070 A>AB02;ONB:
E = B x W
345:
E M<8AA8O >B45;L=KE 703@O7=5=89,
B <0:A8<0;L=K9 @0AE>4 B>?;820 73,47 <3/G0A,
W ?>:070B5;8 M<8AA89 703@O7=ONI8E 25I5AB2, >1@07CNI8EAO ?@8
M=5@35B8G5A:>< A6830=88 3070, ?@54AB02;5==K5 ?>
8=D>@<0F8>==>-8=AB@C:B06=K< <0B5@80;0< M.O.S.Z.N.i L. 1/96:
87 1000 <3 3070 2K1@>AK A>AB02;ONB:
a) NO2 1,28 :3,
b) CO 0,36 :3,
c) PM-10 0,015 :3,
d) SO2 2 x s 2 x 40 <3/<3,(s - A>45@60=85 A5@K 2 3075 2 <3/<3)
!;54>20B5;L=>, <0:A8<0;L=K5 2K1@>AK (87 =03@520B5;O ! I) 87 M<8BB5@0
1C4CB A>AB02;OBL:
ESO2 = 73,47 x 2 x 40 x 10-6 = 0,0058776 :3/G0A = 0,0016327 3/A = 0,02115936
M3/3>4,
ENO2 = 73,47 x 1,28 x 10-3 = 0,0940416 :3/G0A = ~ 0,0261227 3/A = 0,33854976
M3/3>4,
ECO = 73,47 x 0,36 x 10-3 = 0,0264492 :3/G0A = 0,007347 3/A = 0,09521712
M3/3>4,
Epz = 73,47 x 0,015 x 10-3 = 0,00110205 :3/G0A = ~ 0,0003061 3/A = 0,00396738
M3/3>4.
>B>: ACE8E 307>2 A3>@0=8O 2 CA;>2=KE CA;>28OE (273 K 8 101,3 :a) 4;O
18
a=0;878@C52 A3>@0=8O (?@8 A>45@60=88 :8A;>@>40 2 3070E A3>@0=8O
3%) 87 =03@520B5;O ! I A>AB02;O5B (Vsp):
Vsp = [(0,272 Wo: 1000 + 0,25) x 1,3 x (1 - Xw)] x B = [(0,272 x 34 300: 1000 +
0,25) x 1,3 x (1- 0,220166)] x 73,47 <3/G0A = 9,7116471 x 73,47 <3/G0A = 713,5
<3/G0A = ~ 0,1982 <3/A
:>=F5=B@0F88 >B45;L=KE 703@O7=5=89 A>AB02OB:
SSO2 = 1,6327 <3/A : 0,1982 <3/A = ~ 8,24 <3/<3,
SNO2 = 26,1227 <3/A : 0,1982 <3/A = ~ 131,8 <3/<3
SCO = 7,347 <3/A : 0,1982 <3/A = ~ 37,069 <3/<3,
SPM-10 = 0,3061 <3/A : 0,1982 <3/A = ~ 1,54 <3/<3.
K1@>AK 703@O7=5=89 >B A6830=8O 3070 <5ABOBAO 2 4>?CAB8459AB2CNI8E 2 >;LH5.
C:@08=A:>< @07@5H5=88 =5 >?@545;=K AB0=40@BK 2K1@>A>2 4;O MB8E
703@O7=5=89.
0AG5BK >1J5<0 2K1@>A>2 703@O7=5=89 2 0B<>AD5@=K9 2>74CE 87
=03@520B5;O ! II (2@5BK =03@520B5;O 3600 G0A/3>4):
>A:>;L:C =03@520B5;L ! II 8<55B 845=B8G=K5 ?0@0<5B@K, :0: 8
=03@520B5;L ! I 8 @01>B05B B0:65 3600 G0A/3>4, B> 8 >1J5< 2K1@>A>2 87
M<8BB5@0 MB>3> =03@520B5;O 1C45B 845=B8G=K< 8 A>AB028B:
ESO2 = 73,47 x 2 x 40 x 10-6 = 0,0058776 :3/G0A = 0,0016327 3/A = 0,02115936
M3/3>4,
ENO2 = 73,47 x 1,28 x 10-3 = 0,0940416 :3/G0A = ~ 0,0261227 3/A = 0,33854976
M3/3>4,
ECO = 73,47 x 0,36 x 10-3 = 0,0264492 :3/G0A = 0,007347 3/A = 0,09521712
M3/3>4,
Epz = 73,47 x 0,015 x 10-3 = 0,00110205 :3/G0A = ~ 0,0003061 3/A = 0,00396738
M3/3>4.
>B>: ACE8E 307>2 A3>@0=8O 2 CA;>2=KE CA;>28OE (273 K 8 101,3 :a) 4;O
a=0;878@C52 A3>@0=8O (?@8 A>45@60=88 :8A;>@>40 2 3070E A3>@0=8O
3%) 87 =03@520B5;O ! II A>AB02;O5B (Vsp):
Vsp = [(0,272 Wo: 1000 + 0,25) x 1,3 x (1 Xw)] x B = [(0,272 x 34 300: 1000 +
0,25) x 1,3 x (1- 0,220166)] x 73,47 <3/G0A = 9,7116471 x 73,47 <3/G0A = 713,5
<3/G0A = ~ 0,1982 <3/A
:>=F5=B@0F88 >B45;L=KE 703@O7=5=89 A>AB02OB:
19
SSO2 = 1,6327 <3/A : 0,1982 <3/A = ~ 8,24 <3/<3,
SNO2 = 26,1227 <3/A : 0,1982 <3/A = ~ 131,8 <3/<3,
Sco = 7,347 <3/A : 0,1982 <3/A = ~ 37,069 <3/<3,
SPM-10 = 0,3061 <3/A : 0,1982 <3/A = ~ 1,54 <3/<3.
K1@>AK 703@O7=5=89 >B A6830=8O 3070 <5ABOBAO 2 4>?CAB8AB0=40@B0E, 459AB2CNI8E 2 >;LH5.
C:@08=A:>< @07@5H5=88 =5 >?@545;=K AB0=40@BK 2K1@>A>2 4;O MB8E
703@O7=5=89.
0AG5BK >1J5<0 2K1@>A>2 703@O7=5=89 2 0B<>AD5@=K9 2>74CE 87
=03@520B5;O ! III (2@5BK =03@520B5;O 3600 G0A/3>4):
>A:>;L:C =03@520B5;L ! III 8<55B 845=B8G=K5 ?0@0<5B@K, :0: 8 =03@520B5;L
! I 8 @01>B05B B0:65 3600 G0A/3>4, B> 8 >1J5< 2K1@>A>2 87 M<8BB5@0 MB>3>
=03@520B5;O 1C45B 845=B8G=K< 8 A>AB028B:
ESO2 = 73,47 x 2 x 40 x 10-6 = 0,0058776 :3/G0A = 0,0016327 3/A = 0,02115936
M3/3>4,
ENO2 = 73,47 x 1,28 x 10-3 = 0,0940416 :3/G0A = ~ 0,0261227 3/A = 0,33854976
M3/3>4,
ECO = 73,47 x 0,36 x 10-3 = 0,0264492 :3/G0A = 0,007347 3/A = 0,09521712
M3/3>4,
Epz = 73,47 x 0,015 x 10-3 = 0,00110205 :3/G0A = ~ 0,0003061 3/A = 0,00396738
M3/3>4.
>B>: ACE8E 307>2 A3>@0=8O 2 CA;>2=KE CA;>28OE (273 K 8 101,3 :a) 4;O
a=0;878@C52 A3>@0=8O (?@8 A>45@60=88 :8A;>@>40 2 3070E A3>@0=8O
3%) 87 =03@520B5;O ! III A>AB02;O5B (Vsp):
Vsp = [(0,272 Wo: 1000 + 0,25) x 1,3 x (1 Xw)] x B = [(0,272 x 34 300: 1000 +
0,25) x 1,3 x (1- 0,220166)] x 73,47 <3/G0A = 9,7116471 x 73,47 <3/G0A = 713,5
<3/G0A = ~ 0,1982 <3/A
:>=F5=B@0F88 >B45;L=KE 703@O7=5=89 A>AB02OB:
SSO2 = 1,6327 <3/A : 0,1982 <3/A = ~ 8,24 <3/<3,
SNO2 = 26,1227 <3/A : 0,1982 <3/A = ~ 131,8 <3/<3,
Sco = 7,347 <3/A : 0,1982 <3/A = ~ 37,069 <3/<3,
SPM-10 = 0,3061 <3/A : 0,1982 <3/A = ~ 1,54 <3/<3.
K1@>2K 703@O7=5=89 >B A6830=8O 3070 <5ABOBAO 2 4>?CAB8AB0=40@B0E, 459AB2CNI8E 2 >;LH5.
C:@08=A:>< @07@5H5=88 =5 >?@545;=K AB0=40@BK 2K1@>A>2 4;O MB8E
20
703@O7=5=89.
!6830=85 3070 2 32 87;CG0B5;OE 3070 (oB>?;5=85 F5E0)
0AG5BK >1J5<0 2K1@>A>2 703@O7=5=89 2 0B<>AD5@=K9 2>74CE 87 32
307>2KE 87;CG0B5;59 (2@5BK 87;CG0B5;59 3600 G0A/3>4):
M>I=>ABL >B45;L=>3> 87;CG0B5;O A>AB028B: Q = 34,2 :B, >1I0O <>I=>ABL 32
A>AB028B 1094,4 kW. 07K A3>@0=8O 87 87;CG0B5;59 1C4CB 2K1@0AK20BLAO 2
F5E >B45;5=8O 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O 8 1C4CB >B2>48BLAO 2<5AB5 A 2>74CE>< 87
F5E0 G5@57 2KBO6=CN CAB0=>2:C A ;8=88 F8=:>20=8O B@52<5AB5 A 2K1@>A0<8 >B 20== ;8=88 F8=:>20=8O.
0@0<5B@K 307>2>3> B>?;820:
- :0;>@89=>ABL: Wo = 34 300 :6/<3,
- A>45@60=85 A5@K = 40 <3/<3.
Ma:A8<0;L=K9 @0AE>4 3070 A>AB02;O5B (B):
B* = Qc : (Wo x �),
345:
B <0:A8<0;L=>5 :>;8G5AB2> A68305<>3> 3070 (<3/A),
Qc =><8=0;L=0O <>I=>ABL 8AB>G=8:0 B5?;0 1094,4 :B,
:.?.4. :>B;0 = 90%,
Wo :0;>@89=>ABL 3070 34300 :6/<3.
=0G5=85 Qc 8 � ?@8=OB> ?> B5E=8G5A:>-42830B5;L=K< 40==K< =03@520B5;L=>3> >1>@C4>20=8O, 0 Wo - A>3;0A=> A5@B8D8:0BC
A68305<>3> 3070.
*) 0==K5 27OBK 87 AB5E8><5B@88 M=5@35B8G5A:>3> 10;0=A0 ?@>F5AA>2 A6830=8O 3070.
B = 1094,4 : (34 300 x 0,9) = ~ 0,035452 <3/A = ~ 127,627<3/G0A
!;54>20B5;L=>, >1I85 2K1@>AK >B A6830=8O 3070 2 32 87;CG0B5;OE A>AB02OB:
>MB>AK >B A6830=8O 3070 A>AB02;ONB:
E = B x W
345:
E M<8AA8O >B45;L=KE 703@O7=5=89,
B <0:A8<0;L=K9 @0AE>4 B>?;820 127,627 <3/G0A,
W ?>:070B5;8 M<8AA89 703@O7=ONI8E 25I5AB2, >1@07CNI8EAO ?@8
M=5@35B8G5A:>< A6830=88 3070, ?@54AB02;5==K5 ?>
8=D>@<0F8>==>-8=AB@C:B06=K< <0B5@80;0< M.O.S.Z.N.i L. 1/96:
87 1000 <3 3070 2K1@>AK A>AB02;ONB:
e) NO2 1,28 :3,
f) CO 0,36 :3,
g) PM-10 0,015 :3,
h) SO2 2 x s 2 x 40 <3/<3,(s - A>45@60=85 A5@K 2 3075 2 <3/<3)
!;54>20B5;L=>, >1I85 2K1@>AK >B A6830=8O 3070 2 32 87;CG0B5;OE A>AB02OB:
21
ESO2 = 127,627 x 2 x 40 x 10-6 = 0,01021016 :3/G0A = ~ 0,0028362 3/A = 0,03675658
M3/3>4,
ENO2 = 127,627 x 1,28 x 10-3 = 0,1633626 :3/G0A = ~ 0,0245379 3/A = 0,58810536
M3/3>4,
ECO = 127,627 x 0,36 x 10-3 = 0,04594572 :3/G0A = 0,0127627 3/A = 0,1654046
M3/3>4,
Epz = 127,627 x 0,015 x 10-3 = 0,00191441 :3/G0A = ~ 0,0005318 3/A = 0,00689186
M3/3>4.
K1@>AK MB8E 703@O7=5=89 1C4CB ?@>8AE>48BL 87 B@5E M<8BBB5@>2 8 1C4CB
?@>?>@F8>=0;L=K ?@>872>48B5;L=>AB8 >B45;L=KE 25=B8;OB>@>2.
!;54>20B5;L=>, 2K1@>AK 87 2/C M<8BB5@>2 A>AB02OB:
a) 2K1@>AK 42C>:8A8 A5@K:
E-1 = E-2 = E-3 = 0,01021016 :3/G0A : 3 = 0,003403386 :3/G0A = 0,000945385 3/A
= 0,012252192 M3/3>4
b) 42C>:8A8 07>B0:
E-1 = E-2 = E-3 = 0,1633626 :3/G0A :3 = 0,0544542 :3/G0A = 0,015126166 3/A =
0,19603512 M3/3>4,
c) >:8A8 C3;5@>40:
E-1 = E-2 = E-3 = 0,04594572 :3/G0A : 3 = 0,01531524 :3/G0A =
= 0,004254233 3/A = 0,055134864 M3/3>4,
d) ?K;8 PM-10 :
E-1 = E-2 = E-3 = 0,00191441 :3/G0A : 3 = 0,000638136 :3/G0A =
= ~ 0,00017726 3/A = 0,002297292 M3/3>4.
C:@08=A:>< @07@5H5=88 =5 >?@545;5=K 4>?CAB8CA;>28OE 2K1@>A>2) 4;O MB8E 703@O7=5=89.
!20@:0 2 M;5:B@>-<5E0=8G5A:>9 <0AB5@A:>9
0 B5@@8B>@88 ?@54?@8OB8O ?@54CA<>B@5=0 B0:65 M;5:B@>-<5E0=8G5A:0O
<0AB5@A:0O, 2 :>B>@>9 ?@54CA<0B@820NBAO A;54CNI85 @01>BK:
- @57:0 AB0;L=KE ?@>D8;59,
- A25@;5=85,
- 8 A20@:0 (?@>872>4AB2> >A=0I5=8O).
22
!20@:0 1C45=B ?@>872>48BLAO =0 42CE A20@>G=KE AB5=40E, >1>@C4>20==KE
AB5=4>2>9 25=B8;OF859, >B2>4OI59 703@O7=5=8O ?@8 ?><>I8 25=B8;OB>@0
A>2<5AB=K< M<8BB5@>< =0@C6C F5E0.
!20@>G=0O <0AB5@A:0O 1C45B @01>B0BL <0:A8<0;L=> 4 G0A0/ACB. (1200
G0A>2/3>4).
!20@:0 1C45B ?@>872>48BLAO 2 70I8B=>9 0B<>AD5@5 CO2 ?@8 ?><>I8
A20@>G=>9 ?@>2>;>:8 480<5B@>< Ć = 1,2 <<, 2 :>;8G5AB25 >:>;> 600 :3/3>4 =
0,5 :3/G0A.
0AG5BK >1J5<0 2K1@>A>2 >B A20@:8 2K?>;=5=K =0 >A=>20=88 40==KE,
A>45@60I8EAO 2 B01;8F5 6 KaB0;>30 ?0@0<5B@>2 A20@>G=KE <0B5@80;>2 ?>
703@O7=5=8O< =AB8BCB !20@:8, ;828F5, 1998 3.
-B8 ?>:070B5;8 A>AB02;ONB:
- K;L 5800,00 <3/:3 ?@>2>;>:8,
- 5;57> 2,86 <3/3 ?@>2>;>:8,
- 0@30=5F 0,70 <3/3 ?@>2>;>:8,
- 54L 0,25 <3/3 ?@>2>;>:8,
- 42C>:8AL 07>B0 0,30 <3/3 ?@>2>;>:8,
- >:8AL C3;5@>40 0,61 <3/3 ?@>2>;>:8.
!;54>20B5;L=>, >1J5< 2K1@>A>2 703@O7=5=89 >B A20@:8 A>AB028B:
a) 2K1@>AK ?K;8:
EPM-10 = 0,5 :3/G0A x 5800 <3/:3 = 2900 <3/G0A = 0,0029 :3/G0A = 0,0008055 3/A =
0,00348 M3/3>4,
b) 2K1@>AK 65;570:
Efe = 500 3/G0A x 2,86 <3/3 = 1430 <3/G0A = 0,00143 :3/G0A = 0,0003972 3/A =
0,000858 M3/3
c) 2K1@>AK <0@30=F0:
EMn = 500 3/G0A x 0,7 <3/3 = 350 <3/G0A = 0,00035 :3/G0A = 0,0000972 3/A =
0,00021 M3/3>4
d) 2K1@>AK <548:
ECu = 500 3/G0A x 0,25 <3/3 = 125 <3/G0A = 0,000125 :3/G0A = 0,0000347 3/A =
0,000075 M3/3>4,
e) 2K1@>AK 42C>:8A8 07>B0:
ENO2 = 500 3/G0A x 0,3 <3/3 = 150 <3/G0A = 0,00015 :3/G0A = 0,0000416 3/A =
0,00009 M3/3>4,
f) 2K1@>AK >:8A8 C3;5@>40:
23
ECO = 500 3/G0A x 0,61 <3/3 = 305 <3/G0A = 0,000305 :3/G0A = 0,0000847 3/A =
0,000183 M3/3>4
C:@08=A:>< @07@5H5=88 =5 >?@545;5=K AB0=40@BK 2K1@>A>2 4;O MB8E
703@O7=5=89.
3.2 !1@>A AB>G=KE 2>4.
a) 0AE>4 2>4K.
>40 2 0=0;878@C5<>< ?@54?@8OB88 1C45B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO:
- 4;O A0=8B0@=>-1KB>2KE F5;59
- 8 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5.
0AE>4 2>4K 4;O A0=8B0@=>-1KB>2KE F5;59.
0AE>4 2>4K @0AG8B0= =0 >A=>20=88 ?>;LA:>3> ?>:070B5;O @0AE>40 2>4K,
>?@545;5==>3> 2 @0A?>@O65=88 8=8AB@0 8=D@0AB@C:BC@K >B 14.01.2002 3.
?> 2>?@>AC >?@545;5=8O A@54=8E =>@< @0AE>40 2>4K (0:. 5AB=. ! 8, ?>7.70
>B 31.01.20023. A 40;L=59H8<8 87<5=5=8O<8), :>B>@K9 4;O @01>B=8:>2 ?@8
@01>B0E 40==>3> 2840 A>AB02;O5B 1,5 <3/G5;./<-F.
!;54>20B5;L=>, =0 A0=8B0@=>-1KB>2K5 F5;8 (@01>B0NI8E 745AL @01>B=8:>2)
@0AE>4 2>4K A>AB028B:
180 x 1,5 <3/<-F = 270 <3/<-F = 3240 <3/3>4 = ~ 8,9 <3/ACB.
0AE>4 2>4K 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5.
>40 4;O B5E=>;>38G5A:8E F5;59 1C45B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO:
a) 4;O ?@83>B>2;5=8O =>2KE @0AB2>@>2,
b) 4;O ?>;>A:0=8O M;5<5=B>2 ?>A;5 B@02;5=8O,
c) 4;O >E;0645=8O M;5<5=B>2 ?>A;5 F8=:>20=8O,
d) 4;O 2>A?>;=5=8O ?>B5@L 2 @57C;LB0B5 8A?0@5=8O.
.a) 0AE>4 2>4K 4;O ?@83>B>2;5=8O =>2KE @0AB2>@>2.
>40 1C45B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 4;O ?@83>B>2;5=8O 2>4=KE @0AB2>@>2
B5E=>;>38G5A:8E 20== :0: 4;O ?CA:>-=0;04>G=KE @01>B >B45;5=8O 3>@OG53>
F8=:>20=8O, B0: 8 ?>A;5 :064>9 70<5=K >B@01>B0==KE @0AB2>@>2.
;O o15768@820=8O 1C4CB ?@54=07=0G5=K 425 20==K >1I59 @01>G59
5<:>ABLN:
Vo = 2 x V = 2 x 77,22* <3 = 154,44 <3
*) @01>G0O 5<:>ABL 20==K)
>A:>;L:C <0:A8<0;L=> 10 % >1J5<0 MB>9 20==K 1C4CB A>AB02;OBL
4@C385 :>=5=BK, 0 =5 2>40, B> =0 ?>43>B>2:C @0AB2>@0 4;O >15768@820=8O
>4=>@07>2> 1C45B 87@0AE>4>20=> (A) 2>4K:
24
A = 154,44 <3 x (1 0,1) = 138,996 <3
;O B@02;5=8O 1C45B ?@54=07=0G5=> ?OBL 20== o1I59 @01>G59 5<:>ABLN:
Vt = 5 x V = 5 x 77,22 <3 = 386,1 <3
a 4;O oBB@02;820=8O >4=0 20==0 @01>G59 5<:>ABLN:
Vod = 77,22 <3
1I0O 5<:>ABL MB8E 20== 4;O B@02;5=8O 8 oBB@02;820=8O A>AB028B:
Vł = Vt + Vod = 386,1 <3 + 77,22 <3 = 463,32 <3
>A:>;L:C :>=F5=B@8@>20==0O A>;O=0O :8A;>B0 1C45B 8<5BL
:>=F5=B@0F8N 2 A@54=5< >:>;> 35 % HCL, a 2 ?@83>B>2;5==KE B@028;L=KE 8
>BB@02;820NI8E @0AB2>@0E 1C45B 8<5BL :>=F5=B@0F8N 2 A@54=5< >:>;> 16 %
HCl, B> 2 :>=F5=B@8@>20==CN :8A;>BC A;54C5B 4>1028BL 2 A@54=5< 50 %
2>4>?@>2>4=>9 2>4K, B.5., 4;O >4=>@07>2>3> A>AB02;5=8O MB8E @0AB2>@>2
1C45B 87@0AE>4>20=> A;54CNI55 :>;8G5AB2> 2>4K (Ak) :
Ak = Vł x 0,5 = 463,32 <3 x 0,5 = 231,66 <3
;O D;NA>20=8O 1C45B ?@54=07=0G5=0 >4=0 20==0 @01>G59 5<:>ABLN:
Vtp = V = 77,22 <3
>40 2 MB>9 20==5 A>AB02;O5B 70 % 2A53> >1J5<0.
!;54>20B5;L=>, :>;8G5AB2> 2>4K 4;O >4=>@07>2>3> ?@83>B>2;5=8O @0AB2>@0
D;NA>20=8O A>AB028B (Atp ):
Atp = Vtp x 0,7 = 77,22 <3 x 0,7 = 54,054 <3
.b) ;O ?>;>A:0=8O M;5<5=B>2 ?>A;5 B@02;5=8O
;O ?>;>A:0=8O 1C4CB ?@54=07=0G5=K 425 20==K, :0640O @01>G59
5<:>ABLN ?> (V ):
V = 77,22 <3
-B8 20==K 1C4CB =0?>;=OBLAO B>;L:> 2>4>?@>2>4=>9 2>4>9, A;54>20B5;L=>,
4;O >4=>@07>2>3> =0?>;=5=8O 42CE ?@>G=KE 20== :>;8G5AB2> 2>4K
A>AB028B (Ap) :
25
Ap = 2 x V = 2 x 77,22 <3 = 154,44 <3
.c) ;O ?>;>A:0=8O M;5<5=B>2 ?>A;5 >15768@820=8O
;O ?>;>A:0=8O 1C4CB ?@54=07=0G5=K 425 20==K, :0640O @01>G59
5<:>ABLN ?> (V ):
V = 77,22 <3
-B8 20==K 1C4CB =0?>;=OBLAO B>;L:> 2>4>?@>2>4=>9 2>4>9,
A;54>20B5;L=>, 4;O >4=>@07>2>3> =0?>;=5=8O 42CE ?@>G=KE 20==
:>;8G5AB2> 2>4K A>AB028B (A p) :
A p = 2 x V = 2 x 77,22 <3 = 154,44 <3
.c) ;O >E;0645=8O M;5<5=B>2 ?>A;5 F8=:>20=8O.
;O >E;0645=8O 8745;89 ?>A;5 F8=:>20=8O 1C4CB ?@54=07=0G5=K 425
20==K, :0640O @01>G59 5<:>ABLN ?> (V ):
V = 97,416 <3
-B8 20==K 1C4CB =0?>;=OBLAO B>;L:> 2>4>?@>2>4=>9 2>4>9,
A;54>20B5;L=>, 4;O >4=>@07>2>3> =0?>;=5=8O 42CE 20== :>;8G5AB2> 2>4K
A>AB028B (Ach):
Ach = 2 x V = 2 x 97,416 <3 = 194,832 <3
"0:8< >1@07><, >1I89 @0AE>4 2>4K 4;O >4=>@07>2>3> ?@83>B>2;5=8O
@0AB2>@0 A>AB028B (Q).
Q = A + Ak + Atp + Ap + A p + Ach =138,996 <3 + 231,66 <3 + 54,054 <3 + 154,44 <3 +
154,44 <3 + 194,832 <3= 928,422 <3
.d) ;O ?>?>;=5=8O ?>B5@L 2 @57C;LB0B5 8A?0@5=8O.
B5E=>;>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O B5E=>;>38G5A:85
@0AB2>@K (4;O o15768@820=8O, B@02;5=8O, oBB@02;820=8O, D;NA>20=8O,
?>;>A:0=8O 8 >E;0645=8O) 1C4CB 8A?0@OBLAO 8 1C4CB B@51>20BL ?>?>;=5=8O
?>B5@L 2 @57C;LB0B5 8A?0@5=8O 4>?>;=8B5;L=K< :>;8G5AB2>< 2>4K.
>;8G5AB2> 8A?0@O5<>9 2>4K 7028A8B >B B5@0 8
?>25@E=>AB8 8A?0@5=8O. 0AB2>@K 2 20==0E 8A?0@ONBAO, a 8E 8A?0@5=8O
2KE>4OB G5@57 25=B8;OF8>==CN A8AB5 26
0: A;54C5B 87 @07<5@>2 B5E=>;>38G5A:8E 20==, ?>25@E=>ABL 8A?0@5=8O
87 >B45;L=>9 20==K A>AB028B (P):
P = 13 < x 1,8 < = 23,4 <2
P1 = 13,5 < x 2,2 < = 29,7 <2 (20==0 4;O >E;0645=8O).
Te@>2 2 ?OB8 20==0E A>AB028B: t = 60� C, a B5@0AB2>@>2 2 >AB0;L=KE 45AOB8 20==0E A>AB02OB >:>;> 20� C.
0: ?>:07K205B ?@0:B8:0 F8=:>20=8O (2 >B45;5=88 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O
�>;8<5:A->AB>AB0;L 2 !54;LF5) 8 40==K5 ;8B5@0BC@K (PC:>2>4AB2>
30;L20=>B5E=8:0, >1I0O @07@01>B:0 ?>4 @540:F859 /42838 C478=LA:>9,
", 0@H020, 1985 3. "01;8F0 24.2), A >4=>3> :204@0B=>3> <5B@0 2 B5G5=85
G0A0 87 2/C @0AB2>@>2 8A?0@O5BAO 5,8 ;8B@>2 2>4K 2 B5@0AB2>@0 A B59 20� C A >4=>3> :204@0B=>3> <5B@0 ?>25@E=>AB8
8A?0@O5BAO 2 B5G5=85 G0A0 0,5 ;8B@0.
!;54>20B5;L=>, 2 B5G5=85 ACB>: A ?>25@E=>AB8 2/C @0AB2>@>2 8A?0@O5BAO
(Vo) 2>4K:
Vo = [ Pg x 0,0058 <3/G0A/<2 + Pz x 0,0005 <3/G0A/<2] x 24 G0A/ACB. = [123,3 <3 x
0,0058 <3/G0A/<2 + 234 <3 x 0,0005 <3/G0A/<2] x 24 G0A/ACB = ~ 19,97 <3/ACB.
03@O7=5==0O 2>40 87 20== 4;O ?>;>A:0=8O 1C45B C40;OBLAO 2
=59B@0;870B>@ AB>G=KE 2>4.
>=F5=B@0F8O E;>@84>2 8 4@C38E 703@O7=5=89 2 AB>G=KE 2>40E,
C40;O5@0, 4>;6=0 >B25G0BL C:@08=A:8< =>@<0<. !;54C5B
B0: @53C;8@>20BL :>;8G5AB2> 70<5= 2>4K 2 ?@>G=KE 20==0E, GB>1K =5
?@52KH0BL 4>?CAB8@<.
?@>F5AA5 M:A?;C0B0F88 ;8=88 F8=:>20=8O >B@01>B0==K5 @0AB2>@K
?>43>B>2:8 ?>25@E=>AB59 4>;6=K 70<5=OBLAO A G0AB>B>9:
a) >15768@820=85 >48= @07 2 H5ABL <5AOF52 (420 @070 2 3>4),
b) B@02;5=85 >48= @07 2 G5BK@5 <5AOF0 (B@8 @070 2 3>4),
c) >BB@02;820=85 >48= @07 2 G5BK@5 <5AOF0 (B@8 @070 2 3>4),
d) D;NA>20=85 1C45B ?5@8>48G5A:8 @535=5@8@>20BLAO
2>72@0I0BLAO 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:89 ?@>F5AA.
>40 1C45B B0:65 @0AE>4>20BLAO 4;O ?>445@60=8O G8AB>BK 2 04<8=8AB@0B82=>-
>D8A=KE 8 A0=8B0@=KE >1J5:B0E.
0AE>4 MB>9 2>4K 7028A8B >B ?>25@E=>AB8 MB8E ?><5I5=89.
!B5:0=8O 87 20==, >1@07CNI85AO ?@8 ?5@5=>A5 45B0;59 87 20==K 2 20==C,
1C4CB A4>9. >40 >B ;>2 2 >B45;5=88 3>@OG53>
F8=:>20=8O, 2<5AB5 A ?@>40<8, 1C45B =0?@02;OBLAO =0
=59B@0;870B>@ AB>G=KE 2>4.
B@01>B0==K9 @0AB2>@ D;NA>20=8O 1C45B ?>425@30BLAO @535=5@0F88 8
27
2>72@0I0BLAO 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:89 ?@>F5AA.
'0ABL @0AB2>@0 >BB@02;820=8O (MB>B @0AB2>@ A>45@68B E;>@84 F8=:0)
1C45B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 4;O ?>?>;=5=8O E;>@840 F8=:0 2 @0AB2>@5 D;NA>20=8O
2> 2@5 @535=5@0F88, a >AB0;L=CN G0ABL 1C4CB 7018@0BL
A?5F80;878@>20==K5 D8@B@01>B0==K5 @0AB2>@K B@02;5=8O 8 >15768@820=8O 1C4CB ?5@8>48G5A:8
7018@0BL A?5F80;878@>20==K5 D8@;LH5 MB>, 2 G0AB=>AB8, D8@<0
�KEMIPOL 2 >;8F5, OB45;5=85 ;>B=8:8 2> @>F;025, C;. 28@>20,
73. -B0 D8@<0 8<55B 5H5=85 & 86=5A8;57A:>3> >52>4K 8 4@).
>B@01>B0==K9 @0AB2>@ D;NA>20=8O 1C45B @535=5@8@>20BLAO 8
2>72@0I0BLAO 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:89 ?@>F5AA.
>;8G5AB2> 2>4K, =5>1E>48<>5 4;O ;>2.
>;8G5AB2> MB8E AB>G=KE 2>4 1C45B ?@>?>@F8>=0;L=> o1B5:0NI59
?>25@E=>AB8, =0 :>B>@>9 CAB0=>2;5=K 20==K.
>40 ?>A;5 ;>2 1C45B C40;OBLAO <5AB=>9 :0=0;870F859 2
=59B@0;870B>@ AB>G=KE 2>4.
A;CG05 020@88 (?5@D>@0F88) 20==K A E8<8G5A:8<8 D0:B>@0<8, :>340 55
A>45@60=85?>?045B =0@C6C 20==K, MB>B @0AB2>@ >AB0=5BAO 2 AB>G=><
?>44>=5, 8 ?>A;5 @5<>=B0 20==K 8;8 55 70<5=K =>2>9 A>45@68<>5 1C45B
?>2B>@=> 8A?>;L7>20=> 4;O B5E=>;>38G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0.
"0:8< >1@07><, 4065 2 A;CG05 020@88 (A;CG09 G@572KG09=> @54:89 ?@8
?@028;L=> ?@>2>48<>< B5E=>;>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5) =5 =0ABC?8B 703@O7=5=85
3@C=B0 8;8 3@C=B>2KE 2>4.
"5E=>;>38G5A:85 AB>G=K5 2>4K (?@>872>4AB25==K5)
@57C;LB0B5 @01>BK >B45;5=8O 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O 1C4CB
>1@07>2K20BLAO ?@>872>4AB25==K5 (B5E=>;>38G5A:85) AB>G=K5 2>4K. -B8
AB>:8 1C4CB ?>;=>ABLN C40;OBLAO 2 =59B@0;870B>@ AB>G=KE 2>4, >B:C40
(?>A;5 8E >G8AB:8) 1C4CB A1@0AK20BLAO 2 :><0: A;54C5B 87 ?@54AB02;5==>3> 2KH5 0=0;870, ?@>872>4AB25==K5
AB>G=K5 2>4K - MB> 1C4CB ?@>4K >B ?>;>A:0=8O ?>A;5
>15768@820=8O, B@02;5=8O 8 9:8E ?>;>2 2 >B45;5=88
3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O, C<5=LH5==85 =0 :>MDD8F85=B 8A?0@5=8O.
;O ?>4G8AB:8 B5E=>;>38G5A:8E AB>G=KE 2>4 ?@54CA<>B@5=>
AB@>8B5;LAB2> A>1AB25==>9 >G8AB=>9 AB0=F88 (=59B@0;870F8O A
A548<5=B0F8B59 8 D8;LB@0F8O).
> B5E=>;>388 AB0=F88 >G8AB:8 AB>G=KE 2>4, ?@>F5AA >G8AB:8 1C45B
>ACI5AB2;OBLAO A;54CNI8< >1@07><:
!B>G=K5 2>4K 1C4CB ?5@5:0G820BLAO ?> B@C1>?@>2>4C 2 10:8-E@0=8;8I0,
a >BBC40 - 2 :0<5@C @50:F88 A F5;LN @53C;8@>20=8O pH 4> C@>2=O 3-4, 345
28
1C4CB 4>102;5=K ?@5?0@0BK, 2K7K20NI85 >:8A;5=85 65;570 II (Fe+2) 4> 65;570
III (Fe+3). 0B5< >=8 1C4CB ?5@5:0G820BLAO 2> 2B>@CN :0<5@C @50:F88, 345 ?@8
?><>I8 384@>>:8A8 1C45B ?>2KH5=> pH 4> 7=0G5=8O 9-9,5 8 1C4CB >A0640BLAO
384@>>:8A8 <5B0;;>2. 0B5< AB>G=K5 2>4K 1C4CB ?5@5:0G820BLAO 2 B@5B89 10:,
345 =0ABC?8B, 5A;8 =5>1E>48<>, :>@@5:B8@>2:0 pH 8 4>102;5=85
?>;8M;5:B@>;8B0 (D;>:C;O=B0), GB> CA:>@8B ?@>F5AA A548<5=B0F88 >A04:0.
0B5< AB>G=K5 2>4K 1C4CB ?5@5:0G820BLAO 2 >BAB>9=8:.
OG8I5==K5 AB>G=K5 2>4K 87 >BAB>9=8:0 1C4CB 3@028B0F8>==> AB5:0BL 2
?@><56CB>G=K9 10:, 345 ?@>87>945B >:>=G0B5;L=>5 87<5@5=85 pH 8,
2>7<>6=>, C40;5=85 >G8I5==KE AB>G=KE 2>4 2 :0=0;870F8N. OA04>: 87
>BAB>9=8:0 1C45B ?5@5:0G820BLAO =0 D8;LB@-?@5AA. $8;LB@0F8>==0O 684:>ABL
(D8;LB@0B) 1C465B 2>72@0I5=0 2 :0<5@C @50:F88.
1@07>20==K9 oA04>: 1C45B G0AB8G=> A:0?;820BLAO 2 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E
10:0E =0 B5@@8B>@88 ?@54?@8OB8O 8 ?5@8>48G5A:8 A>3;0A>2K20BLAO A 2;0ABO<8
oE@0=K >:@C60NI59 A@54K 2 #:@08=5.
1J5< 703@O7=5=89 2 =59B@0;87>20==KE AB>G=KE 2>40E (?@8 ?@8<5=5=88
2/C B5E=>;>388) ?> B0:8< 703@O7=5=8O<, :0::
- pH,
- 65;57> (Fe),
=5 1C45B ?@52KH0BL 4>?CAB8@<, 459AB2CNI8E 2 #:@08=5.
?> F8=:C (Zn+2) 1C45B >G5=L B@C4=> 2K?>;=8BL =>@(Zn+2) =5>1E>48<> A;548BL, GB>1K =0 =59B@0;870B>@ =5 ?>?040;8 AB>G=K5
2>4K, A>45@60I85 :>=5=BK D;NA0, ?>A:>;L:C A>45@60I89AO 2> D;NA5
E;>@8ABK9 0<<>=89 (NH4Cl) >1@07C5B A 8>=0<8 F8=:0 (Zn+2) 0<8=>E;>@8ABK9
F8=:, :>B>@K9 =5 >A06405BAO ?@8 ?><>I8 384@>>:8A8 =0B@8O (NaOH) 8
>AB05BAO 2 @0AB2>@5.
'B> :0A05BAO E;>@84>2 (Cl-), B> >=8 B0:65 =5 >A0640NBAO 2 A@545
384@>>:8A8 =0B@8O (NaOH) 8 >AB0NBAO 2 @0AB2>@5. >MB>A?CA:0BL ?@>G=KE @0AB2>@>2 ?>A;5 B@02;5=8O A> A;8H:>< 2KA>:8<
A>45@60=85< E;>@84>2 (Cl-).
=0;8B8G5A:89 :>=B@>;L ?@>F5AA0 =59B@0;870F88.
> 2@51E>48< :>=B@>;L pH AB>G=KE 2>4. 0
>A=>20=88 MB>3> ?0@0<5B@0 ?@8=8<05BAO @5H5=85 > =5>1E>48<>AB8 4>102;5=8O
=59B@0;87CNI53> D0:B>@0 (384@>>:8A8 :0;LF8O). 0 >A=>20=88 87<5@5=8O pH
1C45B >F5=820BLAO B0:65 ?@>42865=85 ?@>F5AA0 =59B@0;870F988.
>?>;=8B5;L=> 1C45B :>=B@>;8@>20BLAO E8<8G5A:89 A>AB02 AB>G=KE 2>4
(BO65;K5 <5B0;;K 8 E;>@84K), 0 B0:65 F25B >1@010BK205G=KE 2>4 8
;53:> >A0640NI0OAO 2725AL. 0 >A=>20=88 MB8E ?>:070B5;59 1C45B >F5=820BLAO
:0G5AB2> ?@>F5AA0 =59B@0;870F88 8 >A25B;5=8O.
=0;8B8G5A:89 :>=B@>;L AB>G=KE 2>4 1C45B ?@>872>48BL 702>4A:0O
;01>@0B>@8O.
@54CA<0B@8205BAO, GB> 2 <0AHB015 3>40 1C45B >1@07>2K20BLAO >:. 20 M3
29
oA04:>2 ?>A;5 =59B@0;870F88 A A>45@60=85< 2>4K 20% (B25@40O
:>=A8AB5=F8O).
>A:>;L:C MB8 >BE>4K >B=>AOBAO : >?0A=K< >BE>40<, 8E ?>;CG0B5;5<
<>65B 1KBL B>;L:> D8@<0, 8<5NI0O @07@5H5=85 =0 ?@85<:C >BE>4>2 40==>3>
B8?0. >;LH5 B0:85 >BE>4K ?@8=8<05B, 2 G0AB=>AB8, N1;8=A:>5 A35=BAB2>
>E@0=K >:@C60NI59 A@54K 2 N1;8=5.
>A:>;L:C >A04:8 1C4CB E@0=8BLAO 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 459AB2CNI8<8
?@028;0<8, >=8 =5 1C4CB ?@54AB02;OBL >?0A=>AB8 4;O >:@C60NI59 A@54K 8
68B5;59.
@><5 ?@>872>4AB25==KE AB>G=KE 2>4, =0 ?@54?@8OB88 1C4CB
>1@07>2K20BLAO B0:65:
- 4>6452K5 8 B0;K5 AB>G=K5 2>4K,
- 0 B0:65 A0=8B0@=>-1KB>2K5 AB>G=K5 2>4K.
>6452K5 AB>G=K5 2>4K.
>6452K5 AB>G=K5 2>4K 1C4CB >1@07>2K20BLAO 3;02=K< >1@07>< A :@>2;8 8
>B25@645==KE ?>25@E=>AB59.
B25@645==0O B5@@8B>@8O 02B>AB>O=:8 4>;6=0 1KBL A>>B25BAB25==>
?@>D8;8@>20==>9 8 4>;6=K B0< 1KBL CAB0=>2;5=K AB>G=K5 @5H5B:8, GB>
?>72>;8B =0?@02;OBL 4>6452K5 AB>G=K5 2>4K, A>45@60I85 ?@>4C:BK
=5DBO=>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O, A 02B>AB>O=:8 2 :>0;5AF5=B=K9 A5?0@0B>@ (=0?@.:
B8?0 PSK KOALA NG 40-1,5 A> H;0<>>B45;8B5;5<) 8 40;LH5 2 ;82=52CN
:0=0;870F8N, a 4>6452K5 AB>G=K5 2>4K A >AB0;L=KE B5@@8B>@89 8 :@KH
:C10BC@=KE >1J5:B>2 <>3CB A1@0AK20BLAO =5?>A@54AB25==> 2 ;82=52CN
:0=0;870F8N.
A2O78 A 2KH587;>65==K<, >1J5< A@54=53>4>2>3> AB>:0 4>6452KE
AB>G=KE 2>4 A 02B>AB>O=:8 A>AB028B (Qp):
Qp = H x F x �
345 :
H 25;8G8=0 3>4>2KE >A04:>2 = 0,6 <,
F ?>25@E=>ABL AB5:0=8O = 2500 <2,
� :>MDD8F85=B ?>25@E=>AB=>3> AB5:0=8O ?@8=OB = 0,8
Qd = 0,6 < x 2500 <2 x 0,8 = 1200 <3/3>4 = 100 <3/<-F
<5AB=>9 A5B8 ;82=52>9 :0=0;870F88, >B2>4OI59 4>6452K5 AB>G=K5 2>4K A
02B>AB>O=:8, 4>;65= 1KBL CAB0=>2;5= :>0;5AF5=B=K9 A5?0@0B>@ A>
H;0<>>B45;8B5;5< (:0: A;54C5B 87 " B0:>3> >1>@C4>20=8O 8 AB0=40@B0 DIN
1999 G. 4-6, <0:A8<0;L=0O :>=F5=B@0F8O ?@>4C:B>2 =5DBO=>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O
?>A;5 >G8AB:8 2 A5?0@0B>@5 =5 ?@52KA8B 5 <3/4<3).
30
>6452K5 AB>G=K5 2>4K A :@KH 8 >B25@645==KE B5@@8B>@89 1C4CB AB5:0BL 2
3>@>4A:CN ;82=52CN :0=0;870F8N.
0: ?>:07K20NB 8AA;54>20=8O 4>6452KE AB>G=KE 2>4 A B5@@8B>@88
02B>AB>O=>: (?5@54 >G8AB:>9), 8E A>AB02 ?@54AB02;O5BAO A;54CNI8< >1@07><:
- %(Cr) >:>;> 850 <3 O2/4<3,
- 5420 <3 O2/4<3,
- ;53:> >A540NI0O 2725AL o:>;> 150 <3/4<3,
- 25I5AB20, M:AB@038@CNI85AO
=5DBO=K< MD8@>< (=5DBO=K5 ?@>4C:BK) ~160 mg/dm3.
?>A;5 >G8AB:8 2 H;0<>>B45;8B5;5 8 :>0;5AF5=B=>< A5?0@0B>@5
(@57C;LB0BK ;01>@0B>@=KE 8AA;54>20=89 0=0;>38G=KE AB>G=KE 2>4) 8E
A>AB02 ?@54AB02;O5BAO A;54CNI8< >1@07><:
- %(Cr) 26,6 <3 O2/4<3,
- 5 45,0 <3 O2/4<3,
- >1I0O 2725AL 8,0 <3/4<3,
- 25I5AB20, M:AB@038@CNI85AO
=5DBO=K< MD8@>< (=5DBO=K5 ?@>4C:BK) 5,0 <3/4<3.
AB02H85AO 2 A5?0@0B>@5 8 H;0<>>B45;8B5;5 ?@>4C:BK =5DBO=>3>
?@>8AE>645=8O A> H;0<>< 1C4CB ?5@8>48G5A:8 2K2>78BLAO :
A>>B25BAB25==> :20;8D8F8@>20==>;CG0B5;N (2 >;LH5, 2 G0AB=>AB8:
N1;8=A:>5 A35=BAB2> >E@0=K >:@C60NI59 A@54K 2 N1;8=5).
!0=8B0@=>-1KB>2K5 AB>G=K5 2>4K.
!0=8B0@=>-1KB>2K5 AB>G=K5 2>4K 1C4CB >1@07>2K20BLAO 2 A2O78 A
DC=:F8>=8@>20=85< A0=8B0@=>-1KB>2>9 G0AB8 (AB>;>2>9, C2,
BC0;5B>2 8 B.4.) 4;O @01>B=8:>2. M0:A8<0;L=>5 :>;8G5AB2> MB8E AB>G=KE
2>4 1C45B ?@>?>@F8>=0;L=> @0AE>4C 2>4K 4;O MB8E F5;59 8 A>AB028B (Qp):
Qp = 3240 <3/3>4 x 0,8* = 2592 <3/3>4 = 216 <3/<-F = 7,2 <3/ACB:8.
(* :>MDD8F85=B, CG8BK20NI89 ?>B5@8 87-70 8A?0@5=8O)
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3.3 !1@>A oBE>4>2.
@>5:B8@C5<>5 ?@54?@8OB85 (>B45;5=85 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O 2
8B><8@5) 1C45B, 2 G0AB=>AB8, 8AB>G=8:>< A1@>A>2 oBE>4>2 :0: =0 MB0?5
8=25AB8F88, B0: 8 =0 MB0?0E M:A?;C0B0F88 8 ;8:2840F88.
31
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- >?0A=K5
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- ;8=8O 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O,
- M;5:B@>-<5E0=8G5A:0O <0AB5@A:0O,
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- <5;:85 @5<>=BK, B5ECE>4 70 >1>@C4>20=85<,
- oA25I5=85 ?><5I5=89 8 B5@@8B>@88 ?@54?@8OB8O,
- M:A?;C0B0F8O B@0=A?>@B=KE A@54AB2,
- 45H;0<0F8O 8 >G8AB:0 2 H;0<>>B45;8B5;5 8 :>0;5AF5=B=><
A5?0@0B>@5 4>6452KE AB>G=KE 2>4,
- =59B@0;870B>@ AB>G=KE 2>4,
- B0=F8O @535=5@0F88 D;NA0,
- @01>BK =0 8=25AB8F8>==>< MB0?5,
- @01>BK =0 MB0?5 ;8:2840F88.
A. @54CA<0B@8205BE>4K - MB>:
a) o?0A=K5 >BE>4K:
- >B@01>B0==>5 >1>@C4>20=85, A>45@60I55 >?0A=K5 M;5<5=BK
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- C?0:>2:8, A>45@60I85 >AB0B:8 >?0A=KE 25I5AB2 8;8
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- >B@01>B0==K5 :0@B@8468 4;O ?@8=B5@>2*: :>4: 16 02 16,
- oBE>4K >15768@820=8O, A>45@60I85 >?0A=K5
25I5AB20*: :>4: 11 0113,
- B@028;L=K5 8 >BB@02;820NI85 :8A;>BK* : :>4: 11 0105,
- <0A;> >B >1572>6820=8O <0A5; 2 A5?0@0B>@0E* :>4: 13 0506,
- H;0B >1572>6820=8O <0A5; 2 A5?0@0B>@0E* :>4: 13 0502,
- H;0A04:8 D8;LB@0F88 87 =59B@0;870B>@0
AB>G=KE 2>4 * :>4: 11 0109,
- 87=>H5==0O 70I8B=0O >45640, @C:028FK, 25B>HL 8
B@O?:8 4;O >G8AB:8 >1>@C4>20=8O 8 B.4.* :>4: 15 0202,
- H;0<, >1@07CNI89AO ?>A;5 @535=5@0F88* :>4: 11 01 98
b) 4@C385 >BE>4K, =5 >?0A=K5:
- B25@4K9 F8=: :>4: 11 05 01,
- F8=:>2K9 ?5?5; :>4: 11 05 02,
- 65;57> 8 AB0;L (AB0;L=>9 ;><) :>4: 17 04 05,
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- ?>G20 8 75<;O, 2 B>< G8A;5 :0<=8, =5
?5@5G8A;5==K5 w2 17 05 03 :>4: 17 0504,
- >BE>4K 15B>=0 8 15B>==K9 @
>B @071>@>: 8 @5<>=B>2 :>4: 17 0101,
- :015;8 8 4@C3>5, =5 ?5@5G8A;5==>5 2 17 04 10 :>4: 17 0411,
- =5A>@B8@>20==K5 (A<5H0==K5) :><>BE>4K) :>4: 20 0301.
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(0:.5AB=. !112, ?>7. 1206 >B 08.10.20013., 459AB2CNI53> 2 >;LH5]
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>A:>;L:C >?@545;5=85 >4=>7=0G=KE 3>4>2KE ?@>3=>7>2 ?> :>;8G5AB2C
>1@07C5B45;L=KE 284>2 >BE>4>2 =52>7<>6=>, B> 2 =0AB>OI59
@07@01>B:5 C:070=K <0:A8<0;L=K5 :>;8G5AB20 >1@07C5BE>4>2 =0
>A=>20=88 :>;8G5AB20, >1@07C5<>3> 2 0=0;>38G=>9 ;8=88 F8=:>20=8O 2
�!-!"!", 2 !54;LF5 2 ?5@5AG5B5 =0
?@54CA<0B@82051J5< ?@>4C:F88 8 :>;8G5AB2> @01>B=8:>2, 0
B0:65 ?@54?>;0305A5 2/C >BE04K 1C4CB 2K1>@>G=> A:0?;820BLAO A F5;LN 8E
>1572@56820=8O 8;8 ?5@540G8 4@C38< AC1J5:B0< 4;O 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O.
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B5E=>;>38G5A:85 7040G8, ?@8 CAB0=>2;5=88 :>;8G5AB20 >1@07C5BE>4>2
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- " p01>BK >1>@C4>20=8O, 0 B0:65 G0AB>BC 8E >G8AB:8,
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?>25@E=>ABL (?>425@30520=8N AB0;L=KE 8745;89 8 AB5= 20==K
F8=:>20=8O) 1C45B >1@07>2K20BLAO A?;02 F8=:0 A 65;57>< (>B 93% 4> 97%
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1C4CB ?5@8>48G5A:8 2K18@0BL 8 D>@<8@>20BL 2 A>>B25BAB2CNI85 A;8B:8 2
A?5F80;L=KE AB0;L=KE D>@<0E.
0: A;54C5B 87 ?@0:B8:8 F8=:>20=8O (8 40==KE ;8B5@0BC@K), ?5?5;
A>AB02;O5B >:>;> 8 % F8=:0, 87@0AE>4>20==>3> 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5
3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O, a B25@4K9 F8=: - >:>;> 7 %.
!;54>20B5;L=>, 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O 1C45B
>1@07>2K20BLAO A;54CNI55 :>;8G5AB2> MB8E >BE>4>2:
a) F8=:>2K9 ?5?5; (?;NA ?K;L 87 D8;LB@0) (:>4: 11 05 02) = 2900
M3/3>4 x 0,08 = 232 M3/3>4,
b) B25@4K9 F8=: (:>4: 11 05 01) = 2900 M3/3>4 x 0,07 = 203 M3/3>4.
T25@4K9 F8=: 8 F8=:>2K9 ?5?5; 1C45B ?>;=>ABLN ?@>4020BLAO =0
F8=:>?;028;L=K5 702>4K. =8 O2;ONBAO F5==K< AK@L5< 4;O 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O
F8=:0, 0 B0:65 4;O ?>;CG5=8O F8=:>2KE 15;8; 8;8 4@C38E F5==KE ?@>4C:B>2.
-B8 >BE>4K B0:65 >E>B=> ?>:C?0NB 703@0=8G=K5 F8=:>?;028;L=K5
702>4K (>A>15==> 87 5@<0=88, $@0=F88, 5;L388 8 B.4.).
B5E=>;>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5 F8=:>20=8O 1C4CB >1@07>2K20BLAO B0:65
>B@01>B0==K5 B5E=>;>38G5A:85 @0AB2>@K, 0 B0:65 ?>3;>I0NI89 @0AB2>@ 87
?>3;>B8B5;59 E;>@>2>4>@>40 (:>B>@K9 1C45B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 4;O ?>?>;=5=8O
?>B5@L 2 @57C;LB0B5 8A?0@5=8O 2 20==0E B@02;5=8O).
>;8G5AB2> >B@01>B0==KE B5E=>;>38G5A:8E B5E=>;>38G5A:8E @0AB2>@>2 2
B5G5=85 3>40 A>AB028B:
a) B@028;L=K5 8 >BB@02;820NI85 :8A;>BK :>4: 11 01 05 (Qm) :
Qm = (Vt + Vod) x � x 3 70<5=K/3>4 = (350 <3 /70<.+ 70 <3/70<.) x 1,3 M3/<3 x 3
70<./3>4 = 1638 M3/3>4
34
b) oBE>4K >B >15768@820=8O :>4: 11 01 13 (Qn) :
Qn = Vo x � x 2 70<5=K/3>4 = 140 <3/70<. x 1,3 M3/<3 x 2 70<./3>4
= 364 M3/3>4.
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A?5F80;878@>20==K5 D8@7O9AB25==>3> 8A?>;L7>20=8O.
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8 1C45B 2>72@0I0BLAO 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:89 ?@>F5AA. @57C;LB0B5 @535=5@0F88
D;NA0 1C4CB >1@07>2K20BLAO ?>A;5@535=5@0F8>==K5 H;0c) >A;5@535=5@0F8>==K9 H;0< - :>4: 11 01 98.
535=5@0F8O D;NA0 1C45B ?@>872>48BLAO 2 0??0@0BC@5 AB0=F88 @535=5@0F88.
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42CE20;5=B=>3> 65;570) 1C45B ?5@5:0G820BLAO 2 :0<5@C @50:F88, :C40 1C45B
4>102;5= >:8A;8B5;L 2 2845 ?5@5:8A8 2>4>@>40 (H2O2), 0 B0:65 384@>>:8AL
0<<>=8O (NH4OH). @57C;LB0B5 MB8E >?5@0F89 42CE20;5=B=>5 65;57> (Fe+2)
>:8A;8BAO 4> B@5E20;5=B=>3> (Fe+3) 8 ?>2KA8BAO (pH) D;NA0 ?@8<5@=> 4> 3,0
3,5 ?> @50:F88:
2FeCl2 + H2O2 + 2HCl = 2FeCl3 + 2H2O
A >1@07CNI89AO E;>@84 65;570 III (Fe+3) 1C45B @5038@>20BL A 384@>@>:8ALN
0<<>=8O (NH4OH), >1@07CO =5@0AB2>@845 384@>>:8AL 65;570 III -
Fe(OH)3 ?> @50:F88:
FeCl3 + 3NH4OH = Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
1@07CNI89AO ?>A;5@535=5@0F8>==K9 H;0< 1C45B >BD8;LB@>20= =a
D8;LB@5-?@5AA5 8 ?@8=OB A?5F80;878@>20==>9 D8@<>9, 8<5NI59
A>>B25BAB2CNI85 @07@5H5=8O, a >G8I5==K9 D;NA ?>A;5 ?>?>;=5=8O 53>
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>4>2>5 :>;8G5AB2> ?>A;5@535=5@0F8>==>3> H;0<0 (?@8 MB>9 25;8G8=5
@0725@B:8 ?>25@E=>AB8 ?>425@30520=8N M;5<5=B>2) A>AB028B 2
A@54=5< (:0: ?>:07K205B ?@0:B8:0 F8=:>20=8O) ?@8<5@=> >B 0,03 % 4o 0,04%
<0AAK ?>425@30520=8N :>=AB@C:F89.
!;54>20B5;L=>, 2 B5G5=85 3>40 >1@07C5BAO:
- ?>A;5@535=5@0F8>==K9 H;0< = 50000 M3/3>4 x 0,0004
= 20 M3/3>4.
E;0640NI85 8 ?@>4K 1C4CB 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 AB5?5=8
8A?>;L7>20BLAO 4;O ?>?>;=5=8O ?>B5@L 2 @57C;LB0B5 8A?0@5=8O 8 @535=5@0F88
B5E=>;>38G5A:8E @0AB2>@>2.
AB0;L=K5 ?@>G=K5 2>4K 1C4CB =59B@0;87>20BLAO 2
35
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2A53> ?@54?@8OB8O.
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1. B@01>B0==>5 >1>@C4>20=85, A>45@60I55 >?0A=K5 M;5<5=BK
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=5DBO=>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O (;53:> >?040NI0O 2725AL = >:>;> 150 <3/4<3).
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8AA;54>20=89 0=0;>38G=KE AB>G=KE 2>4) >1I0O 2725AL A>AB02;O5B = 8,0 <3/4<3.
07=8F0 MB8E 703@O7=5=89 (4> 8 ?>A;5 >G8AB:8) MB> 1C4CB >BE>4K, A>45@60I85 2/C
703@O7=5=8O.
-B8 >B4>EK >B=>AOBAO : >?0A=K< >BE>40<.
>;8G5AB2> >1@07CNI8EAO >BE>4>2 2 3>4.
@54CA<0B@8205BAO, GB> 2 A2O78 A DC=:F8>=8@>20=85< 0=0;878@C5<>3>
oB45;5=8O 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O 745AL 1C45B >1@07>2K20BLAO >:>;> 0,300 M3 2
B5G5=85 3>40.
M5AB>, ?@54=07=0G5==>5 4;O 2@5<5==>3> E@0=5=8O, 8 A?>A>1 E>7O9AB2>20=8O.
-B8 >BE>4K :0: >?0A=K5 1C4CB 2@5<5==> E@0=8BLAO 2 <5B0;;8G5A:><
:>=B59=5@5 2 2K45;5==>< A:;04A:>< ?><5I5=88 8 70B5< ?5@8>48G5A:8
2K2>78BLAO : :20;8D8F8@>20==>;CG0B5;N (2 >;LH5 - N1;8=A:>5
A35=BAB2> >E@0=K >:@C60NI59 A@54K 2 N1;8=5 8 B.4.).
8. (;0< 87 =59B@0;870B>@0 AB>G=KE 2>4* :>4: 11 01 09
M5AB> >1@07>20=8O >BE>4>2.
-B8 >BE>4K MB> H;01@07CNI85AO 2 =59B@0;870B>@5 AB>G=KE 2>4 2
@57C;LB0B5 =59B@0;870F88 ?@>872>4AB25==KE AB>G=KE 2>4.
A=>2=>9 A>AB02 >BE>4>2.
0: ?>:07K20NB 8A?KB0=8O >BE>4>2 B0:>3> B8?0, >=8 1C4CB A>45@60BL 2
>A=>2=>< 384@>>:8AL 65;570 [Fe(OH)3] 8 384@>>:8AL F8=:0 [Zn(OH)2] 2 2845
H;0<>2 A A>45@60=85< oB 12 4o 20 % 2>4K.
-B8 >B4>EK >B=>AOBAO : >?0A=K< >BE>40<.
>;8G5AB2> >1@07CNI8EAO >BE>4>2 2 3>4.
@54CA<0B@8205BAO, GB> 2 3>4 1C45B >1@07>2K20BLAO >:. 20 M3 >A04:>2
40
D8;LB@0F88 A A>45@60=85< 2>4K 20% (B25@40O :>=A8AB5=F8O).
M5AB>, ?@54=07=0G5==>5 4;O 2@5<5==>3> E@0=5=8O, 8 A?>A>1 E>7O9AB2>20=8O.
-B8 >BE>4K :0: >?0A=K5 1C4CB 2@5<5==> E@0=8BLAO 2 <5B0;;8G5A:><
:>=B59=5@5 2 2K45;5==>< A:;04A:>< ?><5I5=88 8 70B5< ?5@8>48G5A:8
2K2>78BLAO : :20;8D8F8@>20==>;CG0B5;N (2 >;LH5 - N1;8=A:>5
A35=BAB2> >E@0=K >:@C60NI59 A@54K 2 N1;8=5 8 B.4.).
9. 7=>H5==0O 70I8B=0O >45640, @C:028FK, 25B>IL 8 B@O?:8 4;O
>G8AB:8 >1>@C4>20=8O 8 B.4.* :>4 : 15 02 02,
M5AB> >1@07>20=8O >BE>4>2.
@57C;LB0B5 DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O 0=0;878@C5<>3> ?@54?@8OB8O 1C4CB
>1@07>2K20BLAO >BE>4K 2 2845 87=>H5==>9 70I8B=>9 >4564K, 87=>H5==KE
@C:028F, 25B>H8 8 B@O?>:, ?@54=07=0G5==KE 4;O >G8AB:8 <0H8= 8
>1>@C4>20=8O 2 >B45;5=88 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O.
-B8 >BE>4K 1C4CB >1@07>2K20BLAO 2 ?@>872>4AB25==>< F5EC.
A=>2=>9 A>AB02 >BE>4>2.
-B8 >BE>4K A>45@60B B:0=L, 703@O7=5==CN B5E=>;>38G5A:8<8
25I5AB20<8, 2 G0AB=>AB8, B0:8<8 :0: E;>@84 F8=:0, E;>@8ABK9 0<<>=89,
A>548=5=8O M5;570, ?>25@E=>AB=>-0:B82=K5 25I5AB20, 8=3818B>@K,
<8=5@0;L=K5 <0A;0 8 B.4.
-B8 >B4>EK >B=>AOBAO : >?0A=K< >BE>40<.
>;8G5AB2> >1@07CNI8EAO >BE>4>2 2 3>4.
@54CA<0B@8205BAO, GB> 2 3>4 MB8E >BE>4>2 1C45B >1@07>2K20BLAO >:>;> 120
:3 = 0,12 M3.
M5AB>, ?@54=07=0G5==>5 4;O 2@5<5==>3> E@0=5=8O, 8 A?>A>1 E>7O9AB2>20=8O.
-B8 >BE>4K :0: >?0A=K5 1C4CB 2@5<5==> E@0=8BLAO 2 <5B0;;8G5A:><
:>=B59=5@5 2 2K45;5==>< A:;04A:>< ?><5I5=88 8 ?5@8>48G5A:8, ?> <5@5
?>B@51=>AB59, ?@8=8<0520==>9 D8@<>9, 8<5NI59
@07@5H5=85 =0 ?@85<:C >BE>4>2 B0:>3> B8?0. >;LH5 2/C oBE>4K <>65B
?@8=8<0BL, =0?@., N1;8=A:>5 A35=BAB2> >E@0=K >:@C60NI59 A@54K 2
N1;8=5 8;8 4@C3>9 :20;8D8F8@>20==K9 ?>;CG0B5;L.
10. >A;5@535=5@0F8>==K9 H;0< * :>4 : 11 01 98
M5AB> >1@07>20=8O >BE>4>2.
>A;5@535=5@0F8>==K9 H;0< 1C45B >1@07>2K20BLAO 2 AB0=F88
@535=5@0F88 D;NA0 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?@>872>48<>9 @535=5@0F88 @0AB2>@0
D;NA>20=8O A>3;0A=> @50:F88:
41
2FeCl2 + H2O2 + 2HCl = 2FeCl3 + 2H2O
FeCl3 + 3NH4OH = Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
A=>2=>9 A>AB02 >BE>4>2.
-B>B H;0< 1C45B A>45@60BL 2 >A=>2=>< 384@>>:8AL [Fe(OH)3], 0 B0:65 >B
5% 4o 10% F8=:0 2 2845 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E E8<8G5A:8E =5>@30=8G5A:8E
A>548=5=89.
-B8 >B4>EK >B=>AOBAO : >?0A=K< >BE>40<.
>;8G5AB2> >1@07CNI8EAO >BE>4>2 2 3>4.
>4>2>5 :>;8G5AB2> ?>A;5@535=5@0F8>==KE H;0<>2 (?@8 B@5EA<5==>9
@01>B5 oB45;5=8O 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O) A>AB028B 2 A@54=5< (:0: ?>:07K205B
?@0:B8:0 F8=:>20=8O) ?@8<5@=> >B 0,03% 4o 0,04% <0AAK ?>425@305F8=:>20=8N :>=AB@C:F89.
!;54>20B5;L=>, 2 3>4 >1@07C5BAO:
- ?>A;5@535=5@0F8>==K9 H;0< = 50000 M3/3>4 x 0,0004 = 20 M3/3.
M5AB>, ?@54=07=0G5==>5 4;O 2@5<5==>3> E@0=5=8O, 8 A?>A>1 E>7O9AB2>20=8O.
>A;5@535=5@0F8>==K9 H;0< 1C45B 2@5<5==> E@0=8BLAO 2 35@<5B8G=KE
<5B0;;8G5A:8E :>=B59=5@0E 8 A:;048@>20BLAO 4> <><5=B0 ?@85<:8 2
A?5F80;L=> 2K45;5==>< A:;04A:>< ?><5I5=88 4;O >?0A=KE >BE>4>2.
-B>B H;0< 1C45B ?@8=8<0BL A?5F80;878@>20==0O D8@<0, 8<5NI0O
A>>B25BAB2CNI55 @07@5H5=85 =0 ?@85<:C >BE>4>2 B0:>3> B8?0. "0:85 >BE>4K
O2;ONBAO F5==K< AK@L5< 4;O ?@>872>4AB20 ?83<5=B>2 4;O :@0A>:. "0:>9
H;0< ?@8=8<05B, 2 G0AB=>AB8, N1;8=A:>5 A35=BAB2> >E@0=K >:@C60NI59
A@54K 2 N1;8=5.
.b. @C385 >BE>4K, =5 >?0A=K5:
1. T25@4K9 F8=:, :>4: 11 05 01.
M5AB> >1@07>20=8O >BE>4>2.
T25@4K9 F8=: 1C45B >1@07>2K20BLAO =0 4=5 20==K F8=:>20=8O 2
?@>872>4AB25==>< F5EC.
A=>2=>9 A>AB02 >BE>4>2.
@57C;LB0B5 2>7459AB28O @0A?;02;5==>3> F8=:0 =0 AB0;L=CN
?>25@E=>ABL (?>425@30520=8N AB0;L=KE 8745;89 8 AB5= 20==K
F8=:>20=8O) 1C45B >1@07>2K20BLAO A?;02 F8=:0 A 65;57>< (>B 93% 4o 97% Zn
8 >B 3% 4> 7% Fe) A 1>;55 2KA>:>9 B59 ?;02;5=8O, G5< G8ABK9
F8=:, :>B>@K9 =07K20NB B25@4K< F8=:><.
"25@4K9 F8=: >B=>A8BAO : 4@C38< >BE>40<, =5 >?0A=K<.
42
>;8G5AB2> >1@07CNI8EAO >BE>4>2 2 3>4.
0: A;54C5B 87 ?@0:B8:8 F8=:>20=8O, B25@4K9 F8=: A>AB02;O5B >:>;>
11% 8A?>;L7>20==>3> F8=:0 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5 3>@OG53>
F8=:>20=8O.
!;54>20B5;L=>, 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O 1C45B
>1@07>2K20BLAO A;54CNI55 :>;8G5AB2> MB8E >BE>4>2:
- B25@4K9 F8=: (:>4: 11 05 01) = 2900 M3/3>4 x 0,07 = 203 M3/3>4.
M5AB>, ?@54=07=0G5==>5 4;O 2@5<5==>3> E@0=5=8O, 8 A?>A>1 E>7O9AB2>20=8O.
T25@4K9 F8=: 1C45B ?5@8>48G5A:8 2K=8<0BLAO 87 20==K F8=:>20=8O 8
D>@<8@>20BLAO (2 A?5F80;L=KE AB0;L=KE D>@<0E) 2 =51>;LH85 1;>:8 2
D>@<5 ?@87=B59=5@K 8
2@5<5==> E@0=8BLAO 2 :@KB>< <5AB5 =0 B5@@8B>@88 F5E0 oB45;5=8O 3>@OG53>
F8=:>20=8O.
5AL B25@4K9 F8=: 1C45B ?@>4020BLAO =0 F8=:>?;028;L=K5 702>4K. =
O2;O5BAO F5==K< AK@L5< 4;O 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O F8=:0, 0 B0:65 4;O ?>;CG5=8O
F8=:>2KE 15;8; 8;8 4@C38E F5==KE ?@>4C:B>2.
-B8 >BE>4K B0:65 >E>B=> ?>:C?0NB 703@0=8G=K5 F8=:>?;028;L=K5
702>4K (>A>15==> 87 5@<0=88, $@0=F88, 5;L388 8 B.4.).
2. &8=:>2K9 ?5?5;, :>4 : 11 05 02,
M5AB> >1@07>20=8O >BE>4>2.
&8=:>2K9 ?5?5; 1C45B >1@07>2K20BLAO =0 ?>25@E=>AB8 20==K F8=:>20=8O 2
?@>872>4AB25==>< F5EC. B5E=>;>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5 F8=:>20=8O, 2
@57C;LB0B5 >:8A;5=8O ?>25@E=>AB8 F8=:0 2 20==5 F8=:>20=8O (B5B 445�C
4o 455�C), 0 B0:65 2>7459AB28O D;NA0 A ?>25@E=>AB8 ?>425@305F8=:>20=8N AB0;L=KE 8745;89, =0 ?>25@E=>AB8 75@:0;0 @0A?;02;5==>3>
F8=:0 1C45B >1@07>2K20BLAO F8=:>2K9 ?5?5;.
A=>2=>9 A>AB02 >BE>4>2.
&8=:>2K9 ?5?5; 1C45B A8AB5<0B8G5A:8 A>18@0BLAO A ?>25@E=>AB8
75@:0;0 F8=:0. &8=:>2K9 ?5?5; A>45@68B ?@8<5@=> >B 85 % 4o 90 % F8=:0 8
>B 7 % 4o 10 % 65;570 2 D>@<5 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E >:8A;>2. F8=:>2>?5?;C >B=>A8BAO B0:65 ?K;L A D8;LB@0 ?5G8 F8=:>20=8O. 5?5; 8<55B
AK?CGCN :>=A8AB5=F8N. -B>B >BE>4 >B=>A8BAO : 4@C38< >BE>40<, =5
>?0A=K<.
>;8G5AB2> >1@07CNI8EAO >BE>4>2 2 3>4.
0: A;54C5B 87 ?@0:B8:8 F8=:>20=8O, ?5?5; A>AB02;O5B >:>;> 8%
87@0AE>4>20==>3> F8=:0 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O.
!;54>20B5;L=>, 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5 3>@OG53> F8=:>20=8O 1C45B
>1@07>2K20BLAO A;54CNI55 :>;8G5AB2> MB8E >BE>4>2:
43
- F8=:>2K9 ?5?5; (?;NA ?K;L A D8;LB@0) (:>4: 11 05 02) = 2900 M3/
3>4 x 0,08 = 232 M3/3>4
M5AB>, ?@54=07=0G5==>5 4;O 2@5<5==>3> E@0=5=8O, 8 A?>A>1 E>7O9AB2>20=8O.
&8=:>2K9 ?5?5; 1C45B ?5@8>48G5A:8 A>18@0BLAO A ?>25@E=>AB8
@0A?;02;5==>3> F8=:0 8 A >G8AB:8 D8;LB@0 2 <5B0;;8G5A:85 :>=B59=5@K.
>=B59=5@K A ?5?;>< 1C45B 2@5<5==> E@0=8BLAO 2 F5EC >B45;5=8O 3>@OG53>
F8=:>20=8O.
5AL F8=:>2K9 ?5?5; 1C45B ?@>4020BLAO =0 F8=:>?;028;L=K5 702>4K. =
O2;O5BAO F5==K< AK@L5< 4;O 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O F8=:0, 0 B0:65 4;O ?>;CG5=8O
F8=:>2KE 15;8; 8;8 4@C38E F5==KE ?@>4C:B>2.
-B8 >BE>4K B0:65 >E>B=> ?>:C?0NB 703@0=8G=K5 F8=:>?;028;L=K5
702>4K (>A>15==> 87 5@<0=88, $@0=F88, 5;L388 8 B.4.).
3. 5;57> 8 AB0;L (AB0;L=>9 ;><), :>4: 17 04 05
M5AB> >1@07>20=8O >BE>4>2.
?5@8>4 ;8:2840F88 ?@54?@8OB8O 1C4CB >1@07>2K20BLAO AB0;L=K5
>BE>4K. -B> 1C45B >B@01>B0==0O =5ACI0O AB0;L=0O :>=AB@C:F8O, 87 :>B>@>9
?>AB@>5=K 8=25AB8F8>==K5 >1J5:BK.
-B8 >BE>4K 1C4CB >1@07>2K20BLAO =0 B5@@8B>@88 8=25AB>@0.
A=>2=>9 A>AB02 >BE>4>2.
-B8<8 >BE>40<8 1C4CB @07>1@0==K5 AB0;L=K5 :>=AB@C:F88.
5;57> (AB0;L) 1C45B 8<5BL A>AB02 B8?8G=K9 4;O AB0;8 St3S (>=0 A>45@68B 2
>A=>2=>< 65;57> 99 %, 0 B0:65 ;538@CNI85 4>102:8, B0:85 :0:, 2
G0AB=>AB8: C3;5@>4, :@5<=89 8 B.4. -B8 >BE>4K >B=>AOBAO : 4@C38< >BE>40<,
=5 >?0A=K<.
>;8G5AB2> >1@07CNI8EAO >BE>4>2 2 3>4.
@54CA<0B@8205<>5 :>;8G5AB2> MB8E >BE>4>2 A>AB028B AB>;L:> 65,
A:>;L:> A>AB028B @0AE>4 AB0;8 2 8=25AB8F8>==K9 ?5@8>4, a 8<5==>:
- 65;57> (AB0;L) = 150 M3/3>4.
-
M5AB>, ?@54=07=0G5==>5 4;O 2@5<5==>3> E@0=5=8O, 8 A?>A>1 E>7O9AB2>20=8O.
-B8 >BE>4K :0: 4@C385 >BE>4K, =5 >?0A=K5, 1C4CB 2@5<5==>
A:;048@>20BLAO =0 B5@@8B>@88 8=25AB>@0, a 70B5< 2K2575=K =0
AB0;5?;028;L=K5 702>4K.
>A:>;L:C MB> =>20O 8=25AB8F8O, B> 55 ;8:2840F8O =0ABC?8B, 25@>OB=>,
=5 @0=LH5, G5< G5@57 =5A:>;L:> 45AOB:>2 ;5B. !;54C5B AG8B0BLAO A B5<, GB>
B>340 <>3CB 1KBL 87<5=5=K ?@028;0 2 MB>9 >1;0AB8. >MB>BE>40<8
=C6=> 1C45B E>7O9AB2>20BL 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 459AB2CNI8<8 B>340
?@028;0<8.
44
4. !B0;L=>9 ;><, :>4: 16 01 17.
M5AB> >1@07>20=8O >BE>4>2.
!B0;L=>9 ;>< 1C45B >1@07>2K20BLAO 2 2845 >B@01>B0==>9 AB0;L=>9
?@>2>;>:8 (?@54=07=0G5==>9 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5 4;O ?>425H820=8O
AB0;L=KE M;5<5=B>2 : B@025@A0<). !B0;L=>9 ;>< 1C45B >1@07>2K20BLAO 2
?@>872>4AB25==>< F5EC.
A=>2=>9 A>AB02 >BE>4>2.
!B0;L=>9 ;>< 1C45B 8<5BL A>AB02, B8?8G=K9 4;O AB0;8 St3S (>=
A>45@68B 2 >A=>2=>< 65;57> 99 %, 0 B0:65 ;538@CNI85 4>102:8 B0:85, 2
G0AB=>AB8, :0:: C3;5@>4, :@5<=89 8 B.4. -B8 >BE>4K >B=>AOBAO : 4@C38<
>BE>40<, =5 >?0A=K<.
>;8G5AB2> >1@07CNI8EAO >BE>4>2 2 3>4.
@54CA<0B@8205<>5 :>;8G5AB2> MB8E >BE>4>2 A>AB028B AB>;L:> 65,
A:>;L:> A>AB028B @0AE>4 AB0;L=>9 ?@>2>;>:8 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5, a
8<5==>:
- AB0;L=>9 ;>< = 15000 :3/3>4 = 15 M3/3>4.
M5AB>, ?@54=07=0G5==>5 4;O 2@5<5==>3> E@0=5=8O, 8 A?>A>1 E>7O9AB2>20=8O.
!B0;L=>9 ;>< 1C45B 2@5<5==> A:;048@>20BLAO 2 <5B0;;8G5A:><
:>=B59=5@5 =0 >B25@645==>9 B5@@8B>@88. 5@8>48G5A:8 >= 1C45B 2K2>78BLAO
=0 A:;04K <5B0;;>;><0.
= O2;O5BAO F5==K< AK@L5< 4;O ?@>872>4AB20 AB0;8 =0 AB0;5?;028;L=KE
702>40E.
5. >G20 8 75<;O, 2 B>< G8A;5 :0<=8, =5 ?5@5G8A;5==K5 2 17 05 03 :>4 :
170504,
M5AB> >1@07>20=8O >BE>4>2.
@57C;LB0B5 ?@>872545==KE 2 8=25AB8F8>==K9 ?5@8>4 AB@>8B5;L=KE
@01>B 1C4CB >1@07>2K20BLAO >BE>4K 2 2845 ?>G2K 8 75<;8 A :0<=O<8,
:>B>@CN 1C4CB 2K18@0BL 2 A2O78 A 2K?>;=5=85< :>B;>20=>2 ?>4 DC=40<5=BK.
-B8 >BE>4K 1C4CB >1@07>2K20BLAO =0 B5@@8B>@88 8=25AB>@0.
A=>2=>9 A>AB02 >BE>4>2.
-B8<8 >BE>40<8 1C45B ?>G20 (3C:>B>@K5 8<5NBAO =0 MB>9 B5@@8B>@88. -B8 >BE>4K =5 1C4CB A>45@60BL
>?0A=KE 25I5AB2 8 =5 >B=>AOBAO : >?0A=K< >BE>40<.
>;8G5AB2> >1@07CNI8EAO >BE>4>2 2 3>4.
@54CA<0B@8205BAO, GB> 2 A2O78 A ?@>2>48B0<8 2
45
8=25AB8F8>==K9 ?5@8>4 745AL >1@07C5BAO <0:A8<0;L=> >:>;> 190 M3 MB8E
>BE>4>2.
M5AB>, ?@54=07=0G5==>5 4;O 2@5<5==>3> E@0=5=8O, 8 A?>A>1 E>7O9AB2>20=8O.
-B8 >BE>4K :0: 4@C385 >BE>4K, =5 >?0A=K5, 1C4CB 2@5<5==>
A:;048@>20BLAO =0 B5@@8B>@88 8=25AB>@0, 0 70B5< 1C4CB 8A?>;L7>20=K 4;O
>75;5=5=8O B5@@8B>@88 8=25AB>@0.
6. OBE>4K 15B>=0 8 15B>==K9 @ >B @071>@:8 8 @5<>=B>2 :>4: 17 01 01.
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8=25AB8F8O, B> 55 ;8:2840F8O =0ABC?8B, 25@>OB=>, =5 @0=LH5, G5< G5@57
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46
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47
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>;LH5 D>@<8@C5BAO =0 C@>2=5 >B 0,2 4> 0,4 <3 =0 G5;>25:0 2 B5G5=85 3>40.
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745AL 1C45B >1@07>2K20BLAO (Q) >BE>4>2:
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- 2 ?5@8>4 ;8:2840F88 0,0 M3/3>4.
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- 2 8=25AB8F8>==K9 ?5@8>4 193,03 M3/3>4,
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@07@5H5=85 =0 ?@>872>4AB2> >BE>4>2, 5A;8 ?@>872>48B A2KH5 l B>==K >?0A=KE
>BE>4>2 2 3>4 8;8 A2KH5 5 BKAOG B>== 2 3>4 4@C38E >BE>4>2, =5 >?0A=KE (AB. 17
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>B=>AOI85AO : >?0A=K< 8 4@C38<, =5 >?0A=K<, 7018@0NB ?>;CG0B5;8
A>1AB25==K< B@0=A?>@B><. E ?5@52>7OB 02B><>18;L=K< B@0=A?>@B><,
?@54=07=0G5==K< 4;O B0:8E ?5@52>7>:.
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48
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02B><>18;L=>3> B@0=A?>@B0 A :@KBK< :C7>2>< 8;8, 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B
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703@C7:8 =0 02B><0H8=K 8;8 2 :>=B59=5@0E, ?@8A?>A>1;5==KE 4;O 8E
?5@52>7:8, a >BE>4K C?0:>20=K B0:, GB>1K >15A?5G8BL 8E 157>?0A=CN
?5@52>7:C. !5@28A=K5 1@8304K 4;O ?@85<:8 >?0A=KE >BE>4>2 @0A?>;030NB
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49

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