A
LTEX Mathematical Symbols
A
The more unusual symbols are not defined in base LTEX (NFSS) and require\usepackage{amssymb}
1 Greek and Hebrew letters
ą \alpha � \kappa � \psi \digamma " \Delta Ś \Theta
� \beta  \lambda � \rho � \varepsilon � \Gamma Ą \Upsilon
� \chi � \mu � \sigma � \varkappa � \Lambda ś \Xi
� \delta � \nu � \tau � \varphi &! \Omega
\epsilon o o � \theta \varpi Ś \Phi 5! \aleph
� \eta � \omega � \upsilon \varrho  \Pi \beth
ł \gamma Ć \phi � \xi � \varsigma � \Psi \daleth
ą \iota Ą \pi ś \zeta Ń \vartheta Ł \Sigma � \gimel
A
2 LTEX math constructs
-

abc
\frac{abc}{xyz} abc \overline{abc} abc \overrightarrow{abc}
xyz
�!
-
f f abc \underline{abc} abc \overleftarrow{abc}

"

abc \widehat{abc} abc \overbrace{abc}
"abc \sqrt{abc}
n

abc \sqrt[n]{abc} abc \widetilde{abc} abc \underbrace{abc}

3 Delimiters
| | { \{ \lfloor / / Ń! \Uparrow \llcorner
| \vert } \} \rfloor \ \backslash ę! \uparrow \lrcorner
\| \langle \lceil [ [ Ó! \Downarrow \ulcorner
\Vert \rangle \rceil ] ] �! \downarrow \urcorner
Use the pair\lefts1 and\rights2 to match height of delimiters s1 and s2 to the height of their contents, e.g.,
\left| expr \right| \left\{ expr \right\} \left\Vert expr \right.
4 Variable-sized symbols (displayed formulae show larger version)


\sum \int \biguplus \bigoplus \bigvee


\prod \oint \bigcap \bigotimes \bigwedge


\coprod \iint \bigcup \bigodot \bigsqcup
5 Standard Function Names
Correct: \tan(at-n\pi)- tan(at - nĄ)
Function names should appear in Roman, not Italic, e.g.,
Incorrect: tan(at-n\pi)- tan(at - nĄ)
arccos \arccos arcsin \arcsin arctan \arctan arg \arg
cos \cos cosh \cosh cot \cot coth \coth
csc \csc deg \deg det \det dim \dim
exp \exp gcd \gcd hom \hom inf \inf
ker \ker lg \lg lim \lim lim inf \liminf
lim sup \limsup ln \ln log \log max \max
min \min Pr \Pr sec \sec sin \sin
sinh \sinh sup \sup tan \tan tanh \tanh
6 Binary Operation/Relation Symbols
" \ast ą \pm )" \cap \lhd
\star " \mp *" \cup \rhd
� \cdot \amalg \uplus \triangleleft
ć% \circ \odot \sqcap \triangleright
" \bullet \ominus \sqcup \unlhd
� \bigcirc �" \oplus '" \wedge \unrhd
\diamond \oslash (" \vee \bigtriangledown
� \times " \otimes \dagger \bigtriangleup
� \div \wr ! \ddagger \ \setminus
\centerdot \Box \barwedge \veebar
\circledast \boxplus \curlywedge \curlyvee
\circledcirc \boxminus \Cap \Cup
\circleddash \boxtimes Ą" \bot \top
\dotplus \boxdot \intercal \rightthreetimes
\divideontimes \square \doublebarwedge \leftthreetimes
a" \equiv d" \leq e" \geq Ą" \perp
<"
= \cong z" \prec \succ | \mid

= \neq \preceq \succeq \parallel
<" \sim \ll \gg \bowtie
\simeq �" \subset �" \supset \Join

H" \approx ą" \subseteq �" \supseteq \ltimes
\asymp \sqsubset \sqsupset \rtimes
.
= \doteq \sqsubseteq \sqsupseteq \smile
" \propto \dashv \vdash \frown
|= \models " \in \ni " \notin
/
\approxeq \leqq \geqq v" \lessgtr
<" \thicksim \leqslant \geqslant \lesseqgtr
\backsim \lessapprox \gtrapprox \lesseqqgtr
\backsimeq j" \lll k" \ggg \gtreqqless
\triangleq \lessdot \gtrdot \gtreqless
\circeq \lesssim \gtrsim w" \gtrless
\bumpeq \eqslantless \eqslantgtr \backepsilon
\Bumpeq \precsim \succsim \between
\doteqdot \precapprox \succapprox \pitchfork
H" \thickapprox \Subset \Supset \shortmid
\fallingdotseq \subseteqq \supseteqq \smallfrown
\risingdotseq \sqsubset \sqsupset \smallsmile
" \varpropto \preccurlyeq \succcurlyeq \Vdash
4" \therefore \curlyeqprec \curlyeqsucc \vDash
5" \because \blacktriangleleft \blacktriangleright \Vvdash
\eqcirc \trianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \shortparallel

= \neq \vartriangleleft \vartriangleright \nshortparallel
\ncong \nleq \ngeq \nsubseteq
\nmid \nleqq \ngeqq \nsupseteq
&" \nparallel \nleqslant \ngeqslant \nsubseteqq
\nshortmid n" \nless o" \ngtr \nsupseteqq
\nshortparallel �" \nprec \nsucc \subsetneq
\nsim \npreceq \nsucceq \supsetneq
\nVDash \precnapprox \succnapprox \subsetneqq
\nvDash \precnsim \succnsim \supsetneqq
\nvdash \lnapprox \gnapprox \varsubsetneq
\ntriangleleft \lneq \gneq \varsupsetneq
\ntrianglelefteq \lneqq \gneqq \varsubsetneqq
\ntriangleright \lnsim \gnsim \varsupsetneqq
\ntrianglerighteq \lvertneqq \gvertneqq
7 Arrow symbols
�! \leftarrow �!- \longleftarrow ę! \uparrow
�! \Leftarrow �!= \Longleftarrow Ń! \Uparrow
\rightarrow - \longrightarrow �! \downarrow
�! \Rightarrow =�! \Longrightarrow Ó! \Downarrow
"! \leftrightarrow �! \longleftrightarrow \updownarrow
�! \Leftrightarrow �!�! \Longleftrightarrow \Updownarrow
\mapsto - \longmapsto \nearrow
�! \hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow \searrow
\leftharpoonup \rightharpoonup \swarrow
\leftharpoondown \rightharpoondown \nwarrow
\rightleftharpoons \leadsto
\dashrightarrow \dashleftarrow �! \leftleftarrows
\leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \twoheadleftarrow
\leftarrowtail \looparrowleft \leftrightharpoons
\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh
\upuparrows \upharpoonleft \downharpoonleft
\multimap \leftrightsquigarrow �! \rightrightarrows
\rightleftarrows �! \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows
\twoheadrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright
\rightleftharpoons \curvearrowright \circlearrowright
\Rsh \downdownarrows \upharpoonright
\downharpoonright \rightsquigarrow
\nleftarrow \nrightarrow \nLeftarrow
\nRightarrow \nleftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow
8 Miscellaneous symbols
" \infty " \forall k \Bbbk ! \wp
" \nabla " \exists \bigstar " \angle
" \partial \nexists \diagdown \measuredangle
� \eth " \emptyset \diagup \sphericalangle
c& \clubsuit " \varnothing f& \Diamond \complement
f& \diamondsuit 1
\imath \Finv \triangledown
e& \heartsuit �� \jmath \Game \triangle
`& \spadesuit \ell \hbar \vartriangle

� � � \cdots \iiiint \hslash \blacklozenge
.
.
. \vdots \iiint f& \lozenge \blacksquare

. . . \ldots \iint \mho \blacktriangle
.
.
.
\ddots \sharp \prime \blacktrinagledown
\Im \flat \square \backprime
"
\Re \natural \surd \circledS
9 Math mode accents
�
Ż
Ż
� \acute{a}

\bar{a} � \Acute{\Acute{A}} A \Bar{\Bar{A}}
�
�
�

\breve{a} �
\check{a} 
\Breve{\Breve{A}} A \Check{\Check{A}}
� Ł
Ł
� \ddot{a} a \dot{a} � \Ddot{\Ddot{A}} A \Dot{\Dot{A}}
Ł
` Ć
Ć
ą \grave{a} � \hat{a} Ą \Grave{\Grave{A}} A \Hat{\Hat{A}}
�

ć \tilde{a} \vec{a} � \Tilde{\Tilde{A}} A \Vec{\Vec{A}}
a
10 Array environment, examples
Simplest version: \begin{array}{cols} row1\\row2\\. . . rowm \end{array}
where cols includes one character [lrc] for each column (with optional characters|inserted for vertical lines)
and rowj includes character&a total of (n - 1) times to separate the n elements in the row. Examples:
\left( \begin{array}{cc} 2\tau & 7\phi-frac5{12} \\

3\psi & \frac{\pi}8 \end{array} \right)
5
2� 7Ć - x 3 4 5
12
\left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right) and
Ą
3� y 1 3 729
8
\mbox{~and~} \left[ \begin{array}{cc|r}
3 & 4 & 5 \\ 1 & 3 & 729 \end{array} \right]
f(z) = \left\{ \begin{array}{rcl}
ńł
\overline{\overline{z^2}+\cos z} & \mbox{for}
�ł
z2 + cos z for |z| < 3
& |z|<3 \\ 0 & \mbox{for} & 3\leq|z|\leq5 \\
f(z) =
0 for 3 d" |z| d" 5
ół
\sin\overline{z} & \mbox{for} & |z|>5
sin z for |z| > 5
\end{array}\right.
11 Other Styles (math mode only)
Caligraphic letters:$\mathcal{A}$etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Mathbb letters:$\mathbb{A}$etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Mathfrak letters:$\mathfrak{A}$etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c 1 2 3
Math Sans serif letters:$\mathsf{A}$etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c 1 2 3
Math bold letters:$\mathbf{A}$etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c 1 2 3
Math bold italic letters: define\def\mathbi#1{\textbf{\em #1}} then use$\mathbi{A}$etc.:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c 1 2 3
12 Font sizes

f-1(x - xa) dx ${\displaystyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$

f-1(x - xa) dx ${\textstyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$
Math Mode:

f-1(x-xa) dx ${\scriptstyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$

f-1(x-xa) dx ${\scriptscriptstyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$
\normalsize= normal
\tiny= smallest
\huge= huge
\large= large
\scriptsize= very small
Text Mode:
\footnotesize= smaller \Large= Large
\Huge= Huge
\small= small
\LARGE= LARGE
13 Text Mode: Accents and Symbols
ó \ {o} � \"{o} � \^{o} � \ {o} � \~{o} M
\={o} s \d s
.
o \.{o} O
\u{o} Q
\H{o} oo \t{oo} o \c{o} o \d{o} � \r s
Ł � s
.
o \b{o} � \AA � \aa � \ss 1
\i �� \j Ż \H s
s
Ż
ł \o s \t s a
\v s � \O ś \P ż \S
ć \ae Ć \AE \dag ! \ddag � \copyright Ł \pounds