key role in the economy. –

entrepreneurial adj [przedsi_biorczy]–

entrepreneurship n [U]

[przedsi_biorczo__]

freelance n [C] someone who works for different companies and is not

employed by one niezale_ny

asset n [C] something belonging to an wykonawca. Freelancers usually receive

individual or business that has value or fixed payments and not a salary : We’re the power to earn money aktywa: The going to use a freelance designer for company has recently sold some of its the company website. – freelancer n [C]

assets to an Australian investor.

[niezale_ny wykonawca] – freelance

Collocations tangible assets, intangible ad j [zwi_zany z niezale_nym

assets, fixed assets, liquid assets

wykonawc_]

company n [C] a legally registered hierarchy n [C] system of authority within business spó_ka handlowa. There are

an organisation hierarchia : Many

many different types of companies:

Swedish firms have very flat

holding company (holds the share

hierarchies. – hierarchical adj capital of one or more other

[hierarchiczny] Collocations flat

companies) [holding] joint stock

hierarchy, steep hierarchy, traditional company (registered company or

hierarchy

limited company) [spó_ka akcyjna]

public limited or listed company

merger n [C] the creation of a new (company whose shares are traded on

company by joining two separate

the stock exchange) [spó_ka z

companies po__czenie, fuzja : The

ograniczon_ odpowiedzialno_ci_]

merger will have to be approved by the subsidiary [ filia] (company owned by

authorities. – merge v [I,T] [__czy_]

a parent company [spó_ka matka])

share n [C] a unit of the capital of a Synonyms corporation n [ C] AmE

company akcja. Shares in listed

[korporacja] concern n [C] [koncern]

companies can be bought and sold on

business n [C] [firma]

the stock market: Investors are having competition n [U] rivalry between to pay a higher price for the company’s businesses that are operating in the

shares. – shareholder n [C]

same market konkurencja: The

[akcjonariusz] stockholder n [C] US

competition is getting tougher every

[akcjonariusz] – shareholding n [C]

year. – compete v [I] [konkurowa_] –

[posiadanie akcji] Synonym stock n

competitor n [C][konkurent] –

[C] AmE [akcja] Collocations share competitive adj [konkurencyjny] –

capital, share certificate, share dealing, competitiveness n [U]

share issue, share price

[konkurencyjno__] Collocations

trade union n [C] an organisation that competitive advantage

exists to protect the rights of employees entrepreneur n [C] someone who starts a in a company zwi_zki zawodowe: The

company, arranges business deals and

trade union is in pay negotiations with takes risks przedsi_biorca:

the employer. Synonym labor union n Entrepreneurs have always played a

[C] AmE [zwi_zki zawodowe]

motivate v [T] make someone willing to work harder motywowa_ : He’s very

appraise v (T) to assesss the value of good at motivating his sales team. –

something ocena, wycena. Staff are

motivation n [U] [motywacja]–

regularly appraised to see if they have

motivational adj [motywacyjny] –

met the objectives that they are given : motivated adj [uzasadniony] Synonym The department manager will appraise encourage v [T] [zach_ta]Collocations each employee individually. – appraisal highly-motivated, motivational skills, n [C][ocena] – appraisee n [C] [osoba motivation techniques

oceniana] – appraisor n [C][taksator, objective n [C] a goal that has been fixed osoba oceniaj_ca] Collocations annual for people to achieve cel: I have a

appraisal, performance appraisal

meeting with my line manager to fix my authority 1 n [U] the power to impose objectives every six months. Synonyms decisions w_adze: The managers in our goal n [C] [cel] aim n [C] [cel] target n company have a great deal of

[C] [cel] Collocations set / fix / establish authority. – authorise v (T)

/ achieve / meet objectives

[upowa_ni_]– authorisation n

staff 1 n [plural] the employees of an

[U][upowa_nienie] – authoritative adj organisation za_oga : The new manager

[autorytatywny, uprawniony]

will be joining the staff in November. 2

– authoritarian adj [ autorytatywny]

v [I] to provide workers for an

Collocations lines of authority 2 n [C] a organisation zapewnia_ personel : Each public institution which is in charge of of our centres is staffed by expert

enforcing regulations or administering

personnel. Synonyms personnel n [U]

a government service: The public

[personel] employees n [ C]

health authority.

[pracownicy] workers n [C]

autonomy n [U] the freedom to make

[pracownicy] Collocations staff morale, your own decisions without having to

staff turnover

request authorisation autonomia: I’ve subordinate n [C] a person who works always believed that it’s best to give under a more senior member of staff

staff as much autonomy as possible. –

podw_adny : I have six subordinates

autonomous adj [autonomiczny]

that report to me. – subordinate v [T]

coach 1 n [C] person who is responsible

[podlega_]

for training a team or an individual

supervise v [ T] to control the work of instruktor: He’s a very successful

other people in order to make sure that

football coach. 2 v [T] to train people it is properly done nadzorowa_: We

to help them to acquire particular skills need to supervise the trainees very

szkoli_: I’m responsible for coaching closely. – supervision n [ U] [nadzór] –

two new people in the department.

supervisory adj [nadzoruj_cy]

delegate v [T] to give responsibility to Synonym manage v [T] [zarz_dza_]

someone at a lower level in the

task n [C] a piece of work that has to be hierarchy to enable them to take

done zadanie. Tasks are generally

decisions udziela_ pe_nomocnictwa :

assigned to employees at the start of the Managers need to delegate more

week. Synonym duty n [C]

routine tasks to junior members of staff.

[obowi_zek] Collocations assign /

– delegation n [U] [delegacja,

delegate a task, task-based, task-

przekazanie]

driven, task force

resources n [ C] this includes the capital, personnel and knowledge that an

analysis n [C] the work of studying data organisation has at its disposal zasoby, and information analiza : Detailed

_rodki: A key element of the new

analysis of our results shows that

strategy is the more effective use of our productivity has increased only

resources. Collocations human marginally. – analyse v [T]

resources, financial resources

[analizowa_] – analyst n [C] [analityk]

sales 1 n [plural] the value of the goods Collocations financial analysis

and services sold during a period

campaign n [C] a planned operation sprzeda_: The company reported sales which aims to achieve a particular result of $42 million during the first quarter.

kampania : A new campaign by activists 2 the department responsible for the has forced the company to reconsider activity of selling goods and services to some of its policies. – campaign v [I] [+

customers dzia_ sprzeda_y: I’ll put you for/against] [prowadzi_ kampani_] –

through to our sales department. –

campaigner n [C] [osoba prowadz_ca salesman/woman n [C] [sprzedawca] –

kampani_] Collocations advertising

salesclerk n [C] AmE [sprzedawca]

campaign, marketing campaign,

Collocations sales agent, sales call, political campaign

sales conference, sales department,

sales drive, sales figures, sales forecast, growth n [U] an increase in the size or sales manager, sales outlet, sales pitch, quantity of something wzrost : Research sales promotion, sales representative, suggests that there will be significant sales talk

growth in the market for women’s

products. – grow v [I] [rosn__]

strategy n [C] a plan of action to enable a Collocations growth rate

firm to compete strategia : As part of our new strategy we are developing

industry n [C] the production of goods closer links with our suppliers. –

using capital and labour przemys_ : The strategic adj strategiczny – strategically automobile industry is facing increased adv strategicznie Collocations develop /

competition. – industrial adj revise a strategy, strategic alliance,

[ przemys_owy] – industrialise v [T]

strategic management, strategic

[uprzemys_owi_] – industrialisation n planning, strategic business unit (SBU)

[C] [industrializacja] Collocations

manufacturing industry, service

supply n [U] the amount of goods or industry, industrial relations

services available on a market at a

certain time dostawa : Improved

market share n [U] the proportion of the production techniques will increase the total market that is supplied by a

supply of raw materials. – supply v [T]

particular company udzia_ w rynku:

[dostarcza_] – supplier n [C]

Our objective is to increase our

[dostawca] – supplies n [C] [dostawy, European market share by five per cent rezerwy] Collocations order supplies, this year. – market-sharing n [U]

supply and demand, supply chain

[posiadanie udzia_u w rynku]

management, supply side, oversupply

Collocations increase / lose / take / win market share

threat n [C] a potential danger to the interests of a company zagro_enie:

opportunity n [C] a situation with future Deregulation of the market is a real potential mo_liwo__, okazja: Japan

threat to established telecom operators.

represents a great opportunity for our

– threaten v [T] [grozi_] – threatening new brand. Collocations lose / sieze /

adj [zagra_aj_cy]– threateningly adv take an opportunity

[zagra_aj_co]

suit n [C] [proces s_dowy] Collocations take legal action, win a legal action board n [C] the group of directors elected pay 1 n [U] money earned by an by the shareholders to manage a

employee as a salary or wage wyp_ata:

company zarz_d : The board has

Some employees are complaining that

approved the director’s salary.

their pay has not increased in line with Collocations board of directors, board inflation. – payment n [C] [p_atno__]

meeting, boardroom

Collocations pay as you earn (PAYE), pay freeze, pay rise, payroll, pay-slip, budget n [C] an account of probable pay talks 2 to give money to someone future income and expenditure during

in exchange for items or services

a fixed period bud_et : We are currently zap_aci_: We’re paying more than the preparing the budget for next year. –

market rate.

budget v [ I] [bud_etowa_] – budgetary adj [bud_etowy] Collocations be on /

pension n [C] a regular payment made to a over / under budget, budget deficit, person after they have retired from

budget surplus, meet a budget

active work emerytura: Some businesses have decided to ask their staff to

compensation n [U] payment, including contribute another one per cent

salary and other incentives like stock

towards their pensions. Collocations options wynagrodzenie: The best paid pension fund, pension contribution

executives received more than $10

million in compensation last year. –

reward v [T] to give a payment for compensate v [T] [wynagradza_]

services performed or for excellent

Collocations compensation deal,

work or behaviour nagradza_: We like compensation package

to reward our staff when they reach the objectives. – reward n [C,U] [nagroda]

contract n [C] a document setting out an

– rewarding adj [dochodowy]

agreement between two or more parties

kontrakt : Under the new contract the salary n [C,U] an amount of money paid company becomes the exclusive

every month to an employee in

distributor for North America.

exchange for their services wyp_ata:

– contractor n [C] [zleceniobiorca] –

Salaries are always paid in the local sub-contractor n [C] [pod-currency. – salaried adj [otrzymuj_cy zleceniobiorca] Collocations agree a wyp_at_] Collocations be on a salary contract, be under contract, breach a of, earn a salary, negotiate a salary, contract, negotiate a contract, review a salary scale

contract, sign a contract, terminate a severance deal / pay n [C,U] money paid contract

by an employer when an employee’s

damages n [plural] an amount of money services are terminated odprawa:

paid to a person who has suffered an

Severance pay for top executives has injustice odszkodowanie: The company increased significantly in recent years.

paid damages to staff who were

stock option n [C] an option given to unfairly dismissed.

executive employees allowing them to

legal action n [C,U] using the law to buy shares in the company at a

defend one’s rights post_powanie

favourable price opcje menad_erskie :

prawne: The consumer association said Microsoft has announced that it plans it will consider legal action. Synonyms to end stock options for employees.

litigation n [U] [sprawa s_dowa] law

loan, interest on a loan, take out a loan

consortium n [C] an association between negotiation n [C] the process of two or more companies to work

negotiating a business deal negocjacje:

together on a specific project (usually a The success of the negotiations will major construction or engineering

depend on the financial terms of the project) konsorcjum: SK Gas has

deal. – negotiate v [I,T] [negocjowa_]

formed a consortium with automakers

– negotiator n [C] [negocjator]

to produce gas-powered vehicles.

Synonyms talks n [plural] Collocations negotiate an agreement / a deal,

cost 1 n [C] the price paid for something negotiation skills

koszt: The total cost for the new

equipment will be $50,000. 2 the prosperity n [U] a state of being rich, money that is required to produce or

having economic success rozkwit : The sell something koszty : It looks like nation’s future prosperity will depend production and labour costs will be

on developing a highly-skilled

higher than we expected. – cost v [I]

workforce. – prosper v [I]

[kosztowa_] Synonym overheads n [C]

[prosperowa_] – prosperous adj

[koszty ogólne] Collocations fixed

[dobrze prosperuj_cy]

costs, variable costs, cost-cutting, cost control, cost-effective, occur a cost reserve 1 n [C] the amount of something kept for future use rezerwy : Shell has development 1 n [C] the growth and revised its estimate of available oil expansion of a business, industry or

reserves. 2 an amount of money set economy rozwój: The OECD provides

aside from profits rezerwy _rodków

advice and assistance on all aspects of pieni__nych: Ten per cent of earnings development. 2 research to produce have been transferred to reserves. –

new, improved products opracowanie:

reserve v [T] [od_o_y_] Synonym

Our company is actively pursuing the resources n [U] [zasoby, _rodki]

development of new biotechnology

Collocations hold in reserve, use up solutions. 3 a change or alteration reserves

zmiana: Another recent development

has been the arrival of Asian

revenue n [C] money received especially companies on the market. – developer from selling goods and services

n [C] [developer] – developing adj przychód: Revenues have increased by

[rozwijaj_cy si_] Collocations research six per cent to £183m.

and development (R&D), developing countries

wealth n [U] the amount of money or possessions owned by an individual,

loan n [C] money lent to an individual or organisation or country bogactwo:

organisation po_yczka : The World

Accumulating wealth is the key to

Bank has agreed to a five-year loan of financial independence. – wealthy adj $125m. – loan v [T] [po_ycza_]

[bogaty] Collocations acquire /

Collocations apply for a loan, bank

accumulate wealth

marketingowy (marketing mix): 1

place n [C] [miejsce] the distribution and delivery of goods to market 2

barrier to entry n [C] any factor which price n [C] [cena] the amount of prevents new competition from

money for which something can be

entering a market bariery wej_cia: A sold. – price v [T] [cena] Collocations strong brand can become a barrier to cost price, cut price, fixed price, list entry in some markets, while a simple price, retail price , purchase price, product cannot.

recommended price, wholesale price,

price-list, price-tag, price war 3

benefit n [C] an advantage or an product n [C] [produkt] normally a improvement korzy__ : One benefit of manufactured item but also refers to

the new design is that it can be

everything that surrounds the product:

installed easily. – benefit [+ from] v the brand, the packaging, the product’s

[korzysta_ (z czego_)] – beneficial adj features and performance

[korzystny]

characteristics. 4 promotion n [C]

brand n [C] the identity of a product or

[promocja] activities that help sell a

service marka : Eastman Kodak is a

product

premier brand in traditional and

premium n [C] a price that is higher than digital imaging. – brand v [T]

the standard price, usually due to

[znakowa_] Collocations brand image, higher quality cena premiowa:

brand leader, brand loyalty, brand

Organically grown foods are sold at a manager, brand management, brand

premium. Collocations premium rate name, brand-stretching, cross-branding, own brand, premium brand

promotion n [C] a method of communicating and publicising a

consumer n [C]

a person who buys

product promocja : America Online

products and/or services konsument :

plans to launch a promotion on

Nokia is committed to providing

Thursday that will let its members

consumers with the information they

download full-feature films. – promote need. – consume v [T] [konsumowa_]

v [T] [promowa_] – promotional adj

– consumption n [U] [konsumpcja]

[promocyjny] Collocations seasonal

Collocations consumer goods,

promotion, promotional campaign,

consumer research, consumer survey

promotional price

logo n [C] a sign or symbol used as a point of sale abbreviation POS n [C] the trademark to represent a company or a

place where a consumer can buy a

brand logo: The Nike ‘swoosh’ is an

product or service miejsce sprzeda_y:

instantly recognisable logo.

New electronic systems can approve

marketing mix n [U] the four different credit for customers at the point of sale.

components of marketing miks

Synonyms outsource v [T] [zleca_ na zewn_trz]

back office n [C] the departments of a outsource v [T] transferring work to an financial company where routine

outside supplier zleca_ na zewn_trz : admistrative tasks are done without

We are planning to outsource all of our direct contact with customers zaplecze:

IT operations to an Indian supplier. –

Efficient management of the back office outsourcing n [U] [zlecanie na

can reduce costs.

zewn_trz] Synonyms subcontract v [T]

business process n [C] any activity that is

[podzlecanie]

essential for a firm to conduct its

overhead n [C] a cost that does not vary business dzia_alno__: Organisations

with output (e.g. rent, salaries) koszty that have complete control over their ogólne: The pressure on corporate

business processes are the most

mangement to reduce overheads is

productive. Collocations business increasing. Synonyms fixed cost n [C]

process re-engineering

[koszty sta_e]

database n [C] an organised set of pilot project n [C] a trial project to test information stored in a computer baza

performance projekt pilota_owy: The danych: We’re currently updating all pilot project will start operating in our customer files in the database.

June.

downsize v [I] to reduce the number of productivity n [U] wydajno__ The employees in an organisation redukcja

relationship between the output of

zatrudnienia : European companies are goods and the resources needed to

continuing to downsize their

produce them: Productivity has

manufacturing operations. – downsize continued to grow strongly.

v [T] [redukowa_ zatrudnienie]

Synonyms lay off v [ T] [zwolni_]

saving n [C] money and materials saved by economical working oszcz_dno__ :

knowledge work n [U] work that involves New construction techniques resulted in developing or using knowledge praca

a saving of 25 per cent of operation umys_owa: The profitability of most

and maintenance costs. – savings business today depends more on

[plural] [oszcz_dno_ci] Synonym

knowledge work than on manual work.

economy n [U] [ekonomiczno__]

– knowledge worker n [C] pracownik Collocations cost saving, make savings umys_owy

service provider n [C] a company that offshoring n [U] transferring work to an provides services for users especially in outside supplier based in another

computer networks dostawca us_ug:

country dzia_alno__ offshore:

There are several issues to consider Offshoring is only suitable for tasks that when selecting a service provider.

have been clearly defined and can be managed at a distance. – offshore adj shortage n [C] a lack or scarcity of dotycz_cy dzia_alno_ci offshore –

something brak: Silicon Valley is

offshore n [U] [dzia_alno__ offshore]

facing a shortage of skilled

programmers.

prices will rise more slowly next year. –

forecast v [T] [prognozowa_]

balance sheet n [C] a statement showing Synonyms projection n [C] [projekcja]

the wealth of a business or organisation income statement n [C] AmE a financial at a particular date bilans. The balance statement showing revenue, expenditure

sheet has two parts showing assets and and profit from operations during a

liabilities: Buildings and machinery are given period zeznanie podatkowe :

assets that should be listed on the

Enron’s income statement did not

balance sheet. Synonyms statement of accurately reflect its losses. Synonyms financial position n [C] AmE

profit and loss account n [C] BrE

[sprawozdanie finansowe]

[rachunek zysków i strat] statement of

bankrupt adj unable to pay your debts earnings n [C] AmE [zestawienie zbankrutowany : The company is almost przychodów]

bankrupt and will need to secure a

mismanagement n [U] poor quality loan to survive. – bankrupt v, n [C]

management niegospodarno__ : Lack

[bankrutowa_, bankrut]– bankruptcy n of cashflow is often due to

[U] [bankructwo] Synonyms insolvent

mismanagement. – mismanage v [T]

adj AmE [niewyp_acalno__]

[nieprawid_owo zarz_dza_]

bottom line n [C] the last line on a profit and loss account n [C] BrE a financial document which shows the

financial statement showing revenue,

final result (total profit once all costs expenditure and profit from operations

have been deducted) wynik ko_cowy:

during a given period rachunek zysków

Falling sales are going to have a

i strat : Ahold’s profit and loss account negative impact on the bottom line.

did not show all its losses. Synonyms expense 1 n [C] money spent wydatek: We income statement n [C] AmE [zeznanie have significantly reduced our expenses podatkowe] statement of earnings n [C]

over the last five years. – expenditure n AmE [zestawienie przychodów]

[C] [wydatki] Synonyms spending n

regulator n [C] a government agency

[U] [wydatki] 2 n [C] money spent by responsible for overseeing a profession

an employee that can be claimed back

or an activity cia_o nadzoruj_ce: Stock

[koszty podlegaj_ce zwrotowi]: I put market regulators are in charge of

the restaurant bill on expenses.

protecting investors. – regulation n [C]

Collocations expense account, expenses

[regulacja] Synonyms controller n [C]

claim form, claim expenses

[organ kontroluj_cy]

financial statement n [C] a document Securities Exchange Commission

showing the state of the finances of an

abbreviation SEC n the US agency organisation or business sprawozdanie

responsible for stock market regulation

finansowe: Financial statements must Komisja Papierów Warto_ciowych: The

be completed by the end of August.

SEC is currently investigating ten cases forecast n [C] [prognoza] an estimate of a of fraud.

future situation : According to forecasts,

Staff are empowered to shape their

career development. – empowerment n

[U] [upowa_nienie]

accountable adj responsible for the effects of your actions odpowiedzialny :

hire v [T] employ someone wynaj__: Managers are accountable for the

Businesses are hiring as job growth

performance of their employees.

booms. – hire n [C] [wynaj_cie]

Synonyms responsible [+ for] adj

Synonyms recruit v [T] [rekrutowa_]

[odpowiedzialny]

employ v [T] [zatrudni_] Collocations hiring and firing, hiring manager

applicant n [C] a person who is applying for a position wnioskodawca : All

payroll n [U] 1 a list of the employees in applicants are asked to provide a letter an organisation listra pracowników 2

of reference. – apply [+ for] [sk_ada_

the administration of employee pay

wniosek] v [I] – application n [C]

lista p_ac: Salaries are calculated

[wniosek] Synonyms candidate n [C]

according to the number of days that

[kandydat]

employees are on the payroll.

Collocations payroll management,

assign v [T] give someone a particular task cut/reduce the payroll

to do przydzieli_: Employees are

assigned duties that correspond to their qualification n [C] an examination passed skills and training. – assignment n [C]

at school or university kwalifikacje:

[przydzielenie]

Candidates must have qualifications in accounting. – qualify v cover letter n [C] a letter written to an

[I][kwalifikowa_] – qualified adj

employer in response to a job

[wykwalifikowany]

advertisement pismo przewodnie:

Candidates should send a cover letter resumé n [C] AmE a document that gives with a copy of their CV.

details of a candidate’s experience and

qualifications _yciorys: Preparing a curriculum vitae abbreviation CV n [C] a good resumé should be the starting

document that gives details of a

point for all job seekers. Synonyms person’s experience and qualifications

Curriculum Vitae BrE

_yciorys: Her CV is fairly typical for a business graduate. Synonyms resumé n screen v [T] [selekcjonowa_] to examine

[C] AmE [_yciorys]

or test people: Each candidate is

screened for education, experience,

deadline n [C] the date by which expertise and salary.

something has to be completed termin

wykonania: The deadline for

train v [T] to teach someone the skills of a applications has been extended until particular job or activity szkoli_ : Staff the 25 May. Collocations fix a are trained to watch for situations

deadline, meet a deadline, miss a

where they may be required to help. –

deadline, set a deadline

training n [U] [szkolenie] – trainee n

[C] [szkolony] – trainer n [C] [osoba empower v [T] give someone the power or szkol_ca]

ability to do something upowa_nia_:

file-swapping n [U] exchanging files between computers on a network

wymiana plików: Record companies

copycat n [C] the term for someone who tried to close down the illegal file-copies the work of another person

swapping website.

plagiator: The Australian government has announced that it is cracking down infringement n [U] a breach of the law or on copycats.

of another person’s rights naruszenie:

The company is being sued over

copyright n [U] the legal right that infringements of copyright technology.

belongs to the person who has created a

new artistic work or piece of software

intellectual property n [U] something that prawa autorskie: All of the graphics a person or business has invented and

and editorial content on this site are which is protected by patent prawa

protected under US copyright.

w_asno_ci intelektualnej: All

international businesses are having to currency n [C] the type of money that is spend more on protecting their

used by a particular country or trading intellectual property.

bloc waluta: The euro is the currency of most member states of the European

patent n [C] a special right given to the Union. Synonyms money n [U]

inventor of a machine or process

[pieni_dze] Collocations foreign

patent : Some governments do not

currency, hard currency, currency

recognise patents on software. – patent dealer, currency exchange rate,

v [T] [patentowa_] – patented adj currency trading

[opatentowany] Synonyms copyright n

[C,U] [prawa autorskie] Collocations

defraud v [T] to cheat another person by patent pending, patent office

taking something that they own

defraudacja : He admitted defrauding

piracy n [U] infringement of copyrights his employer of more than £2m.

piractwo: The association has launched a campaign to fight software piracy.

enforce v [T| to make people obey a law or rule egzekwowa_ : Enforcing a

profitability n [U] the ability of a business patent can be a long and expensive

to earn profits rentowno__ : Increased process. – enforcement n [U]

labour costs have reduced our

[egzekwowanie] – enforceable adj

profitability. – profit n [C] [zysk] –

[mo_liwy do wyegzekwowania]

profit v [I] [zyskiwa_] – profitable adj

[rentowny]

fake n [C] a copy or imitation of a genuine article podróbka : Experts have trademark n [C] a special, registered identified the components as fakes. –

picture or symbol that is associated with fake v [T] [oszukiwa_] Synonyms copy a particular brand or product znak

v [C] [kopiowa_] – copy n [C] [kopia]

towarowy: Our trademark is now well-

known in most countries in the region.

brutto: The film grossed $8.5m in the first two weeks. – gross adj [brutto]

bid n [C] an offer to buy something at a Collocations gross profit, gross

stated price oferta: All bids must be margins, gross national product, gross submitted in writing. – bid v [I,T]

domestic product (GDP)

[uzczestniczy_ w przetargu] – bidder n inventory n [C] a list of the stocks held by

[C] [uczestnik przetargu] – bidding n a business zapasy : New software has

[U] [przetarg] Synonyms offer n [C]

made it possible to control inventory

[oferta] Collocations make/accept/reject more accurately. Synonyms stock n [C]

a bid, takeover bid

[zapasy]

business to business abbreviation B2B adj market research n [U] the work of refers to any business or

finding out what kind of goods

correspondence between two

consumers want badania rynkowe:

companies relacje pomi_dzy dwoma

Conducting online surveys is a new and firmami: The B2B sector will be the

promising approach to market

biggest growth area in internet traffic.

research.

dealer n [C] a person who specialises in mass market n [U] the market for trading a particular type of goods

standardised consumer products rynek

dealer: The company only uses

masowego odbiorcy: Licensing is one

authorised dealers who are fully

way for small businesses to enter the trained. – deal n [C] [transakcja] –

mass market. – mass-market adj deal v [I,T] [handlowa_] Collocations

[dotycz_cy rynku masowego odbiorcy]

foreign exchange dealer, broker-

dealer, dealership,

merchandising n [U] toys, clothes and make/reach/conclude a deal, raw deal other products based on a popular film,

TV show, etc and sold to make

demand n [C,U] the quantity required to additional profits artyku_y

supply orders popyt: Total petroleum promocyjne: Star Wars merchandising

demand has increased by one per cent.

made far more profit than the films.

Collocations supply and demand

price setting n [U] fixing the prices at e-business n [ U] business to business which goods and services will be sold

relationships conducted using internet

ustalanie ceny: In price setting you try technology e-biznes: IBM is one of the to estimate how much customers will be leading suppliers of e-business

prepared to pay for an item

solutions.

real estate n [U] property in the form of e-commerce n [U] selling activities that are land or houses nieruchomo__:

conducted using internet technology e-

Investing in real estate is not as risk free handel: Some consumers still lack

as some people think. Synonyms

confidence in e-commerce.

property n [U] BrE [w_asno__] realty glitch n [ C] a minor fault with a computer n [U] AmE [maj_tek nieruchomy]

program or machine krótkotrwa_e

Collocations estate agent BrE

zak_ócenie: A glitch in the computer tender n [C] a written offer by a supplier system has led to the cancellation of to provide goods or services at a certain several flights. Synonyms malfunction price oferta: Your tender has been

n [C] [awaria] bug n [C] [wirus]

accepted at the agreed price. – tender v gross v [T] to calculate revenue before tax

[I,T] [sk_ada_ ofert_]

and other charges have been deducted

litigation n [U] legal action against an individual or organisation sprawa

s_dowa: Litigation has increased

aid n [U] assistance given to a country or significantly over the years. – litigate v organisation in difficulty pomoc: The

[U] [prowadzi_ spraw_ s_dow_] –

World Bank is repeating its call for rich litigator n [C] [strona prowadz_ca countries to increase the amount of aid spraw_ s_dow_]

given to the poorest nations. – aid v [T]

[udziela_ pomocy]

lobby v [T] to try to persuade a government or organisation to change

boycott n [C] a protest where people a policy or situation lobbowa_ : Big

refuse to buy or use a product or

companies are lobbying the president service bojkot : The consumer group is to open up marine reserves for oil

calling for the boycott of all tobacco drilling. – lobby n [U] [lobby] lobbyist products. – boycott v [T] [bojkotowa_]

n [U] [lobbysta]

charity n [C] a non profit-making petition n [C] a document signed by many organisation that collects goods and

people asking someone in authority to

money in order to provide assistance

change something petycja: So far, five dzia_alno__ charytatywna: The charity thousand people have signed the

managed to raise £3m for homeless

petition. – petition [+ against/for] v people in the UK.

[I,T] [sk_ada_ petycj_]

debt relief n [U] the cancellation or pressure group n [C] a group that tries to reduction of a debt umorzenie d_ugu:

influence the opinions of other people

The government is firmly committed to grupa nacisku : The pressure group is a programme of debt relief.

cordinating the protests.

demonstration n [C] a march to publicly protectionism n [U] protecting a country’s protest about something demonstracja:

trade by taxing foreign goods

The demonstration will take place at protekcjonizm: Protectionism usually G7 summit on 10 June.

increases the prices of basic goods to fair trade n [U] a movement which the consumer.

promotes fairer trading conditions for

quota n [C] an official limit on the amount developing countries handel oparty na

of something kontyngent: Quotas have zasadach wzajemno_ci w polityce

been imposed on 25 categories of

celnej: Fair trade gives consumers an imported clothing.

opportunity to help change the world.

subsidy n [C] money given by a grant n [C] a sum of money given to a government to certain producers to

person or organisation to help them to

help them to produce without losing

pay for something dotacja: The Central money subsydia: World Bank

Development Fund has awarded a

economists are urging rich countries to grant of $7.5m. – grant v [T] [udziela_

cut subsidies to certain industries. –

dotacji]

subsidise v [T] [subsydiowa_]

income n [C,U] money received by a taxpayer n [C] any person or organisation person, family or organisation dochód : that is liable to pay tax podatnik:

In some parts of the country incomes Taxpayers will pay more to subsidise have fallen by as much as 25 per cent.

the development of alternative energy Synonyms revenue n [C] [dochód]

sources.

Collocations income tax, gross income, net income

prioritise v [T] to put things in the order of importance so that you can deal with

the most important things first ustala_

priorytety: Prioritising your work will correspondence n [U] writing, receiving help you to avoid backlogs.

and answering letters korespondencja:

I’m catching up on my

process v [T] to deal with information or correspondence. – correspond v [I]

documents przetwarzanie: All the data

[korespondowa_]

is processed on the server. – process n

[C] [proces]

information technology abbreviation IT n

[C] technologia informatyczna the

product recall n [C] a situation where a technology of processing, storing or

defective product is withdrawn from the

transmitting data by electronic means:

market and returned to the

Information technology has

manufacturer wycofanie produktu z

revolutionised all aspects of

rynku: Product recalls of children’s management.

toys are now very rare.

mobile n [C] a wireless telephone text messaging n [U] a system which przeno_ny: The introduction of colour allows short text messages to be

screens and digital imaging have made communicated by telephone

mobiles even more essential. Synonyms przekazywanie wiadomo_ci tekstowych

cell phone n [C] AmE [telefon przez telefon: Text messaging is far komórkowy]

more popular than voice calls.

Synonyms SMS (Short Message

overload n [C] an excessive quantity of Service) n [C] [SMS]

something nadmiar: You may be

overwhelmed by the overload of

white-collar adj employees who work in information that is available on the net.

offices pracownik umys_owy: White-

– overload v [I] [prze_adowa_,

collar jobs are moving abroad.

przeci__y_]

loading bay n [C] the area in a factory or warehouse where goods are loaded for

distribution n [U] the arrangements and transport dok za_adowczy: When a

activities required in order to get goods truck arrives at the loading bay an

from the manufacturer to the consumer

employee registers the delivery.

dystrybucja: Distribution is organised pilot v [T] to test a new idea or product via a product list.

produkowa_ eksperymentalnie: We are

finished goods n [plural] goods or piloting new ways to improve our

products that are ready to be sold on to supply chain management. Synonyms consumers towary gotowe : We keep

test v [T] [testowa_] trial v [T]

close track of the stock levels of our

[prowadzi_ próby]

finished goods.

raw materials n [plural] materials such as freight n [U] the transportation of goods minerals and hydrocarbons which are

by air, sea, rail or road fracht: All used in a production process surowce:

freight is paid by the customer. –

Securing long term supplies of raw

freight v [T] [wysy_a_] Collocations materials is critical.

air-freight, freight car (AmE), freight ship v [T] to move goods from one place train, freight forward

to another wysy_a_: This order is being grey marketing n [U] selling products shipped to Puerto Rico. – shipment n without the authorisation of the

[U] [wysy_ka]– shipping n [U]

trademark owner szara strefa : Any

[wysy_anie]- ship n [C] [wysy_ka]

authorised dealers who resort to grey Synonyms deliver v [ T] [dostarcza_]

marketing will be immedaitely

supply chain n [C] the interactions suspended.

between the suppliers, manufacturers

haulage n [U] the business of transporting and distributors when making and

goods by road or railway przewóz: We selling a product _a_cuch dostawców : are a haulage and warehousing

Information technology has changed

company based in Poland.

the dynamics of the supply chain

Collocations road-haulage

Collocations supply chain management

achievement n [C] something that you succeed in doing by your own efforts

osi_gni_cie : Designing the first laptop computer was one of his greatest

achievements. – achieve v [T] [osi_ga_]

– achiever n [C] [osoba, która

osi_gn__a sukces]

borderline n [C] the point at which one thing ends and another begins granica : Many products fall into the borderline between different product categories –

borderline adj [graniczny]

breakthrough n [C] an important new discovery prze_om: The iMac was a

major breakthrough in computer

design. Collocations make a

breakthrough

business practices n [plural] the methods used to conduct business zasady

prowadzenia dzia_alno_ci: The

company is running a scheme to

encourage best business practices.

design v [T] to make a drawing or plan of something that will be made

projektowa_ : At the moment she’s

designing a new range of furniture to be used in schools. – design n [C]

[projekt] – designer n [C] [projektant]

– designed adj [zaprojektowany]

Collocations designer goods, designer label, designer ware

feature n [C] an important part of something cecha : The programme has

a number of interesting new features. –

feature v [T] [cechowa_ si_] Synonyms characteristic n [C] [charakterystyka]

Collocations product features, special features

generic adj a product that does not have a trademark odtwórczy: Generic drugs

sell at a much lower price.

mass-production adj produced in large quantities masowo produkowany :

Many companies have moved their

mass-production overseas to cheaper

markets. – mass-produce v [T]

[produkowa_ masowo]– mass-

production n [U] [produkcja masowa]

prototype n [C] the first form that a new design takes prototyp: The prototype has revealed areas where the design

can be improved.