,  "
0B0;LO 
!"   #!  " '!"
": $, -" "# + !."+
 
# AB0BBV @>73;O40NBLAO ?8B0==O D>;L:;>@=8E ?0@0;5;59 4> >1@07C @CA0;:8
C @><0=B8G=8E B2>@0E . >3>;O, ". (52G5=:0, . !><>20.
;NG>2V A;>20: @><0=B87<, «@CA0;L=89 <>B82, D>;L:;>@, D>;L:;>@=89 >1@07.
/2;OOAL >A=>2=K< :><?>=5=B>< =0@>4=>9 :C;LBC@K 8 E@0=8B5;5<
=0@>4=>9 <C4@>AB8, <8@>2>77@5=8O 8 8450;>2 ?@54H5AB2CNI8E
?>:>;5=89, D>;L:;>@ A>E@0=8; <=>3>G8A;5==K5 0@E08G5A:85 A8<2>;K,
>1@07K 8 <>B82K, :>B>@K5 =0A;54>20;8AL ;8B5@0BC@>9 @07;8G=KE M?>E.
>2KH5==K9 8=B5@5A : D>;L:;>@=K< EC4>65AB25==K< :>@=O<
=01;N405BAO 2 B2>@G5AB25 @><0=B8:>2. 8D>;>38G5A:0O 8 D>;L:;>@=0O
0B@81CB8:0 ?@>A;568205BAO 2 @0==8E ?>25ABOE . . >3>;O («5G5@0 =0
ECB>@5 1;87 8:0=L:8), ?>M<5 . !. CH:8=0 « CA0;:0, ?>25AB8
« CA0;:0 8 @0AA:075 «C?0;>2 25G5@ . !><>20, 2 ?>M<0E ". . (52G5=:>
«@8G8==0, «#B>?;5==0O, « CA0;:0. 0==K5 ?@>872545=8O 2 @07=>9
<5@5 8 AB5?5=8 ?>3@C65=8O A2O70=K A 0:BC0;870F859 D>;L:;>@=>3>
?>4B5:AB0, 8A?>;L7>20=85< 8 8=B5@?@5B0F859 :><?;5:A0 D>;L:;>@=KE
<>B82>2 8 D>;L:;>@=>9 >1@07=>AB8.
A>1>5 <5AB> 2 @><0=B8G5A:>< B2>@G5AB25 70=8<05B >1@07 @CA0;:8,
>B=>AOI89AO : D>;L:;>@=>9 45<>=>;>388, =0@O4C A >1@070<8 ;5H8E,
:8:8<>@, 4><>2KE. #A8;5==K9 8=B5@5A : @CA0;:5 8AA;54>20B5;L=8F0
@CAA:>3> D>;L:;>@0, -.. ><5@0=F520, A2O7K205B A >?0A=>ABLN MB>9
=5G8AB8, «& :>B>@0O A2>59 :@0A>B>9 8 >10O=85< ;53:> <>65B 702;5GL,
702>@>68BL, 0 70B5< ?>3C18BL G5;>25:0. AA;54>20B5;L AG8B05B, GB> =8
2 >4=>< 4@C3>< 45<>=8G5A:>< ACI5AB25 =5B B0:>3> B@038G5A:>3>
A>G5B0=8O :@0A>BK 8 :>20@AB20. <5==> 2 @0AA:070E > @CA0;:0E
?>4G5@:8205BAO ?@87@0G=>ABL ACI5AB20 ?>BCAB>@>==53>, >?0A=>3> 8 2<5AB5
A B5< <0=OI53> <8@0. =0 702;5:05B 65@B2K @048 70102K 8;8 2 A8;C
C2;5G5=8O. =0 2=CH05B =5 B>;L:> AB@0E, => 8 ;N1>2L. =0 ?C305B =5
A2>8< 157>1@0785<, 0 A2>59 A2O7LN A ?>BCAB>@>==8< <8@><, A2>8<
:>20@AB2><, >1>;LAB8B5;L=>ABLN, 3@5E>2=>ABLN [1, 81].
 40==>9 AB0BL5 ?@54;0305BAO @0AA<>B@5BL ?@8=F8?K 8=B5@?@5B0F88
D>;L:;>@=>3> >1@070 @CA0;:8 2 ?@>872545=8OE @CAA:8E 8 C:@08=A:8E
@><0=B8:>2, CAB0=>28BL >A>15==>AB8 <8D>?>MB8G5A:>3> ?@85<0
2 :>=B5:AB5 @><0=B8G5A:>9 B@048F88 (@5GL 845B, ?@5645 2A53>, > AN65B0E
>3>;O, !><>20, (52G5=:>, 2:;NG0NI8E >1I89 D>;L:;>@=K9
«@CA0;L=K9 <>B82).  A2O78 A MB8< ?@54?>;0305BAO :><?;5:A=K9 273;O4
=0 2708<>A2O7L 8 2708<>459AB285 D>;L:;>@=>3> 8 ;8B5@0BC@=>3> >1@070 8
86
<>B820, A>?>AB028B5;L=>3> ?>4E>40 2 >F5=:5 :0: D>;L:;>@=>-
;8B5@0BC@=>9, B0: 8 2=CB@8@><0=B8G5A:>9 ?>MB8G5A:>9 A8BC0F88. 0:
A;54AB285, 0=0;87 «@CA0;L=>3> <>B820 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20= ?@8
>?@545;5=88 2>7<>6=KE D>;L:;>@=>-;8B5@0BC@=KE AN65B=KE
?0@0;;5;59, CAB0=>2;5=88 ?@>B>B8?>2 ;8B5@0BC@=KE >1@07>2.
 G0AB=>AB8, MBC ?@>1;5<C 70B@038205B .. %>40=5=, @0AA<0B@820O
«@CA0;L=K9 <>B82 2 @CAA:8E @><0=B8G5A:8E ?>25ABOE.
AA;54>20B5;L=8F0 AG8B05B, GB> 1KB>20=85 MB>3> <>B820, 2>AE>4OI53>
: A;02O=A:><C D>;L:;>@C, 70:@5?8;>AL 2 @CAA:8E 1K;8G:0E
8 1K20;LI8=0E, 8 >1@07C5B F5;K5 B5<0B8G5A:85 F8:;K. >A:>;L:C
60=@>20O ?>MB8:0 MB8E D>;L:;>@=KE D>@< 2> <=>3>< >?@545;O5BAO
>A>15==>ABO<8 ?>25AB2>20=8O (>=0 1;87:0 : A:07:5), B> B@048F88 D>@<
2KO2;ONBAO 2 A2O78 A 8A?>;L7>20=85< :0B53>@89 <>@D>;>38G5A:>3>
0=0;870 2>;H51=>9 A:07:8 [2, 17  18; 3]. @8<5=OO MBC <5B>48:C,
?>?KB05<AO CAB0=>28BL =5:>B>@K5 A5<0=B8G5A:85 G5@BK >1@070 @CA0;:8
8 8E 2;8O=85 =0 D>@<8@>20=85 @><0=B8G5A:>3> D>;L:;>@87>20==>3>
AN65B0.
4=8< 87 «A:07>G=KE <>B82>2, 2;8ONI8E =0 AB0=>2;5=85
EC4>65AB25==>3> AN65B0, O2;O5BAO 0@E08G=K9 <>B82 <8D>;>38G5A:>3>
?@52@0I5=8O, :>B>@K9 2;5G5B 70 A>1>9 :0G5AB25==> =>2CN A5<0=B8:C >1@070.
725AB=>, GB> @CA0;:0<8 2 A;02O=A:>9 <8D>;>388 =07K20NBAO ACI5AB20, :0:
?@028;>, 2@54>=>A=K5, 2 :>B>@KE ?@52@0I0NBAO C<5@H85 452CH:8,
=5:@5I5=K5 45B8. CA0;:8 ?@54AB02;ONBAO 2 2845 :@0A82KE 452CH5:
A 4;8==K<8 @0A?CI5==K<8 75;5=K<8 2>;>A0<8. !>3;0A=> =5:>B>@K<
25@>20=8O<, ?0;LFK =0 =>30E C @CA0;>: A>548=5=K ?5@5?>=:0<8, :0: C 3CA59,
2 MB>< <>6=> C1548BLAO ?> 8E A;540< [4, 390; 5, 449].
!CI5AB2CNI85 ?@54AB02;5=8O > ?@>8AE>645=88 4CE>2 AB8E89,
: :>B>@K< >B=>AOBAO ;5H89, 2>4O=>9, @CA0;:8, ?@0:B8G5A:8 A>2?040NB
C 2A5E 2>AB>G=KE A;02O=. '0I5 2A53> 2 @0AA:070E 3>2>@8BAO > B><, GB>
;5H85 8 @CA0;:8  MB> ?@>:;OBK5 ;N48 8;8 70;>6=K5 ?>:>9=8:8; B0:65
ACI5AB2CNB ?@54AB02;5=8O, GB> MB> ?@>:;OBK5 1>3><, =5:@5I5=K5 8;8
=8725@3=CBK5 1>3>< A =515A 0=35;K [1, 32-33].
!>>B25BAB2C5B =0@>4=K< ?@54AB02;5=8O< >1@07 @CA0;:8 2 @0AA:075
. !><>20 « CA0;:0. ;02=0O 35@>8=O ?>25AB2>20=8O, >@?8=:0, 1C4CG8
=5 70<C65< A2O7K205B A2>N AC4L1C A «?>;LA:8< ?0=><, =0@CH0O B5<
A0<K< <>@0;L=K9 70?@5B. -B0 A2O7L >BO3G05BAO GC68< 25@>8A?>2540=85<
075<8@0 '5?:8, GB> C65 ?@54?>;0305B A2O7L 53> A =5G8AB>9 A8;>9: «B>
7=05B, GB> =0 4CH5 C 8=>25@F0, C :0B>;8:0..?  8 B>3> 5I5 EC65 <& > 5A;8
2 2845 ?>;LA:>3> ?0=0 O2;O;AO B515 7;>9 8A:CA8B5;L. "K 7=05HL, GB> C =0A
2 8525, 70 3@5E8 =0H8, <=>3> 8 :>;4C=>2 8 254L< [6, 117]. "5=45=F8O
A2O78 2A53> 8=>AB@0==>3> A 4LO2>;LA:8< ?@>A<0B@8205BAO 8 2 B2>@G5AB25
. . >3>;O (=0?@8<5@, =0 MB>B <>B82 C:07K205B . @01>28G [7, 89]).
87
KE>48B, C65 3@5E>2=0O A2O7L >@?8=:8 A <C6G8=>9-8=>25@F5<,
A>>B=>AOI53>AO A 4LO2>;LA:8< =0G0;><, A B>G:8 7@5=8O 02B>@0,
?@54?>;0305B =0:070=8O.
!>25@H82 A0<K9 AB@0H=K9 3@5E  A0<>C189AB2>, 452CH:0, :070;>AL
1K, =0E>48B CA?>:>5=85 =0 ;>=5 ?@8@>4K, 345 =5B «=8 3>;>40, =8 E>;>40,
=8:0:8E =C64, 345 «25A5;>, «;53:>, 345 «2A5 <>;>45NB 8 AB0=>2OBAO
B0:65 @572K, :0: AB@C9:8 2>4O=K5, B0: 65 83@82K 8 157701>B=K, :0:
<>;>4K5 @K1:8 [6, 121]. > MB> =5 ;8H05B >@?8=:C 65;0=8O >B><AB8BL
?@540B5;N, E>BO 02B>@ >B:@KB> >1 MB>< =5 3>2>@8B. 4=0:> <K C7=05<, GB>
«=0 4@C3>9 45=L ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: @CA0;:0 C1560;0 >B A2>59 <0B5@8, =0H;8
2 ;5AC <5@B2>5 B5;>. -B> 1K; ?>;O: 2 >E>B=8GL5< ?;0BL5, 8 548=>75<FK
C7=0;8 2 =5< 075<8@0 '5?:C, ;>2:>3> <>;>4>3> G5;>25:0, 1K2H53>
4CH>N 2A5E 25A5;KE >1I5AB2 <& > =8:0:>9 @0=K, =8:0:>3> 7=0:0
=0A8;LAB25==>9 A<5@B8 =5 70<5B=> 1K;> =0 B5;5; => ;8F> 1K;> A8=5, 8 2A5
68;K 2 AB@0H=>< =0?@O65=88. <& > @0G8 B>;:>20;8 B> 8 4@C3>5;
=> =0@>4 >1JOA=O; 45;> 3>@074> ?@>I5: >= 3>2>@8;, GB> ?>:>9=8:0 @CA0;:8
70I5:>B0;8 [6, 123].
"0:8< >1@07><, ?@52@0I5=85 2 @CA0;:C 2 40==>< ?@8<5@5, ?> A;>20<
.%. >;L45=15@30, >:07K205BAO A;54AB285< =0:070=8O 70 =0@CH5=85
>?@545;5==KE 70?@5B>2, GB> 2>AE>48B : :><?;5:AC <8D>;>38G5A:8E
?@54AB02;5=89, A2O70==KE A A8AB5<>9 B01C [8, 57].  @0<:0E
@><0=B8G5A:>3> AN65B0 MB8 ?@54AB02;5=8O B@0=AD>@<8@CNBAO 2 <>@0;L=>-
E@8AB80=A:>< 0A?5:B5. # !><>20, =0?@8<5@, >BG5B;82> >?@545;ONBAO
<>B82K, 2>-?5@2KE, A2O78 =570<C6=59 452CH:8 A <C6G8=>9; 2>-2B>@KE,
<>B82K A>25@H5=8O A0<>3> 1>;LH>3> 3@5E0  A0<>C189AB20; 2-B@5BL8E,
=01;N405BAO <>B82 <5AB8, :>B>@0O @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO =5 B>;L:> =0
>184G8:0, => 8 2 F5;>< =0 G5;>25G5AB2>. 0: A;54AB285, =0;8G85
8A:;NG8B5;L=>3> 45<>=8G5A:>3> =0G0;0, :>B>@K< >1;0405B @CA0;:0,
8 :>B>@>5 ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 65;0=88 «70I5:>B0BL, «70B0I8BL 2 2>4C,
«CB>?8BL 8 B. 4.
 «@8G8==>9 ". (52G5=:> 2 @CA0;:C ?@52@0I05BAO 452CH:0,
87<CG5==0O >48=>G5AB2><, =5 8<5O A5<L8 ( =V 10BL:0, =V =5=L:8: / >4=0, O:
B0 ?B0H:0 / 2 40;5:V< :@0N ), 0 B0:65 B5@705<0O <KA;LN > B><, «5 <8;89
=>GCT: / G8 2 B5<=><C 30N, / '8 2 18AB@V< C=0N :>=O =0?C20, / '8, <>65,
7 4@C3>N, / 4@C3CN :>E0T [9, 6-8]). B>3>< 55 AB@040=89 O2;O5BAO
D878G5A:0O A<5@BL >B @C: @CA0;>:, A<5@BL, 87=0G0;L=> B>645AB25==0O
4CE>2=>9 ?>B5@8 A51O.
-B0 B5<0 ?@>4>;605B @072820BLAO 8 2 ?>M<5 ". (52G5=:> « CA0;:0,
345 =5=C6=>9 >:07K205BAO CB>?;5==0O <0B5@LN 4>GL («>@>48;0 <5=5
<0B8 /  28A>:8E ?0;0B0E. / "0 9 ?>=5A;0 A5@54 =>GV / # =V?@V A:C?0B8& /
;828, ?;828, <>O 4>=N, / =V?@>< 70 2>4>N. / "0 28?;828 @CA0;:>N /
02B@0 A5@54 =>GV [9, 287]).  40==>< A;CG05 <0BL >A>7=0==> ;8H05B
88
687=8 A2>53> =5:@5I5=>3> @515=:0, >1@5:0O 53> AB0BL G0ABLN
?>BCAB>@>==53> <8@0.  MB>9 A8BC0F88 =0 ?5@2>5 <5AB> 2K42830NBAO C65
=5 AB>;L:> <8D>;>38G5A:85 <>B82K ?@52@0I5=89, A:>;L:>
?A8E>;>38G5A:89 :>=D;8:B: <0BL, C182H0O @>4=>5 48BO, 2A?><8=0NI0O
> A2>5< ?>ABC?:5 A @02=>4CH85< («73040;0, O: :C?0;0 V O: ?@8<>2;O;0. /
"0 1094C65. / VH;0 A>1V C ?0;0B8 A?0B8), 4>AB>9=0 AC@>2>3> =0:070=8O.
# (52G5=:> @><0=B8G5A:89 «@CA0;L=K9 <>B82 >1CA;>2;8205B @07@01>B:C
AN65B0 8 2K7K205B 0;;N788 A =5:>B>@K<8 D>;L:;>@=K<8 8AB>G=8:0<8,
345 =01;N405BAO <>B82 @>4>2>3> @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O 3@5E0 (C:065< 4;O
A@02=5=8O 20@80=B AN65B0 «!B@0H=>9 <5AB8 >3>;O).
$>;L:;>@=>9 >A=>2>9 ?>25AB8 . >3>;O «09A:0O =>GL, 8;8
CB>?;5==8F0 O2;O5BAO AN65B > =5AG0AB=>9, >B25@65==>9 452CH:5,
4>2545==>9 4> A0<>C189AB20, :>340-B> 2>AE>482H89 : O7KG5A:><C :C;LBC
2>4O=KE 8 ;5A=KE 4CE>2. 0: >B<5G05B .. %>40=5=, 2 ?>25AB8 >3>;O
A «@CA0;L=K< <>B82>< A>548=5= «254L<8=A:89 <>B82, CA;>6=5==K9
>B72C:>< >1@070 7;>9 <0G5E8, ?@5A;54CNI59 ?04G5@8FC. @30=87C5B AN65B
A:07>G=>5 «@0A?>7=020=85 ?5@A>=060, ?@8=O2H53> GC6>9 >1;8:.
« CA0;>G=K9 <>B82 @50;87>20= =5 ?>;=>ABLN, ?>A:>;L:C <5ABL <0G5E5 =5
A>AB>O;0AL [2, 17] #B>?;5==8F0, 1C4CG8 «AB@040B5;L=K< >1@07>< (B5@<8=
.. 0==0) [10, 78], 2K=C645=0 >1@0B8BLAO 70 ?><>ILN : G5;>25:C, GB>
=5A:>;L:> =5 A>>B25BAB2C5B =0@>4=K< ?@54AB02;5=8O<, ?>A:>;L:C @CA0;:8,
:0: ?@028;>, =5 2ABC?0NB 2 4>3>2>@ A G5;>25:><, O2;OOAL, ?> 1>;LH><C
AG5BC, ACI5AB20<8 2@54>=>A=K<8 [1, 89]. 5@>OB=>, >3>;L ?KB05BAO
?@5>1@07>20BL B@048F8>==K5 D>;L:;>@=K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O > @CA0;:5, :0: >
7;>< =0G0;5: @CA0;:0 ?><>305B 52:C 4>18BLAO >B A2>53> >BF0 @07@5H5=8O
=0 65=8BL1C. 5@5>A<KA;5= >1;8: @CA0;:8, 2KABC?0NI59 B0:65 2 @>;8
«?@>A8B5;O > ?><>I8 8 «40@8B5;O :0: 548=AB25==>3> 4>1@>3>
45<>=8G5A:>3> ?5@A>=060 C >3>;O [10, 78]. 4=0:> 55 ?@8=04;56=>ABL
: ?>BCAB>@>==5<C <8@C, 0 B0:65 3@5E A0<>C189AB20, A>25@H5==K9 5N,
=5 ?>72>;ONB 3>2>@8BL > =59 :0: > 4>1@>< =0G0;5, >A>15==> 2 :>=B5:AB5
=0@>4=>9, 2 G0AB=>AB8, E@8AB80=A:>9 B@048F88.
>42>4O 8B>38, A;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> 2 @><0=B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5
>1@07 @CA0;:8 >AB0;AO 2 @0<:0E D>;L:;>@=>3> ?>MB8G5A:>3> >1@070, :>340
=01;N405BAO =5:0O AB0=40@B=0O, >4=>B8?=0O 53> 8=B5@?@5B0F8O. >7<>6=>,
?8A0B5;59 ?@82;5:0;> A>G5B0=85 2 MB>< =5A:>;L:> =5>4=>7=0G=>< >1@075
=0@>4=>9 45<>=>;>388 B08=AB25==>AB8 8 :@0A>BK, ?>MB8G=>AB8 8 B@0387<0,
;N128 8 A<5@B8 [1, 87]. 5@5>A<KA;5=85 8 B2>@G5A:>5 8AB>;:>20=85 MB>3>
<8D>;>38G5A:>3> ?5@A>=060 ?>MB0<8-@><0=B8:0<8 A>740;> ?>G2C 4;O
?>O2;5=8O =>20B>@A:>9 A8<2>;8:8, @0AH8@8;> MAB5B8G5A:85
8 2K@078B5;L=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 >1@070. !>>B25BAB25==> >1I=>ABL
<8D>;>38G5A:8E ?@54AB02;5=89 A;02O= > @CA0;:0E AB0;0 A2O7CNI8<
725=><, ?5@2>>A=>2>9 <8D>B2>@G5AB20 @CAA:8E 8 C:@08=A:8E @><0=B8:>2.
89
"0:8< >1@07><, >1@0I5=85 : @><0=B8G5A:8< AN65B0<, 0=0;87 8E
45<>=>;>38G5A:8E <>B82>2, ?>72>;O5B 3>2>@8BL > 2>7<>6=>AB8
2>AAB0=>2;5=8O =5:>B>@KE <8D>;>38G5A:8E ?@54AB02;5=89 A;02O=,
A>E@0=82H8EAO D@03<5=B0@=> 2 A8AB5<5 D>;L:;>@=>-;8B5@0BC@=KE A2O759.
@>872545=8O >3>;O, !><>20, (52G5=:> <>6=> @0AF5=820BL :0:
A>>B=>AOI85AO A A8AB5<>9 A;02O=A:8E <8D>;>38G5A:8E ?@54AB02;5=89 =0
C@>2=5 45<>=>;>38G5A:8E <>B82>2.
8B5@0BC@0
1. ><5@0=F520 -. . 8D>;>38G5A:85 ?5@A>=068 2 @CAA:>< D>;L:;>@5.  .: 74-2>
«0C:0, 1975.  192 A. 2. %>40=5= . . « CA0;>G=K9 <>B82 2 @><0=B8G5A:8E ?>25ABOE
.. !><>20 8 .. >3>;O // "2>@G5AB2> .. >3>;O 8 A>2@5<5==>ABL. "578AK
4>:;04>2 8 A>>1I5=89 =0CG=>-?@0:B8G5A:>9 >3>;52A:>9 :>=D5@5=F88.  568=, 1989.
 !. 17  18. 3. @>?? ./. AB>@8G5A:85 :>@=8 2>;H51=>9 A:07:8.  ., 1986.  365 A.
4. 8DK =0@>4>2 <8@0. -=F8:;>?548O.  2-E B. / ;. @54. !.. ">:0@52.  .: !>25BA:0O
M=F8:;>?548O, 1988.  ". 2.  !. 390. 5. >9B>28G . . #:@0W=AL:0 <VD>;>3VO.  .:
81V4L, 2005.  664 A. 6. !><>2 . C?0;>2 25G5@: 71@0==K5 ?@>872545=8O.  .:
=V?@>, 1991.  558 A. 7. @01>28G . >3>;L V <VD #:@0W=8 // !CG0A=VABL.  1994.  ! 9. 
!. 77  93. 8. >;L45=15@3 . %. $>;L:;>@=K5 ?@52@0I5=8O 2 ?>MB8:5 >3>;O // CAA:0O
;8B5@0BC@0 8 D>;L:;>@=0O B@048F8O. !1>@=8: =0CG=KE B@C4>2.  >;3>3@04, 1983. 
!. 53  63. 9. (52G5=:> ". >170@.  8W2: 04O=AL:0 H:>;0, 1983.  608 A. 10. 0== .. .
>MB8:0 >3>;O. 2-5 874., 4>?.  .: %C4. ;8B., 1988.  413 A.
0B0;LO 20=>20
!"   #!  " '!" ":
$, -" "# + !."+  
 AB0BL5 @0AA<0B@820NBAO =5:>B>@K5 D>;L:;>@=K5 ?0@0;;5;8 >1@070 @CA0;:8
2 @><0=B8G5A:8E ?@>872545=8OE . >3>;O, ". (52G5=:>, . !><>20.
;NG52K5 A;>20: @><0=B87<, «@CA0;L=K9 <>B82, D>;L:;>@, D>;L:;>@=K9
>1@07.
Natalia Ivanova
SEMANTICS OF MERMAID IMAGE IN THE WORKS OF ROMANTICISTS:
PARALLELS IN FOLKLORE AND LITERARY PLOTS
The article deals with some folklore parallels of mermaid image in the romantic works
by N.Gogol, T.Shevchenko, O.Somova.
Key words: Romanticism, mermaid motif, folklore, folklore image.
90