n
n
2
2 2 2 sT
Ti -�T
��T (� )�
i ��
T1 -� T +� T2 -� T +�ź�+� T -� T sT =�
T1 +� T2 +� T3 +� .....+� T (� )� (� )� (� )�
n
n i =�1
i=�1
T =� =�
sT =� =�
n
n n
n -�1 n -�1
m
ś�f A1, A2 ,ź�, A
(� )�
m
F =� f A1, A2,ź�, A D�F =� ą� �� D�Ai
(� )� F = A + lub - B to "F = "A + "B
m ��
ś�Ai
i =�1
�� D�A D�B D�C ł�
F =� f A, B,C,ź� =� Aa �� Bb ��Cc ��.... D�F =� ą�F �� a �� +� b �� +� c �� +� ...ś�
(� )�
ę�
A B C
�� ��
l �� d 1 2�� n��sinu 2�� A
l�
p =� pob �� pok � z =� =� =�
am =�
m
fob �� fok am l� l�
2�� n��sin u
500 �� A <� pu <� 1000 �� A
sina� v1
n2 -�1 M
=� =� n2,1 sing� =� n2,1 R =� ��
sin b� v2
n2 +� 2 r�
Robl. -� Rdośw.
n =� tg j�
a� =� a� ��c ��l
I =� I0 �� cos2 b� [� ]�
l�
P
t� =�
k =� al� ��c
P =� P0 ��e-�k��d
P0
A =� -� logt� A =� e�l� ��c �� d
t� =� e-�al� ��c��d
+� -�
h�� =� Ek +� m ��c2 +� Ek +� m ��c2
p e
h �� =� Ek +�W h�� =� Ek +� h�� '+�W 1�4�2�04�3�
1�4�2�04�4�
4� 3�
pozyton elektron
m�
m�m =�
I =� I0 ��e-�m���d a =� a0 ��e-�m���d
r�
ln a =� ln a0 -� m� �� d
r�
pi
��
q 4��p���h� ��r3
r�
i P =� t� =�
P =�
S k ��T
V
R
Vkrwinek
1
104
F� =�
K =� XC =�
R Vkrwinek +�osocza
w� ��C
106
k� k�k
-�1 -�1
k� k� 2 �� k�o -� k�
(� )� l
o o
=� F� �� F� =�
C =�
k� k�k
k� +� 2 ��k�
S
o
+� 2 +� 2
k� k�
o o
k� �� D�k� +� k� �� D�k�
o o
D�F� =� ą�6 ��
C =� kwz �� R
wz 2
k� +� 2 ��k�o
(� )�
D�v p���r4 �� D�t
R =� 6 �� p� �� r �� v ��h�
F =�h� �� S �� D�V =� �� D�p
D�x 8��l ��h�
h� h�
h�wł NA
ć� ��
h�wł =� -�1 =�1+� 2,5��Ś
h� =� =� 2,5�� �� v
[� ]� lim
�� ��
h�0 c��0 h�0
c M
Ł� ł�
h� t r� r�
3�� M
=� �� =� 1+� 0, 23��c
r =� 3 �� h�
[� ]�
h�0 t0 r�0 r�0
10��p� �� NA
1 1
2 2
S1 �� v1 =� S2 ��v2 =� const
pS1 +� r� �� g �� h1 +� �� r� ��v1 =� pS2 +� r� �� g �� h2 +� �� r� �� v2 =� const.
2 2
1
p� �� r4 2��r ��v�� r�
Q =� �� D�p
Q =� �� D�p NR =�
R
8��h� ��l h�
N
D�p
E ��d
K K =�
v =� vt =�
D�V
r� 2 �� R �� r�c
V
D�V lAB
vp =� vt =�
S �� D�t D�t
F d ��V �� g
W =� s� �� D�S s� =� s� =�
l 2��p��� r �� n
s� n0 �� d
r ��h �� d �� g 2��s�
=�
s� =� D�p =�
s�0 n�� d0
2�� cosa� R
dw dw
dcz =� =�
s�p =�s�0 -�s� s�p ��S =� N ��kB ��T =� const
n c ��Vk �� NA
cz m
4��Vw 4�� cm ��Vk �� M
lcz =� =�
2 2
p��� dw p��� dw �� r�
k ��T
d n d c
D =�
=� -�D�� S ��
D�x2 =� 2�� D��t
6��p���r ��h�
dt d x
ć� c0 ��
c0 2�� A
ln =� C �� D ��t
c2 =� �� 1-� e-�C��D��t C =�
(� )� �� ��
c0 -� 2 ��c2 ł�
2 V ��d x
Ł�
c0
c =� c0 ��e-�k�D��t c =� c0 ��e-�k�E��t =� c0 �� e-�k�E ��t1/2
2
ln 2 0,693
k�E =� �
t1/ 2 t1/ 2
R ��T v
���
��
Me Mez +� +� z ��e-�
V -�V =� D�V =� D�V0 +� ��ln c u =�
Ź��
��
r e e j
z �� F E
ć� �� ć� ��
u+� -� u-� R ��T c1 R ��T c1
V2 -�V1 =� D�Vd =� �� �� ln E =� D�Ve1 -� D�Ve2 E =� ��ln
�� �� �� ��
u+� +� u-� z �� F c2 ł� z �� F c2 ł�
Ł� Ł�
1
I I �� D�t D�Q
I =� CH �� R �� +� R
J =� J ��D�t =� =� (� )�
p
D� t
S S S