European program
Syllabus for pathomorphology (2010/11)
List of detailed requirements:
Introduction to pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o definition and classifications of pathology/ pathomorphology
o basic terms applied in pathology/ pathomorphology
o tissue sampling and basic techniques used in pathomorphology
o the most important fixative agents and staining methods
o the rules of good cooperation between pathologist and clinician
References*
Robbins; chap.1 pp.4
Wheater; chap. Notes on staining techniques pp.284-285
Lecture
Cellular reaction to injury (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o main causes and mechanisms of cell injury
o morphology of reversible cell injuries
o necrosis  definition, types, morphology, examples
o apoptosis  definition, mechanisms, morphology, examples
References
Robbins; chap.1 pp.3-5; 11-34
Wheater; chap.1 pp.2-9
Cellular reaction to injury (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o pathologic accumulation of proteins and lipids  types, pathogenesis, examples,
morphology, special staining methods
Reference
Robbins; chap.1 pp.34-39
Lecture
Cellular reaction to injury (part 3)
Students are obliged to know:
o pathologic accumulation of polysaccharides and pigments  types, pathogenesis, examples,
morphology, special staining methods
o pathologic calcification  definition, classification, pathogenesis, examples, morphology
References
Robbins; chap.1 pp.39-42
Wheater; chap.1 pp.2-9
Lecture
European program (2010/11)
Hemodynamic disorders (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o edema  definition, pathophysiologic categories, morphology, clinical consequences
o definition of hydrothorax, hydropericardium, ascites, anasarca
o hyperemia and congestion  definition, morphology, typical examples
o hemorrhage  definition, classifications, examples, clinical consequences
o definition of hematoma, hemorrhagic focus, petachiae, purpura, ecchymoses, hemothorax,
hemopericardium, hemoperitoneum, hemarthrosis
Reference
Robbins; chap.4 pp.119-124
Hemodynamic disorders (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o thrombosis  definition, pathogenesis, common hypercoagulable states
o venous and arterial thrombi  etiology, morphology, clinical consequences, fate of thrombus
o embolism  definition, types, examples
o infarction  definition, types, examples, morphology, clinical consequences
o shock  pathogenesis, main types, morphology, clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.4 pp.124-144
Wheater; chap.9 pp.95-100; chap.10 pp.101-108
Inflammation (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o inflammation  definition, causative agents, cardinal signs, systemic manifestations
o acute inflammation  phases (major components), cells engaged in the process, chemical
mediators, outcome
o morphologic classification (patterns) of inflammation
o classification of exudative inflammation
o serous and catarrhal inflammation  definition, examples, morphology
o fibrinous and purulent inflammation  definition, classification, examples, morphology
o definition and examples of pyorrhea, empyema, phlegmon, abscess
o destructive and gangrenous inflammation  definition, examples
o generalized infections  ways of spread of infections; definition of sepsis, pyemia,
bacteriemia, toxemia; morphology of sepsis and pyemia
References
Robbins; chap.2 pp.47-78
Wheater; chap.2 pp.10-24
Lecture
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European program (2010/11)
Inflammation (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o chronic inflammation  causative agents, cells engaged in the process, chemical mediators,
morphology, outcome; types of macrophages
o differences between acute and chronic inflammation
o proliferative inflammation  definition, examples
o granulomatous inflammation  definition, morphology, examples
References
Robbins; chap.2 pp.78-86
Wheater; chap.3 pp.25-34; chap.4 pp.35-45
Lecture
Infectious diseases
Students are obliged to know:
o infectious diseases  definition, types, host barriers to infections, general mechanisms of
host tissue damage by infective agents
o special techniques in diagnosis of infectious agents
o opportunistic infections  definition, susceptible populations, examples
o selected bacterial diseases i.e., tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis, rhinoscleroma (scleroma),
actinomycosis  causative agent, pathogenesis, stages of disease, morphology, clinical
course
o morphological features of viral infections
o selected viral infections i.e., Cytomeglovius, Herpes virus, Human papillomavirus 
causative agent, pathogenesis, morphology
o selected fungal infections i.e., candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, pneumocystosis 
causative agent, pathogenesis, morphology
o selected parasitic infections i.e., malaria, trichinellosis, schistosomiasis, oxyuriasis 
causative agent, life cycle, pathogenesis, morphology
References
Robbins; chap.8 pp.343-414
Wheater; chap.4 pp.35-55
Diseases of immunity
Students are obliged to know:
o main cells of immune system
o hypersensitivity reactions  definition, classification, mechanism, examples of diseases
o autoimmune diseases  definition, mechanisms, examples
o selected autoimmune diseases i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis
(scleroderma), polyarteritis nodosa, inflammatory myopathies  etiology, pathogenesis,
morphology, clinical course
o Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)  etiology, pathogenesis, clinical course
including AIDS-related opportunistic infections and neoplasms
o amyloidosis  definition, classification, pathogenesis, morphology, methods of amyloid
detection, clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.6 pp.193-267; chap.11 pp.539; chap.27 pp.1342-1343
Wheater; chap.5 pp.56-60
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European program (2010/11)
Tissue renewal and repair. Disorders of growth.
Students are obliged to know:
o basis of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth
o regeneration and repair (healing)  definition, mechanisms, examples
o cutaneous wound healing  types, steps, influencing factors
o hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy  definition, mechanisms, examples
o metaplasia  definition, mechanisms, examples, significance
o dysplasia/intraepithelial neoplasia  definition, grades, examples, significance
References
Robbins; chap.1 pp.5-11; chap.3 pp.87-118
Wheater; chap.2 pp.20-22; chap.6 pp.61-67
Neoplasia (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o definition of atypia, neoplasia, anaplasia
o nomenclature and classifications of neoplasms
o gross and microscopic features of benign and malignant neoplasms
o modes of tumor growth and spread
o semimalignant tumors  definition, examples
o in situ neoplasia (carcinoma)  definition, examples, morphology
o grading and staging of malignant tumors  definition, systems, clinical significance
References
Robbins; chap.7 pp.269-281; 335
Wheater; chap.7 pp.68-85
Neoplasia (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o genetic factors and nonhereditary conditions predisposing to cancer; carcinogenic agents;
essential alterations in cell physiology for malignant transformation; molecular basis of
multistep carcinogenesis; host defense against tumors
o effects of neoplasms on the host on the clinical level (local and hormonal, cachexia,
paraneoplastic syndromes)  pathogenesis, examples of syndromes and related tumors
o classic and modern laboratory diagnosis of neoplasms
References
Robbins; chap.7 pp.281-342; chap.26 pp.1316-1324
Wheater; chap.7 pp.68-85
Environmental pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o tobacco use  carcinogens of tobacco-smoke, smoking-related tumors, other consequences
o alcohol abuse  pathogenesis, consequences of acute and chronic intake
o ionizing radiation exposure  pathogenesis of lesions, clinical manifestations
o oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy  adverse and beneficial effects
Reference
Robbins; chap.9 pp. 415-446
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European program (2010/11)
Nutritional pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o protein-energy malnutrition (marasmus, kwashiorkor)  definition, causes, morphologic
features
o vitamin deficiency  causes, physiological role of each vitamin, clinical features
o obesity  definition, mechanisms, clinical complications
Reference
Robbins; chap.9 pp.446-468
Cardiovascular system pathology (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o cardiac hypertrophy  patterns, relation to heart failure
o left - and right - sided heart failure  causative agents, pathogenesis, morphology,
consequences
o ischemic heart disease  definition, causative agents, pathogenesis, clinical syndromes
o myocardial infarction  definition, risk factors, pathogenesis, anatomical location,
morphology (sequences of gross and microscopic changes), clinical features, consequences,
complications
o systemic and pulmonary (cor pulmonale) hypertensive heart disease  pathogenesis,
morphology, disorders predisposing to cor pulmonale, complications
o valvular heart disease  etiology, types, morphology, clinical features
o main types of congenital heart disease  etiology, categories, description of malformations
with direction of blood flow
o rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease  pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course,
consequences
o cardiomyopathy  definition, types, pathogenesis, consequences
o myocarditis  etiology, types, morphology, clinical course
o endocarditis  etiology, types, morphology, consequences
o pericarditis  etiology, types, morphology, consequences
o tumors of the heart  incidence, classification, morphology, clinical significance
References
Robbins; chap.12 pp.555-618
Wheater; chap.11 pp.110-114; 118-119
Cardiovascular system pathology (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o atherosclerosis  risk factors, pathogenesis, typical lesions and their distribution,
complications
o hypertensive vascular disease  etiology, morphology, consequences
o aneurysm and dissections  definition, classifications, complications
o inflammatory disorders of blood vessels (vasculitides)  pathogenesis, classification,
morphology, clinical significance
o varicose veins  definition, distribution, complications
o tumors of blood vessels  classification, morphology, clinical significance
References
Robbins; chap.11 pp.511-554
Wheater; chap.8 pp.86-94; chap.11 pp.114-118; 120-121
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European program (2010/11)
Respiratory system pathology (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o atelectasis  definition, types, causes, clinical significance
o pulmonary edema and congestion  etiology, morphology, clinical features
o adult respiratory distress syndrome  pathogenesis, clinical associations, morphology,
clinical course
o chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases  definition, examples, common features
o emphysema  definition, pathogenesis, types, morphology, consequences
o bronchial asthma  pathogenesis, types, morphology, consequences
o bronchiectasis  definition, types, morphology, complications
o diffuse interstitial (restrictive) diseases of lungs  examples, common features
o selected pneumoconiosis i.e., coal workers pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestosis 
pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o pulmonary embolism and infarction  causes, morphology, consequences
o pneumonia  predisposing factors, classification, etiology, morphology, stages of lobar
pneumonia, clinical course, complications
o lung abscess  etiology, morphology, complications
o tuberculosis of the lung  etiology, classification, morphology, clinical course
o sarcoidosis of the lung  etiology, morphology, clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.15 pp.711-757
Wheater; chap.12 pp.122-130
Respiratory system pathology (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o primary malignant tumors of the lung  classification, predisposing factors, origin, precursor
lesions, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course
o carcinoid  origin, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course
o pulmonary hamartoma  definition, morphology, significance
o secondary (metastatic) tumors of the lung  anatomical location of primary tumors,
morphology
o methods of pathological examination of pulmonary tumors
o pleural effusion  types, etiology
o tumors of the pleura  types, morphology, clinical course
o inflammations of upper airways  etiology, clinical course
o reactive nodules of the larynx  predisposing factors, anatomical location, morphology,
clinical features
o tumors of upper airways  classification, risk factors, predisposing lesions, morphology,
clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.15 pp.757-766; 768-772; chap.16 pp.783-787
Wheater; chap.12 pp.122-123; 130-133
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European program (2010/11)
Urinary system pathology (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o clinical manifestations of renal diseases
o congenital anomalies of the kidney including cystic diseases  pathogenesis, morphology,
clinical course
o glomerulonephritis  classification, pathogenesis, morphology including
immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy, clinical course
o systemic diseases with glomerular involvement i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes
mellitus and amyloidosis  morphology, clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.20 pp.955-993
Wheater; chap.15 pp.165-175
Urinary system pathology (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o acute tubular necrosis  pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o tubulointestitial nephritis  etiology and types
o pyelonephritis  etiology, pathogenesis, types, morphology, clinical course
o renal transplantation  indications, types of rejection, drug toxicity, clinical course
o tumors of the kidney  classification, predisposing factors, morphology, clinical signs
o urinary tract obstruction  causes, morphology, consequences
o cystitis  etiology, morphology, clinical course
o tumors of the urinary bladder  classification, predisposing factors, morphology, clinical
signs
References
Robbins; chap.20 pp.993-1021; chap.21 pp.1023-1034
Wheater; chap.15 pp.176-184
Lecture
Endocrine glands pathology (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o pituitary adenoma  classification, morphology, clinical signs
o hypopituitarism  definition, etiology, clinical features
o posterior pituitary syndromes  clinical signs
o hyperadrenalism  clinical syndromes, etiology, morphology, clinical course
o adrenal insufficiency  classification, causes, morphology, clinical course
o tumors of the adrenal cortex and the medulla  classification, morphology, clinical course
o diabetes mellitus  types, pathogenesis of main forms of diabetes and its complications,
morphology, clinical course, complications
o tumors of pancreatic islet cells  types, morphology, clinical signs
o multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes  classification, clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.24 pp.1155-1164; 1189-1226
Wheater; chap.20 pp.232; 238-241
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European program (2010/11)
Endocrine glands pathology (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o hyper- and hypoparathyroidism  definitions, etiology, morphology, clinical course
o hyper- and hypothyroidism  definitions, etiology, clinical course
o goiter, toxic goiter, non-toxic-goiter, parenchymatous goiter, multinodular goiter 
definitions
o Graves disease and multinodular goiters  pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o thyroiditis  etiology, morphology, clinical course
o tumors of the thyroid gland  classification, genetic and environmental factors, morphology,
clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.24 pp.1164-1189
Wheater; chap.20 pp.233-237
Alimentary system pathology (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o inflammations of the oral cavity  etiology, morphology, clinical course
o tumors of the oral cavity  classification, precursor lesions, morphology, clinical course
o odontogenic tumors and cysts  general division; ameloblastoma  morphology, clinical
course
o sialadenitis  etiology, morphology
o Sjogren syndrome  etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o tumors of the salivary glands  classification, anatomical location, morphology, clinical
course
o esophagitis  etiology, morphology, complications
o achalasia, hiatal hernia, diverticula, Mallory-Weis syndrome and esophageal varices 
pathogenesis, clinical course
o Barrett esophagus  definition, morphology, clinical significance
o tumors of the esophagus  classification, risk factors, morphology, clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.16 pp.773-782; 790-794; chap.6 pp.235-237
Wheater; chap.13 pp.134-136
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European program (2010/11)
Alimentary system pathology (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o gastritis  types, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o acute gastric ulceration and chronic peptic ulcer  pathogenesis, anatomical location,
morphology, complications
o Helicobacter pylori infection  significance in pathology
o tumors of the stomach  classification, predisposing factors, morphology, early gastric
cancer, clinical course
o enterocolitis  etiology, morphology, clinical features
o malabsorption syndromes  definition, types, pathogenesis of celiac disease, clinical features
o idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease  pathogenesis, distribution of lesions, morphology,
clinical features, differences between Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis
o ischemic bowel disease  predisposing factors, anatomical location, morphology, clinical
features
o diverticular disease  definition, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course
o intestinal obstructions  causes, clinical features
o Hirschprung disease  pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o tumors of the large and small intestine  classification, epidemiology, predisposing factors,
morphology, anatomical location, staging of colorectal cancer, clinical course
o intestinal polyps  definition, classification, morphology, significance
o appendicitis  etiology, morphology, complications
o peritonitis  etiology, morphology, complications
References
Robbins; chap.17 pp.797-875
Wheater; chap.13 pp.137-153
Alimentary system pathology (part 3)
Students are obliged to know:
o morphologic patterns of hepatic injury
o hepatic failure  causes, clinical manifestations
o liver cirrhosis  etiology, pathogenesis, classifications, morphology, consequences, main
causes of liver cirrhosis in children
o portal hypertension  causes, clinical course
o viral hepatitis  characteristics of viruses, clinicopathologic syndromes, morphology,
consequences
o metabolic liver diseases  examples, pathogenesis, clinical significance
o primary and secondary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis  causes,
morphology, consequences
o circulatory disorders of the liver  types, causes, morphology, clinical manifestations
o tumors and tumor-like lesions of the liver  classification, predisposing factors, morphology,
clinical signs
o cholelithiasis and cholecystitis  predisposing factors, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical
course
o carcinoma of the gallbladder  predisposing factors, morphology, clinical course
o acute and chronic pancreatitis  etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o tumors of the pancreas  classification, risk factors, precursor lesions, morphology,
anatomical location, clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.18 pp.877-937; chap.19 pp.939-953
Wheater; chap.14 pp.154-164
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European program (2010/11)
Skin pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o the basic macro- and microscopic terms used in dermatopathology
o classification of skin tumors
o disorders of pigmentation and benign tumors of melanocytes  types, morphology,
significance
o malignant melanoma  epidemiology, predisposing factors, types, morphology, staging
systems, clinical signs, prognostic factors
o benign epithelial tumors of the skin  typical location, morphology, clinical course
o malignant epithelial tumors of the skin  predisposing factors, morphology, clinical course
o non-epithelial tumors of the skin  examples, morphology, clinical course
o blistering diseases  pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.25 pp.1227-1271
Wheater; chap.21 pp.242-257
Nervous system pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o increased intracranial pressure and herniations  causes, morphology, types of herniation,
clinical signs, consequences
o cerebral oedema nad hydrocephalus  definition, types, causes, consequences
o traumatic vascular injuries  types, causes, morphology, clinical signs, consequences
o cerebral infarction  causes, types, morphology, clinical signs
o subarachnoid hemorrhage  causes, common locations of saccular aneurysms, morphology,
clinical signs, consequences
o intracerebral hemorrhage  causes, morphology, clinical signs, consequences
o meningitis and brain abscess  etiology, morphology, clinical signs, consequences
o meningoencephalitis  etiology, morphology, clinical course
o transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases)  examples, causative agents,
pathogenesis, morphology, consequences
o demyelinating diseases  definition, examples, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical signs
o degenerative diseases  definition, examples, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical signs
o tumors of central nervous system  classification, grading, morphology, clinical signs
References
Robbins; chap.28 pp.1347-1419
Wheater; chap.23 pp.268-283
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European program (2010/11)
Bones and joints pathology (part 1)/ Soft tissue tumors
Students are obliged to know:
o osteoarthritis  pathogenesis, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course
o rheumatoid arthritis  pathogenesis, anatomical location, morphology, clinical course,
consequences
o gout and gouty arthritis  types pathogenesis, predisposing factors, anatomical location,
morphology, clinical course
o tumors and tumor-like lesions of joints  examples, morphology, clinical features
o tumors and tumor-like lesions of soft tissue  classification, general features, origin,
morphology, clinical features
o osteomyelitis  types, causes, morphology, complications
o osteoporosis  definition, types, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o Paget disease (osteitis deformans)  pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course, significance
References
Robbins; chap.26 pp.1273-1292; 1303-1324
Wheater; chap.22 pp.258-261; 266-267
Bones and joints pathology (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o healing of bone fractures
o fibrous dysplasia  pathogenesis, types, anatomical location, morphology, clinical signs,
consequences
o tumors and tumor-like lesions of bones  classification, predisposing factors, anatomical
locations, morphology, clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.26 pp.1292-1303
Wheater; chap.22 pp.258-265
Lymphoid system pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o acute and chronic non-specific lymphadenitis  etiology, morphology, clinical course
o basic rules of WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms
o Hodgkin lymphoma  definition, etiology, pathogenesis, types, clinical course, prognosis
o selected non-Hodgkin lymphomas i.e., chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic
lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone B-cell lymphoma,
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, mycosis fungoides/ Sezary syndrome 
incidence, morphology, typical cytogenetic and molecular features, clinical course,
prognosis
o splenomegaly  definition, causes, morphology
o thymomas  definition, classification, morphology, clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.14 pp.661-678; 681-690; 702-709
Wheater; chap.16 pp.185-193
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European program (2010/11)
Bone marrow pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o acute myelogenous leukemia  definition, pathophysiology, FAB classification,
morphology, clinical course
o myelodysplastic syndromes  definition, morphology, clinical course,
o chronic myeloproliferative disorders  pathophysiology, morphology, laboratory data,
clinical course
o anemias  definition, classification, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features
o acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma  incidence, morphology, typical cytogenetic and
molecular features, laboratory data, clinical features, prognosis
o multiple myeloma  definition, pathogenesis, morphology, laboratory data, clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.14 pp.670-673 ; 678-681; 690-702; chap.13 pp.619-659
Wheater; chap.16 pp.193-197
Male genital system pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o congenital malformations of male genital system  examples, significance
o inflammations of the penis  etiology, clinical features
o tumors of the penis  classification, precursor lesions, morphology, clinical course
o atrophy of the testis  etiology, morphology, clinical significance
o vascular disturbances of testis and surrounding tissues  causes, morphology
o orchitis and epididymitis  etiology, morphology, significance
o tumors of the testis  classification, risk factors, morphology, diagnosis, clinical course
o prostatitis  etiology, morphology, clinical course
o benign prostatic hyperplasia  pathogenesis, morphology, consequences
o carcinoma of the prostate  epidemiology, etiology, anatomical location, morphology,
grading system, clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.21 pp.1034-1058
Wheater; chap.19 pp.224-231
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European program (2010/11)
Female genital system pathology (part 1)
Students are obliged to know:
o infections of lower female genital tract  etiology, clinical course
o pelvic inflammatory disease  etiology, morphology, complications
o non-neoplastic epithelial disorders of vulva  types, morphology, consequences
o tumors of the vulva  classification, risk factors, precursor lesions, morphology, clinical
course
o tumors of the vagina  classification, risk factors, precursor lesions, morphology, clinical
course
o tumors of the uterine cervix  classification, epidemiology, risk factors, precursor lesions,
morphology, staging system, diagnosis, clinical course
o adenomyosis and endometriosis  definition, pathogenesis, distribution, morphology,
clinical course
o endocervical and endometrial polyps  definitions, morphology, consequences
o endometrial hyperplasia (endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia)  predisposing factors, types,
morphology, consequences
o tumors of the uterine corpus  classification, epidemiology, predisposing factors,
morphology, staging system of adenocarcinoma, clinical course
o gestational trophoblastic disease  pathogenesis, types, morphology, clinical course
References
Robbins; chap.22 pp.1059-1091; 1104-1117
Wheater; chap.17 pp.198-209
Female genital system pathology (part 2)
Students are obliged to know:
o non-neoplastic and functional ovarian cysts  etiology, morphology, clinical significance
o tumors of the ovary  classification, risk factors, epidemiology, morphology, clinical course
o inflammations of fallopian tubes  etiology, morphology, consequences
o cysts and tumors of fallopian tubes  incidence, examples, clinical signs
o ectopic pregnancy  definition, anatomical location, morphology, consequences
References
Robbins; chap.22 pp.1091-1104
Wheater; chap.17 pp.209-215
Breast pathology
Students are obliged to know:
o clinical manifestation of breast diseases
o inflammations of the breast  etiology, morphology, consequences
o benign epithelial lesions  pathogenesis, types, morphology, clinical significance
o benign epithelial and stromal-epithelial tumors of the breast  incidence, morphology,
clinical signs
o carcinoma of the breast  epidemiology, risk factors, classification, anatomical location,
morphology, diagnosis, clinical signs, prognostic and predictive factors
References
Robbins; chap.23 pp.1119-1154
Wheater; chap.18 pp.215-223
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Diseases of infancy and childhood
Students are obliged to know:
o congenital anomalies  definition, etiology, types
o prematurity and fetal growth restriction  definition, risk factors, complications
o perinatal infections  routes of transmission, causes, morphology, consequences
o neonatal respiratory distress syndrome  pathogenesis, predisposing factors, morphology,
clinical signs, consequences
o hydrops fetalis  definition, etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features
o sudden infant death syndrome  epidemiology, pathogenesis, morphology
o cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis)  pathogenesis, morphology, clinical course
o tumors and tumor-like lesions of infancy and childhood  histological types, incidence,
pathogenesis, morphology, anatomical location, prognostic factors, clinical course
Reference
Robbins; chap.10 pp.469-510; chap.29 pp.1442-1443
(*) Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease. 7th ed. Elsevier
Saunders 2005.
Stevens A, Lowe JS, Young B: Wheater s Basic histopathology. A colour atlas and text. 4th ed.
Churchill Livingstone 2002.
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