FUTURE is either neutral, pure - or coloured, intentional:
Pure future - the speaker perceives the future events as depending on external factors and does not include/have any opinions, feelings about the events;
Coloured future - the subject must be human, intelligent; his/her wish, will, promise, etc. Influence the future events; when the subject is inanimate, the form expresses the speaker's certainty or expectation, probability/inevitability of the future events in the mind of the speaker;
FUTURE FORMS:
simple present
will + infinitive for intention
present progressive
„be going to” form
„future simple = will/shall +infinitive for „pure” future
future progressive
future perfect
future perfect progressive
future substitutes: `d like, want, mean to do, be to do, be due to, choose (not) to do, expect to do (=should do), be about to do, be on the verge of doing, be on the brink of doing
____________________: used with a time expression; more impersonal than progressive; plans - not made by the speaker (schedules, time tables); rather formal; used for stylistic reasons when actions in a series are mentioned (replacing the progressive);
_______ for coloured future: expresses intention at the moment of decision (spontaneous decision); after the decision has been made ->use „going to” or present progressive;
_______ for intention is weak with 2nd & 3rd person: better to use „going to”; for negative intention (won't) equally strong for all persons;
_____________________: should be used for future meaning with a time expression; expresses definite arrangements; with the verbs of movement - travelling - verbs of position - do & have - present ___________ is possible to express only intention, without actual arrangement; (otherwise - for intention without arrangement use „going to”);
possible ______________passive - Our piano is being delivered tonight.
__________________ : for intention; high probability of the future event; lacks the implication of arrangement; with a time expression = mieć zamiar; without time expression - closer future;
The meaning of intention is combined with the implication of a plan, premeditated intention; for intention only, (without previous thinking - will - spontaneous decision); _____________ is used for closer future than will; (but possible for distant future too); normally ___________ is used for predictions based on visible evidence, there are signs of the oncoming events; will is used for predictions based on logical thinking, possessed knowledge;
____________________: will/shall: generally, will is used for all persons; will may express either neutral or intentional future; shall is still used in questions for instructions, in tags, requests, suggestions; used to express determination, as it is stronger emotionally than will;
Generally will future is used: for opinions, assumptions, speculations about the future, after assume, suppose, guess, be sure, be afraid, doubt, daresay, believe, think, perhaps, possibly, maybe, etc; for future habitual actions: Boys will always tease girls, Other people will sit at these desks...; in clauses of condition, purpose, time; for formal announcements; will not is used for negative intention with all persons; will is used for intention with 1st person;
_________________________: is used to emphasize the duration, continuity and incompleteness of a future action; otherwise it's the most neutral form for the future events; unlike the present progressive for the future it doesn't require a time expression, may refer to distant future and casual, not arranged activities; (however, this difference is often not important);
________________________: is used to denote an action that at a certain point in the future will be past or just complete; usually the time is given - by then, by the time, by..., next..., this time next year.... etc.
Comment on the differences between the following sentences:
Will you play tonight?
Will you be playing tonight?
You will work here.
You will be working here.
Tom won't be cutting the grass
Tom won't cut the grass.
I will write to her.
I'll be writing to her
They will watch the film when he arrives.
They will be watching a film when he arrives.
I'm helping my Mum tomorrow.
I'll be helping my Mum tomorrow.
Spring will come again.
Spring is going to come again.
It's going to rain.
It will rain tomorrow.
„It shall rain”, said Zeus.
I shall die one day.
You shall die.
He's going to get better.
He will get better.
There is no sugar at home - I'll get some tonight.
There is no sugar at home - I'm going to get some tomorrow.
I'm visiting Tom tonight.
I'm going to visit Tom tonight.
The Future Simple Tense is used:
1. For predictions: I think it will rain tomorrow.
Degrees of certainty can be conveyed by adverbs like: perhaps, possibly, probably, surely.
2. To express hopes, expectations, etc. (often after verbs like: assume, be afraid, be sure, believe, doubt, expect, hope, suppose, think):
I hope she will get the job she's applied for.
I hope she gets the job... (the present with future reference is possible with "hope")
3. To express unpremeditated intention at the moment of decision (with the first person):
A: The phone is ringing. B: I'll answer it.
A: I'd better order a taxi. B: Don't bother. I'll drive you.
4. To express negative intention (refusal) with all persons:
He won't resign. (=He refuses to come or: I don't think he'll come.)
My car won't start.
5. For promises: I'll buy you a bicycle for your birthday.
6. To make requests: Will you hold the door open for me please?
7. Threats: Just wait - you'll regret this!
8. In formal style for scheduled events (especially in written language):
The wedding will take place at St Andrew's on July 24. The reception will be at the Anchor Hotel.
9. In formal announcements (e.g. official weather forecasts) especially in newspapers:
There will be rain. Fog will persist in these areas.
The President will open the new terminal tomorrow.
10. For future habitual actions which we assume will take place:
Spring will come again. Birds will build nests.
11. With clauses of condition, time and sometimes purpose:
If I drop this glass it will break.
When it gets warmer the snow will melt.
I'm putting this letter on top of the pile so that he will read it first.
12. To indicate persistence:
This child will always contradict his father.
13. Present guess: He will be Scottish.
14. To give orders: You will start work at 6 o'clock.
The Future Simple with shall is used:
1. For threats and promises (not with the first person):
You shall have a candy.
He shall suffer for this!
2. For offers:
Shall I get your coat for you?
3. For suggestions:
Shall we go for a swim tomorrow?
4. In question tags after let's:
Let's go, shall we?
5. In legal documents to indicate compulsion or prohibition:
In such event, all sums paid shall remain the absolute property of Licensor.
6. In the Bible (compulsion, prohibition):
Thou shall not steal.
7. Asking what decision we should make:
What shall I do?
What shall we tell her?
Exercise:
On the basis of the following examples list as many uses of the Future Simple Tense as possible:
1. I think it will rain next weekend.
2. I hope they will come on time.
3. He'll probably be late.
4. "Come to a party" "O.K. I'll bring my boyfriend."
5. I'll have a sherry please.
6. She won't do it. (=She refuses to do it.)
7. I'll give you a teddy-bear.
8. I promise I won't get drunk again.
9. I swear I'll pay you back.
10. I'll hit you if you do that again.
11. You'll regret this!
12. The weather will be mostly sunny. It will rain in the northern parts of the country.
13. Will you pass me that book, please?
14. The wedding will take place at St Anne's on May 15.
15. The Prime Minister will speak in the Parliament tomorrow.
16. People will always do the same things.
17. If he has enough money he will go to Africa.
18. When he comes we will start dinner.
19. You can leave him a message on the answering machine so that he will call you back.
20. You will be French.
21. This boy will always do what he wants.
22. You will start work at 7 o'clock.
23. You shall have a teddy-bear for Christmas.
24. She shall regret that!
25. Shall I open the window?
26. Shall we go to the cinema tomorrow?
27. Let's start, shall we?
28. What shall we tell her?
29. What shall I do?
30. Thou shall not steal.
31. This Agreement shall commence on the date first written above, and terminate 5 (five) years therefrom, provided that both parties involved in this agreement perform all obligations and conditions contained herein.
32. Shall I get you a taxi?
Vince unit 2
1 Choose the most appropriate words underlined.
a) Jack 'is/is going to be' sixty- five next month so he 'retires/(will be retiring.')
b) Quick, here comes a police car! What 'will we say/are we going to say' about the broken
window?
c) Helen and Andrew 'are due to separate/are on the point of separating.'
d) Don't be so impatient! 'I'll just come/I'm just coming.'
e) I have to be back at 3.30 so 'I'm leaving/I leave' before lunch.
f) What do you think 'you'll be doing/you'll do' in five years' time?
g) Come on, get a move on, or 'we'll miss/we'll have missed' the plane!
h) 'Will you be working/Will you work' the week after Christmas ? I was thinking of visiting
you.
i) By the time Jean gets back, 'it'll be/it will have been' too late.
j) Don't phone after 11.00. I'll be/I'll have been asleep.
2 Put the verb in brackets into a suitable tense.
a) In twenty four hours' time I'll be relaxing (I relax) on my yacht.
b) 'There's someone at the door.'
'That ---- (be) the postman.'
c) By the time you get back Harry ---- (leave).
d) It's only a short trip. I ---- (be) back in an hour.
e) What ---- (you do) this Saturday evening? Would you like to go out?
f) By the end of the week we ---- (decide) what to do.
g) It ---- (not be) long before Doctor Smith is here.
h) I've pressed the red button. Now what ---- (I do)?
i) It's very hot in here. I think I ---- (faint).
j) What ---- (you give) Ann for her birthday? Have you decided yet?
3 Choose the most appropriate continuation for each sentence.
a) Paula's flight is bound to be late although
A) it arrives at 6.00. B) it's due at 6.00. c) it's arriving at six.
b) It's no use phoning Bob at the office, he
A) will be leaving. B) is leaving. C) will have left.
c) Everyone says that this year City
A) are going to win the Cup. B) are winning the Cup. C) win the Cup.
d) I don't feel like visiting my relatives this year so
A) I won't go. B) I'm not going. C) I don't go.
e) According to the latest forecast, the tunnel
A) will be finished next year. B) will have been finished next year.
C) is finishing next year.
f) You can borrow this calculator, I
A) am not going to need it. B) won't have been needing it. c) am not needing it.
g) I'm sorry dinner isn't ready yet, but it
A) is going to be ready in a minute. B) will have been ready in a minute.
C) will be ready in a minute.
h) Can you send me the results as soon as you
A) hear anything? B) are hearing anything? C) will have heard anything?
i) You can try asking Martin for help but
A) it won't do you any good. B) it's not doing you any good. C) it won't be
doing you any good.
j) Don't worry about the mistake you made, nobody
A) will notice. B) is noticing. c) will be noticing.
8 Decide whether the pairs of sentences a) and b) could be equally
acceptable in the context given, or whether one is more appropriate.
a) You can't leave early,
A) we're having a meeting.
B) we're going to have a meeting.
(both acceptable, but A more appropriate)
b) We've run out of fuel.
A) What are we doing now?
B) What are we going to do now?
c) Oh dear, I've broken the vase.
A) What will your mother say?
B) What is your mother going to say?
d) According to the weather forecast,
A) it'll rain tomorrow.
B) it's going to rain tomorrow.
e) I'd like to call round and see you.
A) What'll you be doing in the morning?
B) What are you doing in the morning?
f) I've got nothing to do tomorrow so
A) I'll get up late.
B) I'm going to get up late.
g) It's my eighteenth birthday next month so
A) I'm having a party.
B) I'l1 be having a party.
h) Why don't you come with us?
A) It'll be a great trip.
B) It's going to be a great trip.
i) When you get to the airport
A) someone will wait for you.
B) someone will be waiting for you.
j) Shut up, will you!
A) I'm getting angry in a minute.
B) I'm going to get angry in a minute.
THE FUTURE
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