predykat - 1. językozn. w składni - orzeczenie; w semantyce - właściwość; cecha wyróżnionego przedmiotu lub relacja wiążąca wyróżnione przedmioty. 2. log. w terminologii tradycyjnej orzecznik; współcześnie: orzecznik generalny (nazwa ogólna) lub rodzaj funktora złożonego z wyrażeń ze zmiennymi, które określają pewną relację lub cechę.	predicate - one of the two main parts of a sentence (the other being the subject, which the predicate modifies)	prédicat
	predicator - The Predicator is the name given to the verb phrase when it is considered in relation to the other phrases that make up a clause. In traditional grammars, the sentence was split into two parts, the Subject, and the Predicate, i.e. everything else. The Predicator, then, introduces the rest of the sentence: the Object, Complement and/or Adverbials.
	complement - he primary meaning is a word, phrase or clause which is necessary in a sentence to complete its meaning.	complément - En syntaxe, on qualifie de complément tout syntagme dépendant d'une autre entité au sein de la phrase.
	compound sentence - In the English language, a compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses. It does not require a dependent clause. The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (with or without a comma), a correlative conjunction (with or without a comma), or a semicolon that functions as a conjunction.
orzecznik	predicative complement PC subject/object	attribut
	prepositional complement is the name given to the noun or noun phrase that follows a preposition
okolicznik (?)	adjunct - In linguistics, an adjunct is any word, phrase, or clause joined to another word or phrase to qualify or modify it. It could be of two kinds, adverbial, if it modifies a verb or verb phrase, or adnominal, if it modifies a noun or noun phrase.
łacznik	copular/linking verb
czasownik nieprzechodni	intransitive verb	verbe intransitif
czasownik przechodni	(mono)transitive verb	verbe transitif
	ditransivite verb	verbe ditransitif
	complex-transitive verb
zdanie złożone	compound sentence	phrase complexe
	coordination	coordination
parataksa	parataxis	parataxe - un mode de construction par juxtaposition des phrases, sans mot de liaison explicitant le rapport syntaxique de subordination ou de coordination qui les unit.
alternatywa wykluczająca	exclusive « or »/exclusive disjunction	ou exclusif
alternatywa (suma logiczna)	inclusive « or »/logical disjunction/inclusive disjuction	disjoncton logique/non exclusive
	basic coordination
	non-basic coordination (discontinuity & restructuring)
	free ellipsis
	bound ellipsis
	correlative construction/ correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together to coordinate two items. English examples include both … and, (n)either … (n)or, and not (only) … but (also)....	locution correlative
zestawienie - Na przykład wyrazy składowe zestawienia panna młoda nie mogą być rozdzielone: *panna bardzo młoda	juxtaposition	juxtaposition - parataxe asyndétique, est l'introduction d'une unité syntaxique quelconque sans la médiation d'un mot-outil (on peut dire aussi asyndète ou encore, corrélation implicite).
	question tag
	reversed polarity
	echo question
	content clause - a content clause is a subordinate clause that provides content implied by, or commented upon by, its main clause
	complementizer - A complementizer, as used in linguistics (especially generative grammar), is a syntactic category (part of speech) roughly equivalent to the term subordinating conjunction in traditional grammar.
ekstrapozycja (?)	extraposition - Extrapostion is the process or result of moving an element from its normal place to a place at the end or near to the end of a sentence.
	comparative clause
zdanie względne	relative clause
	defining/restrictive relative clause
	non-defining relative clause
	fused relative clause (no antecendent)
	clausal negation
	sub-clausal negation
prefiks negacji	negative prefix
	agent
	patient
temat - w gramatyce funkcjonalnej jest to opozycja między tym, czego dotyczy wypowiedź (tematem), a tym, co o temacie jest powiedziane (rematem).	theme/topic
remat	rheme
	proposition - In logic and philosophy, proposition refers to either (a) the "content" or "meaning" of a meaningful declarative sentence or (b) the pattern of symbols, marks, or sounds that make up a meaningful declarative sentence. Propositions in either case are intended to be truth-bearers, that is, they are either true or false.
	copulative sentence
	dummy pronoun
	cleft sentence - A cleft sentence is a sentence formed by a main clause and a subordinate clause, which together express a meaning that could be expressed by a simple sentence. Clefts typically put a particular constituent into focus. This focusing is often accompanied by a special intonation.
	elliptical clause

• Descriptive Grammar - 2nd year

Patterns of complementation

• intransitive

• copulative pattern

• (mono)transitive

• ditransitive

• complex-transitive

Compound sentence

Coordination

• basic

• non basic

- discontinuity

- restructuring

Parataxis

Exclusive & inclusive or

Ellipsis

• free

• bound

Correlative construction

Question tag

Reversed & constant polarity

Echo question

Content clause

Complementizer

Comparative clause

Relative clause

• defining (restrictive)

• non-defining (relative)

Relative pronoun

Fused relative clause

Negation

• clausal

• sub-clausal

Dummy-do

Negation

• verbal

• non-verbal

Double/multiple negation

Negative prefix

Semantic scope of negation

Theme

Rheme

Passivisation of a sentence

Copulative sentence

• existential use

• locative use

• identifying use (identified & identifier)

Existential construction

Dummy it

Clefting

Movement

Movement includes such operations as clefting, fronting, pseudo-clefting and passivization.

Fronting is the simplest movement operation when the sequence we want to test is moved to the front of the sentence:

He is going to attend another language course to improve his English.

To improve his English, he is going to attend another course.

Clefting involves placing a sequence of words X within the structure beginning with "It is/was": It was X that...

She bought a pair of gloves with silk embroidery.

It was a pair of gloves with silk embroidery that she bought.

Pseudo-clefting (also preposing) is similar to clefting in that it puts emphasis on a certain phrase in a sentence. It involves inserting a sequence of words before "is/are what" or "is/are who":

A pair of gloves with silk embroidery is what she bought.

Passivization involves more than just movement. Apart from putting the object in the subject position and the subject after the preposition by, it also triggers changes in the verb form:

A car driving at breakneck speed nearly hit the little dog.

The little dog was nearly hit by a car driving at breakneck speed.

In case passivization results in a grammatical sentence, the phrases that have been moved can be regarded as constituents.

Inversion
Elliptical clause

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