Frankfurt school - It is the name given to a group of German intellectuals associated with the Institute for Social Research at the University of Frankfurt. Famous for its Critical theory, term of culture industry. Famous people: Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse, Leo Löwenthal, Franz Leopold Neumann.. The school initially consisted of dissident Marxists who believed that some of Marx's followers had come to copy a narrow selection of Marx's ideas. However, many of these theorists believed that traditional Marxist theory could not properly explain the rapid and unexpected development of capitalist societies in the 20th century. They criticized mass culture and consumption.
collective unconscious(Jung)- is a term of analytical psychology, developed by Carl Jung. It is suggested to be a part of the unconscious mind, expressed in humanity and all life forms with nervous systems, & describes how the structure of the psyche autonomously organizes experience. Jung distinguished the collective unconscious from the personal unconscious, in that the personal one is a personal range of experience unique to each individual, while the collective unconscious collects & organizes personal experiences in a similar way with each member of a particular species
Hegemony (leadership and rule) is an indirect form of government, and of imperial dominance in which the hegemon (leader state) rules geopolitically subordinate states by the implied means of power, the threat of force, rather than by direct military force. In the 20th century, Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) developed the idea of geopolitical hegemony into the theory of Cultural Hegemony, whereby one social class can manipulate the system of values and morals of a society, in order to create and establish a ruling-class.
Hegemony - describes the domination of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class, who manipulate the culture of the society — the beliefs, explanations, perceptions, values, and mores — so that their ruling-class Weltanschauung becomes the worldview that is imposed and accepted as the cultural norm; as the universally valid dominant ideology that justifies the social, political, and economic status quo as natural and inevitable, perpetual and beneficial for everyone, rather than as artificial social constructs that benefit only the ruling class.
Habitus - durable, transposable system of definitions' acquired initially by the young child in the home as a result of the conscious and unconscious practices of her/his family. It is the consequence of an individual's family, class position, status, education, ideology and distinctive tastes (derived from the individual histories of its contributing members) and might also be more broadly derived from a common historically produced set of dispositions on the part of a particular social or ethnic group. The habitus is therefore a generative rather than a fixed system. (Bourdieu)
Carnivalesque is a term used in the English translations of works written by the Russian critic Mikhail Bakhtin, which refers to a literary method that overthrows and liberates the assumptions of the dominant style or atmosphere through humor & chaos. Bakhtin derives carnival and the carnivalization of literature from the reign of the “Serio-comical” with the examples of Socratic dialogues and Menippean satire. Within the Socratic dialogue carnival affects all people into the behavior and rituals in to the carnivalistic life, as in every individual is affected by carnival, meaning everyone is a constant participant of carnival.
The Civilizing Process is a book by German sociologist Norbert Elias. Covering European history from roughly 800 AD to 1900 AD, it is the first formal analysis and theory of civilization. The first volume, The History of Manners, describes how post-medieval European standards regarding violence, sexual behaviour, bodily functions, table manners & forms of speech were gradually changed by increasing degrees of shame & repugnance. The second volume, State Formation and Civilization, looks into the causes of these processes and finds them in the increasingly centralized Early Modern state and the increasingly differentiated and interconnected web of society.
A digital native is a person who was born during or after the general introduction of digital technologies and through interacting with digital technology from an early age, has a greater understanding of its concepts. In most cases, the term focuses on people who grew up with the technology that became prevalent in the latter part of the 20th century and continues to evolve today. A digital native is also described a person who understands the value of digital technology and uses this to search out opportunities for implementing it with a view to make an impact. Modernity typically refers to a post-traditional, post-medieval historical period, one marked by the move from feudalism (or agrarianism)toward capitalism, industrialization, secularization,rationalization, the nation-state and its constituent institutions and forms of surveillance (Barker 2005, 444). Charles Pierre Baudelaire is credited with coining the term "modernity" (modernité) to designate the fleeting, ephemeral experience of life in an urban metropolis, and the responsibility art has to capture that experience. Conceptually, modernity relates to the modern era and to modernism, but forms a distinct concept. Whereas the Enlightenment (ca. 1650-1800) invokes a specific movement in Western philosophy, modernity tends to refer only to the social relations associated with the rise of capitalism//Poststructuralism - is a term formulated by American academics to mean the diverse works of a series of mid-20th-century French philosophers such as Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Jacques Lacan & Jean Baudrillard in the 1960s & '70s. A major theme of poststructuralism is instability in the human sciences, because of the complexity of humans & the impossibility of fully escaping structures in order to study them. Postructuralism includes deconstruction & some psychoanalytic theories, that deny the validity of structuralism's method of binary opposition and maintain that meanings & intellectual categories are changing and unstable
base and superstructure - in Marxist theory, human society consists of 2 parts: the base & superstructure; the base includes the forces & relations of production - work conditions, division of labour & property relations - into which people enter to produce the necessities of life. These relations determine society's other relationships and ideas, which are described as its superstructure. The superstructure of a society includes its culture, institutions, political power structures, roles, rituals & state. The base determines the superstructure, yet the superstructure often influences the base; the influence of the base, however, predominates.