Stop Cs:,is an oral occlusive, a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases closure articles come together, hold air keeps coming, air pressure growing, release: air is released with burst. (p-b,bilabial; t-d alveolar; k-g velar)

Aspiration: additional puf of air which accompanies vles

Pet-bet/ten-den (ph) at the beginning of stressed syllable.

Lack of final release: only closure and holed (bit-bid) vs stop proceeding vw, vd stop prolong vw. Lee-lead-leap / see-seed-seat

Alophon/phonies (change a meaning of a word) (bid-bit)

Flaping : sound which replaced t-d between 2 vw (tip of the tounge flap at the alveolar ridge)

FRICATIVES: hissing sound, articulator is close, air passes between articulators and hissing sound is produced.

S,z -tip of the tounge, alveolar ridge (air escapes through a narrow passage along the centre of the tounge, and the sound is comparatively intence)

f-v - labiodentals; lower lip is in contact with the upper teeth. Never strong, scarcely audible in case of vw.

Od-dental(th)

sz-ż-palato-alveolar.

h-glottal.

Stops and fric.-group odstruents, air flow is obstructed,

features:

1.can prolong or shorten procidnig vw. 2.vl stops and fr. Are longer than vd stops afr.

3.vd fric. Like stops have finall part=porcially vd,

4.fully vd fric. Sounds and stops appear in between vw.(all vw are vd)

5. Fricatives- sec.articulation involwed (lip mowement) rounding/labialized. (th not have)

NASAL SOUNDS:air passes trought the nose produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose (m-n; ing)

Ng- finger(1 morpheme)ng cluster is produced as ng at the end of morpheme.

N -hang/er (2morph.) it is produced as n in the middle of morpheme (ex.longer and comperative awa superlatives)

A voiced (lenis)sound is one in which the vocal cords vibrate, and a voiceless(fortis) sound is one in which they do not. Voicing is the difference between pairs of sounds.

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