ENGLISH	POLISH
a predominantly analytic language: there is not much inflection; word order is crucial: the position of a word in a sentence determines its syntactic function (subject, object, etc.)	A predominantly synthetic language: a lot of inflection; word order is not important in discovering the syntactic structure of a sentence: the syntactic functions of words are determined by their inflectional endings
MORPHOLOGY
Verbs appear in: base form (bare infinitive), the -s form, the PAST form, present and past participles;	There are two base forms: one for present and one for past; different verbal forms are built on either of them; present base is what is left after cutting out -ący in present participle; past base is what is left after cutting off the -ć of infinitive; Fisiak table p.99
There are regular and irregular verbs, irregular verbs may have alternation in the base form (ring-rang-rung) and do not have regular past or participle forms;	The present base produces the present tense forms, The past base produces: infinitive, past form (-ł) and passive participle (-ty/ny)
Base form is used: in present tense except 3^rd sing.; in imperative; in infinitive; in subjunctive (most cases); after auxiliary verbs except perfect marker HAVE;	Nagórko: a different classification of participles: IMIESŁOWY: przymiotnikowe and przysłówkowe; przymiotnikowy czynny - ący - ; bierny - ny, ty; przysłówkowy: współczesny -ąc, and uprzedni- łszy/wszy;
look at Fisiak p.98-99 - forms of English verb phrase	look at Fisiak p.101 for forms of Polish verb phrase
PERSON, NUMBER, GENDER
Generally not many endings at all (analytic language);	Different sets of endings for present and past forms; in the present, the set of 6 endings depends on the CONJUGATION TYPE; there are FOUR: Fisiak p.103
Only person marker -s; person marked by personal pronoun - obligatory	Person marked in present and past tense by an inflectional ending
Number not marked, except -s third person singular - but it's a person marker!!! It only makes the singular visible on the verb;	Number marked in present and past tense by an inflectional ending
Gender: not marked at all, except he/she opposition in the subject!	Gender visible only in the past inflection - three sets of endings in singular, and two sets of endings in the plural (virile-non-virile); but LUCKILY past endings do not depend on CONJUGATION;
	THE STRESS SHIFT IN THE PAST FORMS: The stress remains on the base penultimate syllable, but more syllables are added, so finally we may have stress on the FOURTH from the end czytalibyście;
TENSE
There are TWO grammatical tenses in English	There are THREE grammatical tenses in Polish
Future in English is a present FORM of a modal auxiliary plus infinitive, so it refers to FUTURE TIME but is expressed by a PRESENT TENSE FORM	Future is also constructed periphrastically - combination of auxiliary and infinitive (or past form) BUT in Polish BYĆ is not a modal, so it counts as a future auxiliary, so it is a FUTURE not a present form;
	There are different future forms for perfective and imperfective verbs: imperfective: BYĆ + inf/pastform Perfective: present base + present tense ending (zrobię = is a present tense form, in fact) LOOK AT Fisiak TABLE p. 106
PAST TIME is expressed either by past simple or present perfect - both have PAST meaning, but there is a difference in CURRENT RELEVANCE - whether the activity is described with reference to the time of utterance (present perfect) , or independently, in relation to a given past time reference (simple past) (COMPLETED vs. ANTERIOR activity)	PAST TIME is expressed by past forms and there is one past tense; there used to be Polish PAST PERFECT - zapomniał był, o czym miał mówić; no longer in use, really, unless there is a strong necessity to emphasize that one activity came earlier than the other; The meaning of English present perfect is frequently conveyed by PRESENT FORM: Mieszkam tu trzy lata (a source of errors!!);
PRESENT TIME: three types of present: habitual (timeless)- present simple, instantaneous - present simple or continuous, and limited - present continuous;	There is no grammatical distinction between these kinds of present in Polish - only there are some lexical oppositions between verbs, e.g. for habitual present we may have sypia w kuchni, as opposed to śpi w kuchni; bywa w kinie - jest w kinie; ONLY IMPERFECTIVE VEBRS have a present form in a present time meaning!
PROGRESSIVE forms as opposed to simple forms - emphasize not TIME distinction, but rather DURATION and COMPLETENESS of activity: progressive forms denote incomplete and durative actions;	No progressive forms, only imperfective verbs vs. perfective verbs;
INDIRECT SPEECH
When reporting verb is in the past, there is BACKSHIFT of the subordinate verb tense - usually obligatory;	THERE IS NO BACKSHIFT - the reporting verb introduces the time reference, and then the subordinate verb only shows the relation in time between the report and the activity: Powiedział mi, że Ala śpi - said/was sleeping Powiedział mi, że Ala spała - said /had been sleeping A SOURCE OF ERRORS!!!! Polish learners forget about the backshift;

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