Lecture 1

What is culture? What is art? The City of Cracow

Culture, or civilization, taken in its broad, ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. -Edward Tylor

Aesthetics (also spelled æsthetics) is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty.

Art is a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities

Art is artificial, a perfect realization of a planned task (Aristotle, St. Thomas)

Sztuka jest odtwarzaniem rzeczy, bądź konstruowaniem form, bądź wyrażaniem przeżyć – jeśli wytwór tego odtwarzania, konstruowania, wyrażania jest zdolny zachwycać, bądź wzruszać, bądź wstrząsać - Tatarkiewicz

'Cultivation of the mind is as necessary as food to the body' - Cicero

In the past, artists seen as craftsmen

'Vulgar arts' - hunting, tailoring, building, etc.

The liberal arts:

Trivium - 

1. grammar

2. logic

3. rhetoric

Quadrivium -

1. arithmetic

2. geometry

3. music

4. astronomy

Johann Joachim Winckelmann - German art historian and archeologist

Best known work: Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums (The History of Art in Antiquity)

The goal of art is to create beauty which can be only achieved following the ideal of "noble simplicity and quiet grandeur" (edle Einfalt und stille Größe) and imitating the ancients who are inimitable. 

Roman Jakobson was a Russian–American linguist and literary theorist

Model of verbal communication which somehow is relevant to art (don't shoot the messanger, I have no idea)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Schemat_jakobsona.svg

Lecture 2Vernacular Culture

Vernacular culture refers to cultural forms made and organised by ordinary, often indigenous people, as distinct from the high culture of an elite. It is different from folk culture and subculture

Three orientations to architecture:

1. elite (academic, stylistic, high style)

2. popular (normative) -> modern, 19th century

3. vernacular (folk inspired, traditional, provincial)

English vernacular (stone, tatched roof)

- cottage

American vernacular (similar to British Isles)

- Prairie School houses (related to the American Arts and Crafts movement)

Associated artists:

British: William Morris (Arts and Crafts Movement), John Ruskin (Swiss Cottage, popular in Britain) American:Frank Lloyd Wright (the Kaufmann residence, the Robie House in Chicago, Solomon Guggenheim Museum), H.H. Richardson 

American furniture:

Shaker style

- the Shakers, a religious sect flourishing for most of the 19th century in the USA

- craftsmen principally followed contemporary Federalist styles with their ideals of symmetry, proportion and balance. But they simplified these neo-classical lines even further, to an almost ascetic degree.

Mission style

-  originated in the late 19th century

-  traces its origins to a chair made by A.J. Forbes around 1894 for San Francisco's Swedenborgian Church

Poland:

- log construction (zrębowa)

- framework construction (sumikowo - łatkowa)Suddenly, Norman Foster, British architect, known for the ugly gherkin (Swiss Re Tower) in the Square Mile.

Lecture 3

Classicism – Notion and Style. Ancient Art.

Renaissance, Neoclassicism. New Classicism.

Classic - old-school

Classical - converted to antiquity

CLASSICISM

 

Greek styles of decoration:

Black figures (8th c. BC)Red figures (5-4 c. BC) 

Order is important in classical (apparently, dr Solewski does not follow THAT rule!)

- rational (because of reason)

Linear paintings - line more important

Pictorial paintings - color more important

Dyskobol - rzymska kopia greckiego oryginału (460-450 BC) 

Hellenistic Art - 323-100 BC

- the art of the Hellenistic period dating from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC

RENAISSANCE

Michelangelo (Pieta 1499, David 1504, Sistine Chapel 1508-1512)

Leonardo Da Vinci (Mona Lisa 1503-1507, technika malowania sfumato - lekka mgła na krajobrazie)

Raphael (The Mond Crucifixion 1502-3, The Coronation of the Virgin 1502-3, The Marriage of the Virgin, also known as Lo Sposalizio 1504)

Andrea Palladio -  an Italian architect, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily byVitruvius, is widely considered the most influential individual in the history of Western architecture.

NEOCLASSICISM

1789 - French Revolution

- going back to Republican Rome

Winckelmann - "szlachetna prostota i spokojna wielkość"

Jacques-Louis David (The Oath of the Horatii 1784, The Death of Marat 1793)

Antonio Canova (Psyche Reviced by Kupid's Kiss)

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres (uczeń Louis-Davida), elongated figures (The Source 1856, The Turkish Bath 1862)

William-Adolphe Bouguereau (The Birth of Venus 1879)

Suddenly, a bunch of artists connected with realism or contemporary art, I thinkDavid Ligare, Peter Holl, Adrian Gottlieb, Bill ViolaSorry for that, back to neoclassicism

Architektura

Porządki architektoniczne w starożytnej Grecji

 

Dorycki - bardzo prosty, bez udziwnień

 Joński - pojawia się baza kolumny, woluta (ślimak u góry), bogato zdobiony fryz (British Museum jest utrzymane w tym porządku)

Koryncki - liście, woluty, palmety (stylizowane liście palmy), nawalone ozdób, idzie zwymiotować

 

 Pergamon Altar - a monumental construction built during the first half of the 2nd century BC on one of the terraces of the acropolis of the ancient city of Pergamon in Asia Minor.

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio was a Roman author, architect, and engineer during the 1st century BC perhaps best known for his multi-volume work entitled De Architectura.According to him a good building should follow three basic rules: firmitatis, utlitatis, venustatis ( durability, usability, beauty)

Romans known for building domes (Panteon)

English and American architects:

 

Christopher Wren

Inigo Jones

Robert Adam

John Wood

John Soane

John Nash

Thomas Jefferson

Lecture 4

Medieval Art

The beginning of the Middle Ages

313 Edict of Milan

330 Constantinople foundation (1453 - Fall of Constantinople)

395 Division of the Empire into Western and Eastern

476 Fall of Western Roman Empire

Catacombs of Priscilla (3rd c. AD), Cubiculum of Velatio, Rome, Italy

Basillicas

Sarcophagi (mozaiki złożone z tesser - tessera: mały kwadracik ceramiczny)

Baptisteries

726-843 Iconoclasm (deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious icons )

1054 - The Great Schism (Latin/Greek branch - Roman Catholic/Eastern Orthodox - ended in 1965)

1204 - The Fourth Crusade

Iconostas is a wall of icons and religious paintings, separating the nave from the sanctuary in a church.

VIII-IX c. - odrodzenie karolińskie

- znana dobrze sztuka iluminacji

SZTUKA ROMAŃSKA

Cluny III, 1085-1130, Benedictine Abbey in Cluny

Benedictine Abbey Church of St. Foy, 1030-1050

Benedictine rule - ora et labora

Santiago de Compostella (Plain of stars) - a cathedral

England before 1066 - preroman

1066 - 1189 - roman

1189 - ??? - old English (beginning of gothic)

Westminster Abbey - first Romanesque building in England

Stripe frescos (poziome pasy we freskach romańskich)

Cistercians

 - founded by st Roberto of Molesme, 1098)

- introduce a pointed arch 

Flying buttress - a massive vertical masonry block (the buttress) on the outside of the building and a segmental or quadrant arch bridging the gap between that buttress and the wall (the "flyer")

- thanks to that the walls could be filled with stainded glass (Notre Dame cathedral)

Notre Dame (1163-1345)

- tracery (maswerk) - the stonework elements that support the glass in a Gothic window.

- triforium - podzielone na trzy części okno lub przeźrocze.

- biforium - podzielone na - DUN, DUN, DUN- dwie części okno

- rose window (rozeta)

- pinnacle - ornament originally forming the cap or crown of a buttress or small turret, looks like a small spire

- flying buttress

Gotyk w Anglii:

Early English (1189-1270)Decorated Style (1270-1350)

Perpendicular Style (1350-1500)

Westminster Abbey

Gloucester Cathedral

Wells Cathedral

King's College, Cambridge

Salisbury Cathedral

Lecture 5

Mimesis, Realism and Reality

Mimesis - art connected with esseuse, power of nature

Malarstwo realistyczne (sceny rodzajowe z życia prostych ludzi, namalowane przy pomocy uproszczonych środków wyrazu, o spokojnej palecie i kompozycji):

- flamandzkie

- holenderskie

Jan van Eyck

Peter Bruegel

Hercules Seghers

Jakub van Ruisdael

Willem Velde

Jan Van Goyen

Malarstwo animalistyczne:

Paulus Potter

Philips Wouwerman

Martwa natura:

Jan Van Huysum

Johannes Torrentius

Willem Heda

Malarstwo rodzajowe:

Adriaen Brouwer

David Teniers Młodszy

Gerard Terboch

Jan Vermeer

Frans Hals

Rembrandt van Rijn (portrety zbiorowe)

Inni:

Jean Baptiste Camille Corot

Gustave Courbet

IMPRESSIONISM

Edouard Manet

- tematy kontrowersyjne, nagość (Śniadanie na Trawie, Olimpia)

Claude Monet

- stosuje dywizjonizm, nieostre barwy (Impression[Sunrise], Rouen Cathedral)

Edgar De Gas

Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Paul Cezanne

- zapowiada kubizm

Neue Sachlichkeit (Nowa Rzeczywistość)

Otto Dix

Christan Schad

USA

Edward Hopper: amerykański malarz, grafik

- realizm

- pejzaże miejskie

- przygnębiający, samotność, wicszenie, lakoniczność

- "Nighthawks" 

POP ART

- narodził się w UK

- pokazywanie konsumpcyjnego stylu życia (realizm)

Richard Hamilton

Jasper Johns

Lecture 6

The Idea of Picturesque. Mannerism. Baroque. Art Nouveau. Surrealism. Naive Art. Romanticism

Grand Tour - podróż, w trakcie której się poznaje

Wzniosłość vs. malowniczość

Anamorfoza (czaszka na obrazie Ambassadors Hansa Holbeina)

MANIERYZM WŁOSKI (naśladowanie wielkich mistrzów)

Giovanni Antonio Bazzi, Il Sodoma (1477-1549) - z ciekawostek: pan Bazzi lubił młodzieńców... malować

- Wedding of Roxana and Alexander

- St. Sebastian

Andrea del Sarto

- Portrait of a Sculptor

- Madonna with the Harpies (początki barokowych 'figura serpentinata')

Parmigianino

- Madonna with the long neck (distorted proportions, weight of the painting on the left, something new and unexpected)

Rosso Fiorentino

- nie ma pustych przestrzeni (horror vacui)

Jacopo Pontormo

- jak wyżej

Bronzino

Corregio

- wątki erotyczne

SZKOŁA WENECKA (pojawiają się instrumenty muzyczne na obrazach)

Giorgione

- Tempest, Sleeping Venus, Pastoral Concert

Titian

- Venus of Urbino, Assumption of the Virgin

Paolo Tintoretto

BAROK

Caravaggio - malarz wyklęty, realista

- Amor Vincit Omnia

- Conversion of Saul

- The Death of the Virgin

Peter Paul Rubens - counter-Reformation altarpieces

- Prometheus

- Three Graces (charakterystyczne dla Rubensa fajne kształty - czyt. duże)

- Descent off the Cross

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

- Ecstasy of Sant Theresa

- David (very dynamic)

- Church of Saint Andrew's of the Quirinal (architect)

Francesco Borromini

- San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (architekt)

ROKOKO

- kościoły pełne złoceń, płynnych linii

- pokazywanie przyjemności, nieprzyzwoitość

Antoine Watteau

Francsoi Boucher

Jean Honore Fragonard

FRENCH GARDEN

Castle Howard (1699-1712), a predecessor of the English garden, modeled on the gardens of Versailles

William Kent

- Chiswick House - first true English landscape garden (1724-36)

- inspired by idealized version of nature

- picturesque recreation of ancient temples or castles

'Capability' Brown

- Blenheim Palace

- Bowood

Stourhead - one of the first picturesque gardens

Malownicza architektura

- Neuschwannstein (1892)

ART NOUVEAU - 'total' art style, encompassing all spectra of art

Victor Horta, Bruxelles

A. Gaudi, Barcelona

C.R. Mackintosh, Glasgow

ART BRUT -  art created outside the boundaries of official culture (art hipsters from the 1970s - the worst kind)

H. Rosseau

SURREALISM - in short: if a painting looks like a bad acid trip - it's surrealism

Dali

Magritte

P. Delvaux

P. Klee