[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:49:00 1998 ]Korzeniewicz [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:59:00 1998 ]Łukasz[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 01:09:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:59:00 1998 ]Korzeniewicz Łukasz [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:59:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 01:09:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:49:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:50:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:49:00 1998 ]1998-03-27

[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:49:00 1998 ]IMAb

ĆWICZENIA LABOR[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 20:53:00 1998 ]L[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 20:53:00 1998 ]ATORYJNE Z CHEMI NIEORGANICZNEJ.

[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:49:00 1998 ]Temat: DYSOCJACJA ELEKTROLITYCZNA.

W drugiej połowie XIX [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:05:00 1998 ] w[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:05:00 1998 ]w[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:05:00 1998 ]. szwed[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:03:00 1998 ]zki chemik S. A. Arrhenius doświadczalnie udowodnił, [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:06:00 1998 ]że substancje chemiczne można podzielić na dwie grupy[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:07:00 1998 ]. Do grupy [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:08:00 1998 ]-->I [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:08:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:53:00 1998 ]mo[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:08:00 1998 ]ż[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:08:00 1998 ]na zaliczyć takie, których roztwory wodne przewodzą prąd elektryczny[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:08:00 1998 ], a do grupy [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:10:00 1998 ]-->II [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:10:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:53:00 1998 ]te, które w tych samych warunkach praktycznie nie przewodzą prądu[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:10:00 1998 ]. Substancje gr[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:12:00 1998 ]u[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:12:00 1998 ]py [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:12:00 1998 ]-->I[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:12:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:53:00 1998 ] nazwał [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:12:00 1998 ]elektrolitami[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:13:00 1998 ], grupy [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:13:00 1998 ]-->II[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:13:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:53:00 1998 ]--> [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:18:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:53:00 1998 ]-[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:14:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:18:00 1998 ]nieelektrolit[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:14:00 1998 ]a[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:14:00 1998 ]mi.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:14:00 1998 ][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

Teorię tą można ująć ogólnie w postaci czter[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:19:00 1998 ]ech podstawowych, opartych na doświadczeniu założeń.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:20:00 1998 ]

1. Elektrolity, a więc kwasy, zasady i sole podczas rozpuszczania w wodzie rozpadają się na elementy naładowane elektrycznie, czyli ulegają tzw. [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:22:00 1998 ]dys[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:25:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:25:00 1998 ]cjacji elektrolitycznej.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:25:00 1998 ] Elementy te nazwano [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:26:00 1998 ]jonami.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:26:00 1998 ] Jony naładowane d[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:26:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:26:00 1998 ]datnio nazywają się [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:26:00 1998 ]kationami, [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:27:00 1998 ]a ujemne[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:27:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:28:00 1998 ]anionami.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:28:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:28:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:19:00 1998 ]

2. Suma ładunków elektrycznych kationów i anionów, powstałych na skutek dysocjacji elektrolitycznej [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:28:00 1998 ]elektrolitów, jest [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:31:00 1998 ]zawsze [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:32:00 1998 ]równa [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:31:00 1998 ]zeru.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:32:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:32:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:19:00 1998 ]

3. Nieelektrolity[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:32:00 1998 ], tzn. substancje, które w roztworach i w stanie stopionym nie p[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:33:00 1998 ]rzewodzą prądu elektrycznego, nie ulegają dysocjacji elektro[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:36:00 1998 ]litycznej.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:36:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:36:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:19:00 1998 ]

4. Własności [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:37:00 1998 ]chemiczne jonów różnią się zupełnie od własności obojętnych atomów lub cząsteczek. Z [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:38:00 1998 ]tego względu obecność jonów w roztworach n[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:39:00 1998 ]a[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:39:00 1998 ]daje im ch[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:39:00 1998 ]a[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:39:00 1998 ]rakterystyczne [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:39:00 1998 ]cechy chemiczne i fizyczne.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:41:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:42:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:19:00 1998 ]

Kwasami [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:42:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:42:00 1998 ]s[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:59:00 1998 ]ą [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:42:00 1998 ]to [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:59:00 1998 ]związki chemiczne[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:42:00 1998 ], które podczas rozpu[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:43:00 1998 ]szczania w wodzie d[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:43:00 1998 ]y[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:43:00 1998 ]socjują ca[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:43:00 1998 ]ł[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:43:00 1998 ]kowicie lub częściowo na kationy wodorowe i aniony reszt kwasowych.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:43:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:00:00 1998 ]

Zasady [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:01:00 1998 ]są to związki chemiczne, które [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:02:00 1998 ]podczas rozpuszczania w wodzie dys[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:03:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:03:00 1998 ]cjują całkow[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:03:00 1998 ]i[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:03:00 1998 ]cie lub częściowo [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:03:00 1998 ]na aniony wodorotlenowe OH[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:05:00 1998 ]^-[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:06:00 1998 ] i kationy metali.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:06:00 1998 ]

Sole [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:07:00 1998 ]są[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:07:00 1998 ] produktami reakcji kwasów z zasadami. [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:07:00 1998 ]Związki [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:08:00 1998 ]te w temperaturze p[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:09:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:09:00 1998 ]kojowej występują na ogół w stanie stałym, krystalicznym i mają budowę jonową, czyli składają się z kationów [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:09:00 1998 ]metali lub kationu [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:12:00 1998 ]amonowego [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:13:00 1998 ]i anionów[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:09:00 1998 ] reszt kwas[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:13:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:13:00 1998 ]wych[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:13:00 1998 ].[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:09:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:13:00 1998 ]

Do porównywania mocy elektrolitów wprowadzono pojęcie stopnia i stałej d[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:14:00 1998 ]y[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:14:00 1998 ]socjacji ele[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:14:00 1998 ]k[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:14:00 1998 ]trolitycznej.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:14:00 1998 ]

Stopień dysocjacji [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:17:00 1998 ]określa [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:17:00 1998 ]się[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:18:00 1998 ] stosunkiem liczby moli cząsteczek zdysocjow[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:20:00 1998 ]a[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:20:00 1998 ]nych[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:20:00 1998 ] na jony do liczby moli cząsteczek substancji rozpuszczonej:[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:21:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:23:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:23:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:23:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:23:00 1998 ], [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:25:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:28:00 1998 ]

gdzie[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:25:00 1998 ]-->:[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:25:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:30:00 1998 ]--> [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:25:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:29:00 1998 ]-->α[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:26:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:29:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:54:00 1998 ]-->-[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:26:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:29:00 1998 ] stopień dysocjacji[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:26:00 1998 ]-->, X[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:26:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:29:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:54:00 1998 ]- liczba moli czą[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:26:00 1998 ]steczek zdysocjowanych na jony, [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:28:00 1998 ]-->n[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:28:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:29:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:54:00 1998 ]- [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:28:00 1998 ]liczba moli cząsteczek substancji rozpuszczonej.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:30:00 1998 ] Stopień dysocjacji jest odwrotnie [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:33:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:36:00 1998 ]

proporcjonalny do[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:33:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:34:00 1998 ]stę[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:33:00 1998 ]ż[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:34:00 1998 ]enia i [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:33:00 1998 ]w rozcieńczeniu nieskończenie wielkim zbliża się do 100%[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:35:00 1998 ]. Jest [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:36:00 1998 ]on również zależny od temperatury i rośnie wraz z jej wzrostem. [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:37:00 1998 ]Dysocj[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:42:00 1998 ]a[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:42:00 1998 ]cja elektrolityczna jest procesem odwracalnym, więc w roztworze elektrolitów istnieje równowaga[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:42:00 1998 ],[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:45:00 1998 ] dla kt[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:42:00 1998 ]órej można napisać wyrażenie na stałą równowagi [K[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:45:00 1998 ]_c[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:46:00 1998 ]]:[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:46:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:47:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:47:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:47:00 1998 ], jeżeli [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:51:00 1998 ]t=co[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:52:00 1998 ]nst[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:52:00 1998 ], [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:52:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:53:00 1998 ]

gdzie [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:52:00 1998 ](A[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:52:00 1998 ]⁺[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:52:00 1998 ]),(B[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:53:00 1998 ]^-[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:53:00 1998 ])[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:53:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:53:00 1998 ]- rzeczywiste[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:53:00 1998 ] stężenie jonów w stanie równowagi, [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:54:00 1998 ](AB)[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:54:00 1998 ] - rzeczywiste stężenie cząsteczek niezdysocjowanych[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:54:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:56:00 1998 ]w [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:54:00 1998 ]stanie równowagi.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:56:00 1998 ][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

Teoria kwasów i zasad według Br[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 20:55:00 1998 ]önsteda mówi, że cząsteczka kwasu po odd[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:42:00 1998 ]a[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:42:00 1998 ]niu protonu staje się cząsteczką lub jonem zasady i odwrotnie tzn. że cząsteczka zas[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:42:00 1998 ]a[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:42:00 1998 ]dy po przejęciu protonu staje się cząstką kwasu. Według [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:42:00 1998 ]tej teori[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:45:00 1998 ]i, kwas może wyk[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:46:00 1998 ]a[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:46:00 1998 ]zywać swoje właściwości kwasowe tylko wobec zasad[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:46:00 1998 ]y, która przyjmuje proton i o[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:47:00 1998 ]d[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:47:00 1998 ]wrotnie zasada może nią być tylko w obecności [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:47:00 1998 ]kwasu, który oddaje proton.[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:47:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:48:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:49:00 1998 ]Doświadczenie 1.[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:51:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ]Dysocjacja chlorku miedziowego w obecności [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:51:00 1998 ]H[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:52:00 1998 ]₂[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:52:00 1998 ]O.[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:52:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:54:00 1998 ]

Przebieg reakcji zależy od stałej dielektrycznej rozpuszczalnika [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:37:00 1998 ]-->ε[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:38:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:40:00 1998 ]-->.[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:38:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:40:00 1998 ] Gdy [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:38:00 1998 ]-->ε[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:38:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:40:00 1998 ]--><10[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:39:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:40:00 1998 ] dysocjacja nie zachodzi. Gdy [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:40:00 1998 ]10<[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:40:00 1998 ]ε[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:41:00 1998 ]<[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:40:00 1998 ]40[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:41:00 1998 ] dysocjacja zachodzi częściowo, gdy[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:41:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:43:00 1998 ]ε[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:43:00 1998 ]<40[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:43:00 1998 ] d[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:43:00 1998 ]y[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:43:00 1998 ]socjacja zachodzi całkowicie. Następuje tu zmiana barwy z żółtej na niebieską. Nat[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:43:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:43:00 1998 ]miast [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:43:00 1998 ]dysocjacja [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:44:00 1998 ]-->CuCl[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:45:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:45:00 1998 ]-->₂[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:45:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:45:00 1998 ]--> [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:41:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:45:00 1998 ]w obecności acetonu, [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:46:00 1998 ]zachodzi częściowo. Na [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:47:00 1998 ]dnie znajdują się niebieskie jony [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:48:00 1998 ]Cu[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:48:00 1998 ]²⁺[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:48:00 1998 ], a u góry żółte niezdysocjowane [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:49:00 1998 ]CuCl[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:49:00 1998 ]₂[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:49:00 1998 ]. Oznacza to, że w obecności acetonu dysocjacja zachodzi częściowo.[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:50:00 1998 ]

-->[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:15:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:50:00 1998 ]

Doświadczenie 2.[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:15:00 1998 ]

[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

Dysocjacja chlorku kobaltowego w obecności [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:16:00 1998 ]H[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:17:00 1998 ]₂[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:17:00 1998 ]O.[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:17:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

Stała równowagi dla tej reakcji:[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ].[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:35:00 1998 ]

Dodatek wspólnego jonu chlorkowego [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ]Cl[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ]^-[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ] cofnął dysocjacje. Roztwór zmienił barwę z różowej na niebieską. Nadmiar jonu chlorkowego przesuwa równowagę w stronę zdysocjowanego [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ]CoCl[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ]₂[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ].[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 21:06:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 21:07:00 1998 ]Doświadczenie 3.[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 21:06:00 1998 ][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 21:07:00 1998 ]

Do probówki zawierającej trzy krople (siarczanu żelaza III) [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:45:00 1998 ]Fe[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:46:00 1998 ]₂[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:46:00 1998 ](SO[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:46:00 1998 ]₄[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:46:00 1998 ])[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:46:00 1998 ]₃[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:46:00 1998 ] dol[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:47:00 1998 ]al[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:50:00 1998 ]i[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:50:00 1998 ]śmy[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:50:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:47:00 1998 ]([Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:49:00 1998 ]ti[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:47:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:48:00 1998 ]cyjani[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:47:00 1998 ]a[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:48:00 1998 ]nu[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:47:00 1998 ] potasowego[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:48:00 1998 ]) [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:49:00 1998 ]KSCN[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:49:00 1998 ], otrzymany roztwór zabarwiony był na czerw[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:49:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:49:00 1998 ]no. Po [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:49:00 1998 ]dodaniu wody destylowanej nastąpiła dysocjacja elektrolityczna, w wyniku kt[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:51:00 1998 ]ó[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:51:00 1998 ]rej [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:51:00 1998 ]roztwór odbarwił się na pomarańczowo.[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:52:00 1998 ]

Dysocjacja roztworu [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:58:00 1998 ]Fe(SCN)[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:59:00 1998 ]₃[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:00:00 1998 ]:[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:00:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:58:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:00:00 1998 ]

-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:54:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:54:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->
[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:54:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->.[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:00:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]

Do zdysocjowanowego rodanku w pierwszym przypadku dodaliśmy [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:00:00 1998 ]Fe[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:02:00 1998 ]₂[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:02:00 1998 ](SO[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:02:00 1998 ]₄[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:02:00 1998 ])[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:02:00 1998 ]₃[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:02:00 1998 ] co spowodowało [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:03:00 1998 ]to zabarwienie roztworu na kolor krwist[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:05:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:06:00 1998 ] czerwoną[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:05:00 1998 ]. Obecność wspólnego jonu [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:08:00 1998 ]Fe[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:09:00 1998 ]³⁺[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:10:00 1998 ] cofnęła dysocjację na stronę [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:10:00 1998 ]Fe(SCN)[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:11:00 1998 ]₃[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:11:00 1998 ]. W drugim przypadku [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:11:00 1998 ]d[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:12:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:12:00 1998 ]daliśmy [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:12:00 1998 ]KSCN[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:13:00 1998 ], miało to taki sam [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:13:00 1998 ]wynik jak w pierwszym przypadku. [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:14:00 1998 ]Wspólnym j[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:11:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:11:00 1998 ]nem [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:11:00 1998 ]w tym przypadku był [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:15:00 1998 ]SCN[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:16:00 1998 ]^-[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:16:00 1998 ]. Również tutaj obecność cofnęła[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:16:00 1998 ] dysocjację[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:17:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:18:00 1998 ]w stronę [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:17:00 1998 ]Fe(SCN)[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:17:00 1998 ]₃[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:17:00 1998 ].[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:17:00 1998 ][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

Doświadczenie [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:18:00 1998 ]4.[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

Do trzech probówek wprowadziliśmy następujące związki: [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:19:00 1998 ]Pb(NO[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:20:00 1998 ]₃[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:21:00 1998 ])[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:21:00 1998 ]₂[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:21:00 1998 ],[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:21:00 1998 ] (CH[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:21:00 1998 ]₃[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:22:00 1998 ]COO)[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:22:00 1998 ]₂[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:22:00 1998 ]Pb[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:22:00 1998 ] oraz [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:22:00 1998 ]PbCl[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:23:00 1998 ]₂[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:23:00 1998 ]. Następnie kolejno do każdej z nich nala[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:23:00 1998 ]liśmy kwasu sia[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:24:00 1998 ]r[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:24:00 1998 ]kowego[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:24:00 1998 ] (po dwie krople). W [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:24:00 1998 ]pierwszej probówce [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:25:00 1998 ]roztwór [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:27:00 1998 ]zmienił konsystencję i w[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:25:00 1998 ]y[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:25:00 1998 ]dzielił się z nieg[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:25:00 1998 ]o osad. W [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:27:00 1998 ]drugiej także wydzielił się osad[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:28:00 1998 ], to samo, ale z mniejszą intensywnością, zaszło w trzeciej probówce.[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:29:00 1998 ]

1. -->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:31:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:31:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->
   [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:31:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:37:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]

2. -->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:37:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:37:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->
   [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:37:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:45:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]

3. -->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:45:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:45:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:45:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->
   [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:45:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]

W drugiej [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]części doświadczenia do kolejnych trzech probówek wl[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:53:00 1998 ]aliśmy[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:56:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ]k[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:53:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:53:00 1998 ]lejno [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:53:00 1998 ]Na[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ]₂[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ]SO[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ]₄[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ], [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ]K[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ]₂[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ]SO[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ]₄[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ], [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ](NH[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:55:00 1998 ]₄[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:55:00 1998 ])[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:55:00 1998 ]₂[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:55:00 1998 ]SO[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:55:00 1998 ]₄[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:56:00 1998 ]. Do każdej z nich doda[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:56:00 1998 ]liśmy[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ] po[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:56:00 1998 ] dwie krople [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ]Pb(NO[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ]₃[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ])[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ]₂[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ],[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ]co spowodowało wytrącenie się osadu w każdej probówce.[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:58:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:00:00 1998 ]

1. [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:00:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:00:00 1998 ]-->
   [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:12:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:00:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:08:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:00:00 1998 ]

2. [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:08:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:08:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:08:00 1998 ]-->
   [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:11:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:08:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:11:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:00:00 1998 ]

3. [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:11:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:11:00 1998 ]
   [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:11:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:15:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:00:00 1998 ]

Doświadczenie 5.[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:15:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:16:00 1998 ]

Do dwóch[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:17:00 1998 ] probówek zawierających (kwas octowy) [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:18:00 1998 ]CH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:19:00 1998 ]₃[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:19:00 1998 ]COOH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:19:00 1998 ] dodaliśmy oranż metylowy[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:19:00 1998 ]. Otrzymany [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:22:00 1998 ]roztwór miał barwę pomarańczową. Do jednej probówki dodaliśmy [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:23:00 1998 ]CH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:24:00 1998 ]₃[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:24:00 1998 ]COONa[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:24:00 1998 ] przez co roztwór zmienił barwę na lekko żółtą. Obecność [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:24:00 1998 ]wspólnego jonu[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:25:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:27:00 1998 ] CH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:26:00 1998 ]₃[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:26:00 1998 ]COO[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:26:00 1998 ]^-[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:27:00 1998 ] cofnęła dysocjację[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:25:00 1998 ] w stronę [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:27:00 1998 ] CH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:26:00 1998 ]₃[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:26:00 1998 ]COOH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:26:00 1998 ].[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:27:00 1998 ]

Dysocjacja kwasu octowego[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:45:00 1998 ] (CH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:48:00 1998 ]₃[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:48:00 1998 ]COOH)[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:48:00 1998 ]:[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:48:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:30:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:30:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:30:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:30:00 1998 ].[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

Stała dysocjacji[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:32:00 1998 ] kwasu octowego [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:33:00 1998 ]([Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:49:00 1998 ]CH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:33:00 1998 ]₃[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:33:00 1998 ]COOH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:33:00 1998 ])[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:49:00 1998 ]:[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:33:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:34:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:34:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:34:00 1998 ].[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

W drugiej części [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:37:00 1998 ]doświadczenia do dwóch probówek wprowadziliśmy [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:38:00 1998 ]NH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:39:00 1998 ]₄[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:39:00 1998 ]OH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:39:00 1998 ], który zabarwiliśmy fenoloftaleiną (kolor malinowy). Dodanie [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:39:00 1998 ]do jednej z dwóch pr[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:41:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:41:00 1998 ]bówek [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:41:00 1998 ]NH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:42:00 1998 ]₄[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:42:00 1998 ]Cl[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:42:00 1998 ]₂[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:42:00 1998 ] spowodowało całkowite odbarwienie roztworu.[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:42:00 1998 ] Również [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:43:00 1998 ]tu obecność wspólnego jonu cofnęła dysocjację.[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:44:00 1998 ]Dysocjacja wodorotlenku amonowe[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:45:00 1998 ]go[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:45:00 1998 ] (NH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:49:00 1998 ]₄[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:49:00 1998 ]OH)[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:49:00 1998 ]:[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:45:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:33:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:39:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:28:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:28:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:28:00 1998 ].[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:47:00 1998 ]

Stała dysocjacji tej zasady wynosi:[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:48:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:51:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:51:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:51:00 1998 ].[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:51:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:47:00 1998 ]

-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:58:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:27:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:56:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:51:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:56:00 1998 ]

-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 21:06:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]

-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 21:06:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:15:00 1998 ]

-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 21:06:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]

-->[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]

-->[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]

-->[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:17:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:18:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:18:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:18:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:01:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:14:00 1998 ]

-->[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:48:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:54:00 1998 ]

[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:45:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:52:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:54:00 1998 ]

-->[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:18:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:51:00 1998 ]

[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]

[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:18:00 1998 ]

-->[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:18:00 1998 ]

---