łęcki 1
*Which Germanic tribe did not invade Britain ? VANDALS
*What is the name of the last ruler of England just before the Norman Invasion? HAROLD
*The name of the city Manchester suggest that this city was built by: THE ROMANS
*English over might have come from I-E: APERI
*The person who compared and claimed the affinity of Greek, Sanskrit and Latin was WILLIAM JONES
*Germanic lgs were first written in THE ROMAN ALPHABET (ja bym jednak dał że runic)
*What is the Franks Casket? A BOX MADE OF WHALE'S BONE
*Who started the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle? ALFRED
*The phenomenon of ABLAUT was connected with the Old English forms of VERBS
*Which seems to be the best candidate for Old Norse word for foot FOTR
*The oldest recorded I-E lg is HITTITE
*What is the source of the English definite article? DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN (“ān” [PdE `one'] resulted in an indefinite article)
*In what lg did the Second Consonant Shift take place? HIGH GERMAN
*What literary device does OE banhus 'bone house' = 'body' illustrate? KENNING (a conventional metaphoric name for something, esp in Old Norse and Old English poetry, such as Old English bānhūs (bone house) for "body”)
*From which two lgs did Old English borrow the largest number of words? OLD NORSE AND LATIN?
*What is Anglo-Saxon heptarchy? 7KINGDOMS: WESSEX, SUSSEX, ESSEXS, NORTHUMBRIA, KENT, EAST-ANGLIA, MERCIA
*Who was Bede? A MONK, WROTE HISTORIA ECELERIASTICA GENHIS ANGLORUM, WORKEDIN MONASTERY - JARROW
*What is the name of the North-East part of England that the Vikings occupied after the treaty of Wedmore? DANELAW
*What are the names of the cases of Old English Nouns? NOMINATIVE, ACCUSATIVE, GENITIVE, DATIVE
*How were negative sentences formed in Old English? 'NE' WAS PUT BEFORE THE FINITE VERB (sometimes merged with it)
*Give an example of: a) lg isolate- BASQUE b) a dead Slavonic lg- OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC c) a distinctively Germanic word-WIFE d) an Old English strong verb with its 'principal parts' CEOSAN-CEAS-CURON- COREN
*Jaki tekst widnieje na na Ruthwell Cross? THE DREAM OF THE ROAD
*Do jakiej rodziny należy Hittite? ANATOLIAN LGS
*Japanese to język AGGLUTINATIVE
*który z powyższych jezykow jest SATEM : (trzeba było wybrac jedno i odpowiedz była ze Prussian ale w notatkach jest AVESTAN, SANSKRIT, LITHUANIAN, POLISH and RUSSIAN
*Który z celtyckich jezyków jest wymarły? MANX
*Unmarked word order in Welsh(oraz Irish, biblical Hebrew, classical Arabic ) VSO
*Yiddish pochodzi z rodziny GERMANIC LG
*Czasownik spell to WEAK VERB
*Heafod zmienia się na head to SYNCOPE
łęcki 2
1. original pronunciation of tough (tu:x) 2. lg family spoken on the Indian subcontinent (Dravidian) 3. miękki - miętki - jaki proces (dissimilation) 4. z jakiego IE słowa wywodzi się glad/gładki - pewnie coś w rodzaju *ghladh- ?? 5. z czego wynika różnica pomiędzy cheese (przez /z/) a /ka:s/ w Dutch - (intervocalic voicing in OE [internetowy słownik mówi, że było kiedyś „cȳse”])? 6. jaki tekst widnieje na Ruthwell Cross (The Dream of the Rood) 7. z ilu części składa się heptarchy (7) 8. do jakiej rodziny należy Hittite (Anatolian lgs) 9. z którego języka zapożyczone jest TILL (Old Norse) 10. jaki to język Japanese (agglutinative) 11. nice - jaki to przykład procesu i to miało byc elevation/amelioration. 12. który z powyższych języków jest SATEM - Prussian. 13. który z Celtyckich języków jest wymarły - Manx. 14. który z tych języków jest Caucasian - Georgian 15. the letter Yogh in the word daȝaz (days) is pronounced: ɣ 16. unmarked word order in Welsh - VSO 17. Yiddish-Germanic 18. spell-weak verb 19. heafod na head i to było syncope (chyba)
+
trzeba - trza - loss/delition is ok, but the type of the loss is syncope
*etn - e:n - to chyba też syncope + compensatory lengthening
do zad. nr VIII - chyba trzeba jeszcze dopisać, że satem: palatal [k] -> [s], centum: palatal [k] - [k] (in Latin represented as <c>). In Germanic lgs (among the centum branch) [k] [h] (Dutch).
IX.
/hu:s/
/hu:ses/ [hu:zes]
/dra:f/
/püfan/ [püvan]
Zdaje mi się, że to po prostu chodzi o to intervocalic voicing of fricatives - in OE there were no voiced fricatives phonemes but only the voiceless ones, namely /f/, /θ/ /s/, which became voiced [v], [ð], [z] respectively between two vowels.
16.
IE* ghostis
Grimm's Law /gh/ -> /g/ (voiced aspirated stops lose aspiration)
gostis
Indo-European short /o/ -> Proto-Germanic short /a/
gastis
Verner's Law /s/ -> /z/
gastiz
Rhotacization /z/ -> /r/
gastir
i-mutation (i-umlaut) -> fronting of the short back vowel /a/ when followed in the next syllable by /i/ or /j/ /a/ -> /æ/
gæstir
loss of ending, or whatever...
OE gæst
and this is the Old English form. But what now? I-umlaut again??!? /æ/ -> /e/
gest <guest>
Wg mnie: ghostis
Grimm's Law gostis
IE /o/ -> PG /a/ gastis
rhotacism gastir (nie ma warunków na Verner's Law)
AFB gæstir*
loss of the ending gæst
i-Umlaut gest
* Nie mam za bardzo innego pomysłu na to, skąd się wzięło to /æ/, bo i-Umlaut działało odwrotnie, w i-U /æ/ zmieniało się w /e/.
IE* kwelos
Grimm's Law /k/ -> /x/
hwelos
loss of initial /h/ ?
welos
loss of ending ??
wel ?
lenghtening ?
we:l
Great Vowel Shift /e:/ -> /i:/
wi:l <wheel>
Wg mnie: *kwelos
Grimm's Law hwelos
loss of the end. hwel
lengthening hwe:l
GVS hwi:l
loss of /h/ wi:l
Dwóch ostatnich nie jestem pewien czy nie powinny być odwrotnie. Poza tym to loss of inflectional ending można by połączyć z compensatory lengthening, ale pewności też nie ma.
fot
lenghtening ? /o/ -> /o:/
fo:t <foot>
Great Vowel Shift /o:/ -> /u:/
fu:t
shortening ? /u:/ -> /ʊ/
fʊt <foot>