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1.    Blood pląs ma from which the clotting factors have been removed is named blood serum.

2.    The condition of muscles when they are ready to respond to a stimulus is named ... .

3.    The process of changing blood into a soft semisolid mass is named ....

4.    A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution equal to the common loga-rithm of the reciprocal of the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per cu-bic decimetre of solution is named ....

5.    Complex proteins or conjugated proteins that are produced by living cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions are named ....

6.    The process of discharging waste matter (such as urine, sweat, carbon dioxide, faeces) from the body through the kidneys, skin, lungs, bowels, etc. is named

Task 11

Read the following sentences and complete them using the given phrases. The first one has been done for you.

is probably about major role in in the urine are reabsorbed in

is quite variable present in is composed of dueto

is divided into ml per minutę of pląs ma are relatively

fanotionał unk identical to are needed by impermeable

1.    The fimctional unit of the kidney is the nephron, and there are approximately 2 million nephrons in the two kidneys.

2.    Each nephron.................a tuft of capillaries called the glomerulus.

3.    The normal pressure in the glomerulus................60 mmHg.

4.    The glomcrular filtration ratę is the total ratę of fluid filtration from all glo-

meruli of both kidneys, which is about 125................

5.    The glomerular filtrate is an ultrafiltrate................

6. The glomerular filtrate has a composition almost...............that of pląs ma

except that it has almost no protein (only 0.03 %).

7.................the glomerular filtrate, approximately 125 ml per minutę passes

progressively down the tubular system.

8. The renal tubular system ............... four major portions: (a) the proximal

tubules, (b) the loops of Henie, (c) the distal tubules, and (d) the collecting tubules and ducts.

5.4. Functions of electrolytes

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The electrolytes are assayed because they are important in maintaining pH and water in various body compartments. They are vital as cofactors in blood co-agulation and in enzyme activity. They are also involved in controlling neuro-muscular W&taowty. They also participate in oxidation-reduction reactions. If the body is unable to maintain its normal contro 1 over these electrolytes’ conse-rvation and excretion, their ab normal concentrations will occur. Lungs and kidneys are the organs that fumish most of this control. Proteins as electrolytes are significant in extracellular fluid and organie acids only in plasma and interstitial fluid.

Task 8

Read the test and answer the questions.

1.    Why are the electrolytes assayed?

2.    What other functions do the electrolytes fulfil in our bodied?

3.    What may happen when the body can’t keep control over the electrolytes? oJc

4.    What organs provide most of the control over the electrolytes?

Oa-cL

Task 9

Read the test again and fmd words or phrases that have the similar meaning to the ones below. The first one has been done for you.

essential    provide    keeping    take part in    different    appear

necessary    clotting    tested    incapable of    engaged in    considerable

Esample:

essential —► important Task 10

Read the definitions and match them with the given terms. The first one has been done for you.

excretion    blood coagulation    enzyme

blood serum    muscular excitability    pH

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