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Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism

Autorzy Diego Muro

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Strony wyświetlane za zezwoleniem Routledge. Prawa autorskie.

By the late 1980s, it madę little sense to refer to the Franco dictatorship or post-Francoism to explain the dynamics and functioning of Spanish poli-tics. With regards to Basque violence, much had been learned and new tools of counterinsurgency were being tested to deprive ETA of its social support. By 1987, GAL had disbanded, systematic ill treatment of ETA prisoncrs had ccased, and Herri Batasuna was ostracised by the political spectrum for its uninhibited support to ETA. Of all the anti-ETA initiatives, the most signifieant was the pact signed in 1988 at the Pałace of Ajuria Enea by all Basque political parties except HB. The pact was the public expression of the Basques’ desire to end violence and madę it increasingly difficult for radical nationalists to use the Franco dictatorship or SpaiiTs ‘authoritarian practices’ as pretexts for violence. Tougher antiterrorist ineasurcs, such as the dispersion policy, and a considcrablc inerease in international police coordination, particularly with France, led to arrests of major ETA figures. It also had the effect of leading Basque nationalists to feel that the actions of ETA were counterproductive for the aspirations of those who wanted to go beyond regional home rule.

The chapter also examined the historical period from the end of the GAL campaign in 1987 to the killing of Miguel Angel Blanco in 1997. ETA’s insistencc on discussing political issues did not bring the meeting in Algiers to a successful conclusion and violence was resumed. Shortly before the World Fair in Seville and the Olympic Games in Barcelona, the French and Spanish police arrested the ETA leadership in March 1992. The arrests of the top three commanders in Bidart resulted in an organisational crisis for the armed group and in a three-year period of internal reflection for the political wing of ETA. Three years later, in 1995, radical Basque

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		W/nik 24 ; 30 w tei książce dla zapytania Herri Batasuna ETA - « Poprzednia Następna > - W/świetl wszystko		W/czysc wyszukiwanie [x]
WYŚWIETL E-BO OKA			factors was further Consolidated with the complete abandonment of social-