IPA chart 05(1)

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (2005)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)

	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal	m	W	n			a		D	N
Plosive	pb		t d			t i	c 4	k g	q g
Fricative	* P	f V	e a	S Z	J 3	§ ZL	ę i	X Y	x r
Approximant		u	J			4,	j	iq	■D
Tri II	B		r						R
Tap, Flap		V	r			r
Lateral fricative			ł b			t	a
Lateral approximant			i			l		L
Lateral flap			j

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a modally voiced consonant, except for murmured h.

Shaded areas denote articulations judged to be impossible.

' letters are unofficia

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)

Anterior click releases (require posterior stops)	Voiced implosives	Ejectives
0    Bilabial fricated | Laminal alveolar ^1    fricated (“dental”) | Apical (post)alveolar ' abrupt (“retroflex”) i Laminal postalveolar ^T abrupt (“palatal”) li Lateral alveolar ^11 fricated (“lateral”)	6 Bilabial j* Dental or Cl alveolar J~ Palatal d" Velar (f Uvular	’ Examples: p’ Bilabial i.’ Dental or l alveolar k’ Velar _> Alveolar b fricative

CONSONANTS (CO-ARTICULATED)

M Voiceless labialized velar approximant W    Voiced labialized velar approximant

LJ    Voiced labialized palatal approximant

6 Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative Z Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative f) Simultaneous x and/ (disputed) kp tS Affricates and double articulations may be joined by a tie bar

SUPRASEGMENTALS

TONĘ

Primary stress	Extra stress	Level tones			Contour■		■tonę examples:
i Secondary stress	[,foond'tifm]	// e	1	Top	V e	/[	Rising
61 Long	e^T Half-long	/ e	1	High	A e	M	Falling
e Short	6 Extra-short	e	H	Mid	e	1	High rising
. Syllable break	^ Linking	\ e	-I	Low	e	\	Low rising
	(no break)	w	J			'\	High falling
INTONATiON		e		Bottom	e
| Minor (foot) break		Tonę terracing			e	sl	Low falling
| Major (intonation) break		T	Upstep		v\ e	d	Peaking
/ Global rise	\ Global fali	l	Downstep		A/ e	d	Dipping

VOWELS

Nearback Back

U

D

Front Near front Central

Vowels at right & left of bullets are rounded & unrounded.

D1ACRIT1CS ^Diacritics ^may ^ placed above a symbol with a descender, as g. Other ipa symbols may appear as diacritics to represent phonetic detail: t^s (fricative release), b^f‘ (breathy voice), ^?a (glottal onset),³ (epenthetic schwa), o” (diphthongization).

SYLLABIC1TY & RELEASES		PHONATION		PRIMARY ART1CULATI0N		SECONDARY ARTICULATION
n a i i	Syllabic	n d o o	Voiceless or Slack voice	t b	Dental	t^w d^w	Labialized	D X ) 5	Morę rounded
e u	Non-syllabic	s d	Modal voice or Stiff voice	t d	Apical	V ó>	Palatalized	0 x^w c c	Less rounded
j-h h^-	(Pre)aspirated	n ą	Breathy voice	t d	Laminal	dy	Velarized	e ź	Nasalized
d^n	Nasal release	n a	Creaky voice	ut +	Advanced	t^vd^9	Pharyngealized		Rhoticity
d^1	Lateral release		Strident	i t	Retracted	ł z	Velarized or pharyngealized	e o	Advanced tongue root
t"	No audible release	n d	Linguolabial	aj	Centralized	X LU	Mid- centralized	e o K ►	Retracted tongue root
e P	Lowered (|3 is a bilabial approximant)			e a ± ±	Raised (i is a voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative)