Ipa chart all 1000px

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar PostalveoIar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosive	p b		t d		t 4,	c i	k 9	q g		?
Nasal	m		n		a	J^1	0	N
Trill	B		r					R
Tap or Flap			r		i
Fricative	* p	f V	0 5	s z J 3	§ \	ę i	x Y	X K	h T	h fi
Lateral fricative			* b
Approximant		D	X		•i	j	”4
Lateral approximant			i		L	a	L

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)

Clicks		Yoiced implosives		Ejectives
0	Bilabial	6	Bilabial	i	as in:
1	Dental	cf	7 Dental/alveoIar p		Bilabial
i	(Post)alveolar	J	Palatal	t’	Dental/alveolar
i	Palatoalveolar	<r	Velar	k’	Velar
II	Alveolar lateral	<f	Uvular	7 s	Alveolar fricative

VOWELS

SUPRASEGMENTALS

' ^Primary^stress ,foun₉'tir3n

, Secondary stress

^T    P'

*    Long    ^c4

Half-long    6

w    ^

Extra-short    £

•    Syllablebreak ji.a^kt I Minor (foot) group

|| Major (intonation) group Linking (absence of a break)

TONES & WORD ACCENTS LEVEL    CONTOUR

rr e	or ~\	Extra high	V e	A Rising
/ e	1	High	A e	\| Falling
e	H	Mid	—/ e	1 High rising
\ e	-I	Low	>_ e	A Low rising
w e	J	Extra low	NA e	1 Rising-falling
1	Downstep		/	etc. Global rise
t	Upstep		\	Global fali

Front    Central    Back

Close ^ \ y

Open

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded voweI

OTHER SYMBOLS

MVoicelesslabial-velarfricative £ £ Alveolo-palatal fricatives W Voiced labial-velar approximant J Alveolar lateral flap ]Ą Yoiced labial-palatal approximant J0 SimulataneousJ* and X

H Yoiceless epiglottal fricative

ę

?

Voiced epiglottal fricative Epiglottal plosive

Kp ts

DI ACRITICS Diacritics rnay be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. L)

Affricates and double articula-tions can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary

o Voiceless LI d o o	Breathy voiced b ci	„ Dental t d ^n n n
„ Voiced S t ^V V V	^ Creakyvoiced D cl	Apical t d ^U u u
^ Aspirated ^ d^^1	^ Linguolabial t d	Laminal t d o o o
Morę rounded 0 >	Labialized t^W d^W	Nasalized 0
c Less rounded 0	^ Palatalized t) cP	^11 Nasal release ę|n
. Advanced LI ♦	^ Velarized d^	Lateral release d^
Retracted 1	^ Pharyngealized d^	No audible release d
Centralized 0	~ Velarized or pharyngeal ized J
X X Mid-centralized 0	x Raised £ ( X = yoiced alveolar fricative)
, Syllabic X	Lowered 6 ((3 = yoiced bilabial approximant)
^ Non-syllabic 0	h Advanced Tongue Root 0
* Rhoticity 3*	Retracted Tongue Root 6