lingwistyka 4

2.3. The theory of distinctivc features.

A binary feature (+/-) absence of presence of a feature and The use of dis t i n c ti v e features i n phonological ruleseg. A changes into B when it appears between C and D (cf. assimilation etc.)

MORPHOLOGY

Consider Polish phonemes: /t//k//a/ > tak, akt, kat, tka

Consider English: un+accept+able (& *un+able+accept, *able+accept+un, *accept+un+able...)

Morphology: the study of Free and bound forms of words and the set of rules goveming the intemal structure of words.

Morpheme: the smailest unit of language which has a grammatical function and independent meaning.

the+disł-honest+play+er+s+cheat+ed+my+beauty+fhl+glrl (12) _anti+dis+establlsh+ment+arian+ism (6)_

Morphemes:

Afibces: prefbces [dis- un-), infibces [-###-], sufiixes: [ -ly, -es, -ed] eg. dis- [prefbc] honest [stem] -y [suffbc]

Morphemes can be classified into:

(a)    bound/grammatical [can be only attachedj - inflectional [-s/-ed ...] 8s-derivational [-ment/-less/-ly ...J

(b)    fxee/lexical [can stand by themselves]

Allomorphs: freąuently an morpheme has a number of variant/phonetic forms;

allomorphs can be phonologically conditioned (eg. plural [z][s][iz], past [d][t][id])

[Not all morphemes arę subject to regular rules: eg. man-men [a man+PL], go-went [go+PAST))

Words: a word is a minimum free form which can occur by itself.

Words can be classified into:

(a)    open/iull/ lexical words: house (object), long (quality), write (actioń) ...

(b)    closed/empty/grammatical/function words: my, some, this, and, of, in, be, can...

Word formation and language types:

(a)    Agglutinative (synthetic): eg. Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish ...

(b)    Isolating (analytical): eg. English, Chinese ...

(c)    Fusional/Tnflectmg (synthetic): Plolish, Latin ... (wezmę-wziąć, dech-tchem, oko-oczu)

Compound words: noun+noun: schoolboy, girlfriend, airport adj+adj: red-hot, icy-cold

noun+adj: watertight, life-long, time-consuming verb+noun: pickpocketj press-button prep+noun/verb: downfaJl, uplift, inlet, afterbirth Acronyms:

RADAR: radio detecting and ranging,

LASER: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation UNESCO, UFO, UN, FAO, WHO, FC, TESOL, EFL, LAD ...

Blenda:

MOTEL (motor+hotel), SMOG (smoke+fog)

Abbrevłatlons:

TELLY: television, LAB: laboratory, FR1DGE: refrigerator, EXAM: examination

S Y NT T A X

1.1 Introduction

S y n t a x : part of linguistics which is concemed with the structure of sentences Consider: The king met the bis hop. The bishop met the king. John killed BUL Bill killed John.)

Structuralists studied the structure of language without reference to any other language and meaning. [Saussure, Bloomfield, Fries, Harris)

Consider: John is easy to please. John is eager to please. (paraphrase them so as to bring out their meanings)

_TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE GRAMMAR_

TransformatŁonal-Qenerattve O r a m m a r allows us to describe a sentence as a string of words arranged and combined in appropriate way according to rules of grammar.

(N. Chomsky, Syntactic Structures, 1957)

Consider: *dog chased the cai the, *caf dog the chased the etc.

Consider: Colorless green ideas sleep fiiriously.

1.2. Lejacal Categories (words/parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, prepositions, verbs...)

Phrasal Categories (words combined into phrases: S, NP, VP, PP)