'
gazu, ponieważ zahamowanie jego działania nie sprawia zwierzęciu żadnych trudności.
W innych narządach zawierających an-hydrazę węglanową, takich jak gruczoły (nerki, trzustka, ślinianki) i ciało rzęskowe oka, działanie tego enzymu jest prawdopodobnie związane z procesem transportu jonów. Zahamowanie działania anhydrazy węglanowej wywiera głęboki wpływ na ten proces, co wykorzystano jako podstawę szerokiego stosowania inhibitorów tego enzymu w medycynie klinicznej, a także w badaniach fizjologicznych.
Po omówieniu fizjologicznych cech krwi i jej roli w transporcie gazów możemy przejść do następnego rozdziału, w którym zajmiemy się krążeniem krwi w organizmie.
Aste-Salzar, H., i Hurtado, A. (1944) The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at sea level and at high altitudes. Am. J. Physioi. 142:733 — 743.
Barcroft, J. (1935) Foetal respiration. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 118:242-263.
Bartels, H. (1980) Aspekte des Gastransports bei Saugetieren mit hoher Stoffwechselrate. Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges. 1980:188-201.
Bartlett, G. R. (1980) Phosphate compounds in vertebrate red blood cells. Am. Zool. 20:103 — -114.
Benesch, R., Benesch, R. E., i Enoki, Y. (1968a) The interaction of hemoglobin and its subunits with 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 61:1102-1106.
Benesch, R., Benesch, R. E., i Yu, C. I. (1968b) Reciprocal binding of oxygen and diphospho-glycerate by human hemoglobin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 59:526-532.
Black, C. P., i Tenney, S. M. (1980) Oxygen transport during progressive hypoxia in high-altitude and sea-level waterfpwl. Respir. Physioi 39:217 — 239. Bunn, H. F. (1971) Differences in the interaction of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate with certain mammalian hemoglobins. Science 172:1049—1050.
Chanutin, A., i Curnish, R. R. (1967) Effect of organie and inorganic phosphates on the oxygen equilib-rium of human erythrocytes. Arch. Biochem. Bio-pliys. 121:96—102.
Gillen, R. G., i Riggs, A. (1973) Structure and function of the isolated hemoglobins of American eel, Anguilla rostrata. J. Biol. Chem. 248:1961 — 1969.
Hall, F. G., Diii, D. B„ i Barron, E. S. G. (1936) Comparative physiology in high altitudes. J. Celi. Comp. Physioi 8:301—313.
Hall, F. G., i McCutcheon, F. H. (1938) The afTnity of hemoglobin for oxygen in marinę fishes. J. Celi Comp. Physioi 11:205 — 212.
Hemmingsen, E. A. (1965) Accelerated transfer of oxygen through Solutions of heme pigments. Acta Physioi Scand. Suppl. 246:1—53.
Kobayashi, M., i Hoshi, T. (1982) Relationship be-tween the haemoglobin concentration of Daphnia magna and the ambient oxygen concentration. Comp. Biochem. Physioi 72A:247 —249.
Lenfant, C., Torrance, J., English, E., Finch, C. A., Reynafarje, C., Ramos, J., i Faura, J. (1968) Effect of altitude on oxygen binding by hemoglobin and on organie phosphate levels. J. Clin. Incest. 47:2652-2656.
Lenfant, C., Ways, P., Aucutt, C., i Curz, J. (1969) Effect of chronic hypoxic hypoxia on the 02~ Hb dissociation curve and respiratory gas transport in man. Respir. Physioi 7:7 — 29.
Lutz, P. L., Longmuir, 1. S., Tuttle, J. V., i Schmidt —Nielsen, K. (1973) Dissociation curve of bird blood and effect of red celi oxygen con-sumption. Respir. Physioi 17:269 — 275.
Magid, E. (1967) Activity of carbonic anhydrase in mammalian blood in relation to body size. Comp. Biochem. Physioi 21:357 — 360.
Malan, A., Wilson, T. L., i Reeves, R. B. (1976) Intracellular pH in cold-blooded vertebrates as a function of body temperaturę. Respir. Physioi 28:29-47.
Manwell, C. (1958) The oxygen-respiratory pigment equilibrium of the hemocyanin and myoglobin of the amphineuran mollusc Cryptochiton stelleri. J. Celi Comp. Physioi 52:341 —352.
Manwell, C. (1960) Histological specificity of respiratory pigments. 2. Oxygen transfer Systems invol-ving hemerythrins in sipunculid worms of dif-ferent ecologies. Comp. Biochem. Physioi 1:277-285.
Millikan, G. A. (1937) Experiments on muscle haemoglobin in vivo: The instantaneous measurement of muscle metabolism. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 123:218-241.
Rahn, H. (1966) Gas transport front the external environment to the celi. W Decelopment of the Lung (A.V.S. de Reuck i R. Porter, red.), 3 — 23. London: C1BA.
Randall, D. J. (1970) Gas exchange in fish. W Fish Physiology, tom 4 (W. S. Hoar i D. J. Randall, red.), 253 — 292. New York: Academic Press.
Read, K. R. H. (1962) The hemoglobin of the bivalved mollusc, Phacoides pectinatus Gmelin. Biol. Buli. 123:605-617.
Riggs, A. (1951) The metamorphosis of hemoglobin in the bullfrog. J. Gen. Physioi. 35:23 — 44.
Riggs, A. (1960) The naturę and significance of the Bohr effect in mammalian hemoglobins. J. Gen. Physioi. 43:737-752.
Rogers, W. P. (1949) On the relatiye importance of aerobic metabolism in smali nematode parasites of the alimentary tract. 2. The utilization of oxygen at Iow partial pressures by smali nematode parasites of the alimentary tract. Aust. J. Sci. Res. 2:166—174.
Root, R. W., Irving, L., i Black, E. C. (1939) The effect of hemolysis upon the combination of oxygen with the blood of some marinę fishes. J. Celi. Comp. Physioi. 13:303 — 313.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1972) How Animals Work. London: Cambridge University Press, 114.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K.., i Pennycuik, P. (1961) Capillary density in mammals in relation to body size and oxygen consumption. Am J. Physioi. 200:746 — -750.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K., i Taylor, C. R. (1968) Red blood cells: Why or why not: Science 162:274 — 275.
Scholander, P. F. (1960) Oxygen transport through hemoglobin Solutions. Science 131:585 — 590.
Snyder, L. R. G., Bom, S., i Lechner, A. J. (1982) Blood oxygen alTmity in high— and low-altitude populations of the deer mouse. Respir. Physioi. 48:89-105.
Tetens, V., i Lykkeboe, G. (1981) Blood respiratory properties of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnery Re-sponses to hypoxia acclimation and anoxic in-cubation of blood in vitro. J. Comp. Physioi. 145:117-125.
Winton, F. R., i Bayliss, L. E. (1955) Blood and the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. W Human Physiology (F. R. Winton i L. E. Bayliss, red.), 78 — 118. Boston: Little, Brown.
Wittenberg, B. A., Wittenberg, J, B., i Caldwell, P. R. B. (1975) Role of myoglobin in the oxygen supply to red skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 250:9038 —9043.
Wittenberg, J. B. (1977) Facilitation of oxygen dif-fusion by intracellular leghemoglobin and myo
globin. W Oxygen and Physiological Fi (F. F. Jóbsis, red.), 228 —246. Dallas: Profe Information Library.
Altman, P. L., i Dittmer, D. S. (red.) (1971) Bi' Handbooks: Blood and Other Body F> wyd. z małymi poprawkami). Bethcsda ration of American Societies for Expei Biology. 540.
American Society of Zoologists (1980) Resi pigments. Am. Zool. 20:1—211.
Bonaventura, J., Bonaventura, C., i Sullivan, I Non-heme oxygen transport proteins. W and Physiological Function (F. F. Jóbs 177 — 220. Dallas: Professional Informat rary.
Brittain, T. (1987) The Root effect. Comp. Physioi. 8613:473-481.
Durliat, M. (1985) Clotting processss in C Decapoda. Biol. Rev. 60:473—98.
Esmon, C. T. (1987) The regulation of na1 ticoagulant pathways. Science 235:1348
Howell B. J., Rahn, H., Goodfellow, D., i H' (1973) Acid-base regulation and tempe selected invertebrates as a function of te re. Am. Zool. 13:557 — 563.
Jackson, C. M., i Nemerson, Y. (1980) Blood tion. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49:765 — 811.
Linzen, B., i inni (1985) The structure of A hemocyanins. Science 229:519 — 524.
MacFarlane, R. G. (1970) The Haemostati nism in Man and Other Animals. Sympos' Zoological Society of London, nr 27. Academic Press. 248.
Perutz, M. F. (1983) Species adaptation in molecule. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1:1 — 28.
Ratcliffe, N. A., i Rowley, A. F. (red.) (1981 ratę Blood Cells, tomy 1 i 2. New York: Press, tom 1, 340; tom 2, 328.
Reeves, R. B. (1977) The interaction of 1 perature and acid-base balance in ec vertebrates. Annu. Rev. Physioi. 39:559
Riggs, A. F. (1988) The Bohr effect. / Physioi. 50:181-204.
Toulmond, A. (1985) Circulating respir ments in marinę animals. Soc. Exp. 1 39:163-206.