70630 lingwistyka

Ti/pes of meanina fafter Leech, 1974)

1.    Conceptual meaning (or sense):

logical, cognitive or denotative content; this kind of conceptual/denotative meaning can refer to phenomena in the real or in the flctional world (conceptual meaning is considered as central or core meaning of a lexical item; [Criterial properties: a woman => (+human, + adult, -małe]

2.    Connotative meaning:

what is communicated by virtue of what language refcrs to; additional meaning that a word or a phrase has beyond its central meaning f'z niego taka baba") [Non-criterial properties: women are sensitive, beautiful, blonde etc.]

3.    Stylistic meaning:

what is communicated of sodal circumstances of language use; what a piece of language conveys about social circumstances of its use (eg. level of formality, medium etc.) ("rumak": poetic, "koń" generał)

4.    Affective meaning:

what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes; reflects them; (Shut upl vs. Lower your voice pleasel)

5.    Reflected meaning:

what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression; (stosunek, członek)

6.    Collocative meaning: what is communicated through association with words

which tend to occur in the environment of another word; refers to the restriction on how words can be used together [collocate / restrictions] (³adna kobieta, przystojny mężczyzna)

7.    Thematic meaning:

what is communicated by the way in which the message is organised in terms of order and emphasis (X owns / possesses Y, Y belongs toX,Xis the owner of Y etc.

[-7: Communicative vałue; 2-6 Associative meaning]_ _ _ _

LlApproach.es to the semantic organisation of the lericon Field Theory (Trier): semantic flelds around concepts (members occupying different positions) Properties and features of lexical items (Katz/Fodor, 1974):

conceptual meaning can be represented in terms of sets of contrastive semantic features (binary) eg. boy [+ human, + małe, - adult]; girl [+ human, - małe, - adult]

Fuzzy categories (Rosch): sparrows, eagles, hens, ostriches, penguins (are birds); Prototype effects: (aenbefhas wings & feathers & can fly) - gradience -periphery (cannot fly}) Semantic primes (Wierzbicka):

2. Sense relations 2.1. Synonymy:

when morę than one linguistic forms have the same meaning (eg. buy & purchase); connotative and affective meaning of synonyms: thńjty (wise), economical (not wastejul), stingy (negatiue)

[apply a substitution test to check interchangeability for all contexts and collocational possibilities]

2.2 Antonymy:

a relation of opposite meanings between words

big-small, old-young, tall-short: gradable polar oppositions (fuzzy/scale) beautiful-ugly, good-bad : evaluative oppositions

buy-selL, borrouAend, parent-child, up-down: converseness - where words exhibit the reversal of relationship Notę also markedness: How tali is he? TALL: marked (and not ?How short is her)

2.3.    Polysemy and Homonymy Polysemy: if one word has several (related) meanings

(eg. sweet taste, sweet colour, sweet person, also: body, hand, head etc.)

Homonymy: when different words (meanings) have the same form (eg. bank of the river, Bank of England)

Homographs: g raphically the same; pronundations are different (eg. row [rou], row [rau], bow (bau], bow [bau])

Homophones: phonetically the same (eg. dear, deer)

2.4.    Hyponymy (& hyperonymy)

Vertebrate [Superordinate]

Bird    [Basic level]

Sparrow [Subordinate/Specific]

Trans it i v e property (deductive power of syllogisms, which operate in inferential processes):

IF: A sparrow is a bird. AND Birds are uertebrates. THENA sparrow is a oertebrate.

IF Plato is a man. AND AR men are mortal. THEN Plato is mortaL TYPE and TOKEN (each instantiation of a type is its token)

The tokens of one type can possess properties differentiating them, but there is FAMILY RESEMBLENCE among all of them (cf. Wittgenstein's gamę).

robin/sparrow/eagle: co-hyponyms of the category of birds red/green/blue: co-hyponyms of the category of colours 2.5 Partonymy/Metonymy The partonymy relation expresses the PART-WHOLE relation

(eg. face is a part of/belongs to/is included the body)    '    _