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Conirasting grammar 4: Contrasting kxlcons

Contrastivc grammar year 2 (translators)

Mumio uf 4: Contrasting lesicons

I. Introduction:

a)    The Eexkoii: the vocabuiary.

b)    Semanlies: tlie study of meaning

c)    Word (huucal) semantics: deals with the specific tneanings of lexical items and systematic relationships within sets of words. e.g. colom¹ terms.

d)    Cognatcs - linguistic forms historically derived from the same source

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2. Match the terms and their defhiilions.
Denotation	i A	Por example, E dog W whiie dog in that dog on the bed	‘dcfniesticated eanine mam mai', m-r there iCwycAd to that particular dog lying
Referenci; Connotation		i su.bjective association:	, c.g. social associations
		relationship between a word and the reality to which il reiers, independent o!'comext and situation

.3. The meaning of words:

a) described either on the basis of the relation with othcr words or its context, h) or independently ofolher words. bascd on its meaning coioponents, e.g.:

* Boy is [Umimate, + persona). -Hnale, -i-conrete. -tcountable. -coUcctivc]: componential anaiysis

c) Eqwivalence: telationship of semantic (denotational and connotntional) and cultural similarity between lexical items front two languages.

4. I.anguage and culftire

Language detemiines om pcrception of realny and c ul turę. The lexieons of diffcrent languages will reilect ibose elements of the worki which aro culturally important for the speakcrs. To fully undersland cultures dilTerent dian our own we must be able to grasp the meanings of words encoding culturc-specific roneepts c.g. to understand Japanese culture we need to grasp the meaning ofkey Japanese words, sueh as amae, on or wa.

Exereise I

Similes (‘porównania¹) are a figurę of speech comparing two urtiike things. In English they arc exp.ressed by means ot as, like, e.g.: figlu like cni and dog. lit Polisli; jak, e.g.: żyć jak pies z kotem Many English similes have direct analogues in Polish, but there are also many

(ii)    formaI correspondeJtc.es:

a)    S im ple word vs. comp)ex word

b)    Simpk word vs. compound word

c)    Complex word vs. simple word

d)    Compound word vs. sitnple word

e)    Compound word vs. comp!ex word I) Comples word vs. phrase

g) Complex word vs. compound word

(iii)    foi mai and semantic simiiarity: a) Similar in form and meaning:

•    Borrowings

•    Cognaleś

•    False friends / deceptive words

YvĄ-

: guma)

(seat : (hedgey X

(..O&M WsAt-: plotkarz) (Christmas; Boże Narodzenie) (Kaster: Wielkanoc) (map : mapa. pilot: pilot)

(actuaUy : aktualnie, desk : deska.

5. Describing similarilies and difterences. Complete the definitions with example$. (i) word types:    « j

a) Strupie words: one-morpheme words

•)

b)    Cotnplett words: consist of at least: two tnorphemes    ./

c)    Compoum! words: consist of af least two frec mofphemes

ci) Idiotns: their meaning cannot be directly dcrivcd from the mdaninąL offrieir components

e) Phraseologicai wsńts: their meaning is partia!Iv motivated by«lbe meaning of the

(A.kęMr 0y^' £

components

f) Collocations: highty rnotivated but hardly interchangeable bear a gruetge, blackbird, band. red tape. show one ’$ leelh, leacher

rower: rower)

b)    Similar in meaning, different in form    (most of equivalents)

c)    Different in form and meaning - “different grasp of reaiity’*

(AmE firstfloor : P pierwsze piętro)

d)    Different in type of construction: morphologieal structure of words, e.g. V+particle

vs. prefix.    (pul on : nakładać)

e)    Similar in primary meaning but different in connotation: an equivalent may be offensive or taboo, ifeąuent in body parts. (krwawy: bloody)

Exercise 2

rind equivalents (Polish or English) of the Ibllowing words. Describe the formaI and semantie similarities/differenees between łbem.

święty, drink (E). browar, wielki, market, hipermarket, free, zostać, akt, lunatyk

6. Recept ive words: false Irieiids - words in two Igs which correspond in the graphemic and/or the phonemic structures. Their source is comroon etymology or interborrowing.

Exercise 3

Describe tlie meaning relations between these nairs of words.

a)    E alpliahet: P alfabet    i

b)    E fiction : P fikcja, E protocol: P protokół

c)    E platform : P platforma