1;><>2I8=0 - MB> ?5@2>=0G0;L=>5 AG0ABL5. «"5@<8= «;8H=89 (=5 =C6=K9) 1K; 0@20@0, A5AB@0 "8E>=0.
=0720=85 @><0=0, 8725AB=>5 2 =0945= 2 ?>25AB8 =52=8: ;8H=53> G5;>25:0 C;838=, <5I0=8=, G0A>2I8:-A0<>CG:0,
;8B5@0BC@=KE :@C30E 2 =0G. 1850-E 33. (1850), =0?8A0==>9 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 70:>=0<8 >BKA:820NI89 ?5@?5BCC<-<>18;5.
:>=G0B5;L=>5 =0720=85 1;><>2 60=@0 4=52=8:0 (35@>9 8A?>254K205BAO 2 A2>8E 0=O C4@OH, <>;>4>9 G5;>25:,
>1JOA=O;>AL 2K42865=85< 2 8459=K9 8 =5C40G0E). :>=B>@I8: 8:>3>.
?A8E>;>38G5A:89 F5=B@ AC4L1K 3;02=>3> @><0=0E ?>O28;AO C65 «;8H=89 G5;>25: :0: B8?, (0?:8=, <5I0=8=.
35@>O ;L8 ;L8G0 1;><>20 B.5. 02B>@ CA;>6=8; 35@>O, ?@840; 5<C $5:;CH0, AB@0==8F0.
ACI5AB25==K5 G5@BK M?>E8 40-E 33.«8H=89 ;0H0, 452:0 2 4><5 010=8E8.
!N65B 8 B5<0. !N65B @><0=0 ?>AB@>5= ?>
G5;>25: :0: B8?8G5A:>5 O2;5=85 @CAA:>9 687=8 - 0@K=O A 42C<O ;0:5O<8, AB0@CE0
B8?C 687=5>?8A0=8O ?5@54 =0<8
G5;>25: 3;C1>:89, A5@L57=K9, C<=K9, D8;>A>DA:8 A5<845AOB8 ;5B, ?>;CAC<0AH54H0O.
687=5==K9 ?CBL ;L8 ;L8G0 1;><>20, A
>1@07>20==K9, 53> 2>;=C5B AC4L10 >AA88. > >=
45BA:8E ;5B 8 4> A0<>9 53> A<5@B8.
>B>@20= >B 687=8 A2>59 AB@0=K, =5 7=05B 55
?>B@51=>AB59, >= AB@0405B 87-70 A2>59 =5=C6=>AB8,
«1;> <>2 @><0=, =0?8A0==K9 @CAA:8<
A=>2=0O B5<0 @><0=0 >1;><>2I8=0
8@>=878@C5B =04 A2>59 15A?>G25==>ABLN. 8H=89
?8A0B5;5< 20=>< >=G0@>2K< 2 ?5@8>4
:0: >1@07 687=8, :0: 687=5==0O
G5;>25: =5 <>65B =09B8 A515 <5AB0 =8 A@548
A 1848 ?> 1859 3>4. ?5@2K5 1K;
845>;>38O, 2:;NG0NI0O 0?0B8N,
?@0:B8G5A:8E ?><5I8:>2, =8 A@548 G8=>2=8:>2, =8
>?C1;8:>20= 2 1859 3>4C. ><0= 2E>48B 2
?0AA82=>ABL, A>75@F0B5;L=>ABL,
=0 2>5==>9 A;C615.
B@8;>38N A 4@C38<8 ?@>872545=8O<8:
?@0:B8G5A:CN 15745OB5;L=>ABL,
«1K:=>25==0O 8AB>@8O 8 «1@K2.
>B>@20==>ABL >B 459AB28B5;L=>AB8.
838;8AB* 5I5 >4=> ACI5AB25==>5 >B:@KB85
"C@35=520 2 @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5. 8A0B5;L =0720;
1;><>2, ;LO ;L8G ?><5I8:,
$0<8;8O 35@>O. >=G0@>2 ?>:070;, :0:
=838;8AB>< 070@>20, >B@8F02I53> 273;O4K
42>@O=8=, 682CI89 2 5B5@1C@35. 54QB
@50;L=K5 (B8?8G5A:85) >1I5AB25==K5
«>BF>2 ;815@0;>2, B8?878@>202 2 53> >1@075
;5=82K9 >1@07 687=8, =8G5< =5
>1AB>OB5;LAB20 @CAA:>9 687=8
G5@BK 45<>:@0B>2-?>78B828AB>2 (*=838;8ABK
70=8<0OAL, :@><5 ;560=8O, ?>540=8O
«>1;0<K20;8 35@>O. -B>B A5<0=B8G5A:89
<>;>4K5 ;N48, 65;02H85 87<5=8BL
68@=>9 8 BO6Q;>9 ?8I8 8 @0AAC645=89.
=N0=A A>45@68BAO 2 D0<8;88 35@>O:
ACI5AB2>202H89 2 AB@0=5 3>AC40@AB25==K9 8
MB>9 A2O78, =5A<>B@O =0 >B=>A8B5;L=>
=0@O4C A> 7=0G5=8O<8 «:@C3;K9 (>B 4@.-A;.
>1I5AB25==K9 AB@>9; >=8 >B@8F0;8 @5;838N,
<>;>4>9 2>7@0AB (32-33 3>40), 8<55B
«>1;>), ?@8ACBAB2C5B 8 7=0G5=85
?@>?>254>20;8 <0B5@80;87< 8 0B587<, =5
BCG=>5, 70?;K2H55 B5;> 8 1>;57=5==K9
«>1;><>:, B. 5. ?@54AB028B5;L CE>4OI53>
?@87=020;8 3>A?>4AB2>202H85 =>@<K <>@0;8,
284.
687=5==>3> C:;040, 0 B0:65 ?>A;54=89
B@048F8>==>5 8A:CAAB2> 8 ?@
0E0@ A;C30 1;><>20, 25@=K9 5<C 5IQ
8450;8AB.
A 45BAB20.
BFK 8 45B8 (1862). >=D;8:B @><0=0 -
(B>;LF, =4@59 20=>28G 4@C3 45BAB20
'5;>25: ?5@5E>4=>3> 2@5<5=8.;LO ;L8G
AB>;:=>25=85 <564C ;815@0;0<8 8
1;><>20, =0?>;>28=C =5<5F, ?@0:B8G=K9
1;><>2 G5;>25: ?5@5E>4=>3> 2@5<5=8.
@52>;NF8>==K<8 45<>:@0B0<8, B8?0
8 45OB5;L=K9.
0: 8 53> A;C30 0E0@, «>= ?@8=04;560;
>1@>;N1>20 (>= >BG0AB8 ?>A;C68; ?@>B>B8?><
"0@0=BL52, 8E59 =4@5528G 7=0:><K9
42C< M?>E0< AB0@>9, ?0B@80@E0;L=>9,
070@>20). !K= ;5:0@O 235=89 070@>2
1;><>20, 6C;8:>20BK9 8 E8B@K9.
>;8F5B2>@5==>9 1;><>2:>9, 8 =>2>9,
?@57@8B5;L=> 8<5=C5B =8:>340 =5 @01>B02H8E
;L8=A:0O, ;L30 !5@3552=0 42>@O=:0,
?@54AB02;5==>9 5B5@1C@3><, 2 :>B>@><
42>@O= 8@A0=>2KE «10@GC:0<8. !B0;:820NBAO
2>7;N1;5==0O 1;><>20, 70B5< 65=0
<K 8 70AB05< 35@>O 2 =0G0;5 ?@>872545=8O.
?@54AB028B5;8 @07=KE A>F80;L=KE 3@C??,
(B>;LF0.
AB0;:820NBAO ?>:>;5=8O.
=8ALO 65=0 0E0@0.
1;><>2:0.!>= 1;><>20 (1849 3.) 70=8<05B
070@>2 :@09=89 8=48284C0;8AB, >B@8F0NI89
H5=8FK=0, 30DLO 0B2552=0 E>7O9:0
206=>5 <5AB> 2 @><0=5.1;><>2 - ?@O<>5
;N1>2L, ?>M78N, =@02AB25==>ABL 8 2A5
:20@B8@K, 2 :>B>@>9 68; 1;><>2, 70B5<
?>@>645=85 1;><>2:8. 0@A:89 1KB, 2>A?8B0=85,
<8@>CAB@>9AB2>. > 53> «=838;87< 2K@065=85
AB02H0O 53> 65=>9.
A5<LO 2>7459AB2>20;8 =0 E0@0:B5@ ;L8 ;L8G0 8
4CE0 M?>E8, :>340 ?>425@3;8AL A><=5=8N A0<K5
CE>O@>2, 20= 0B25528G 1@0B
D>@<8@>20;8 53>.A=>2=K< 2 2>A?8B0=88 ;NH8
>A=>20=8O 687=8. A?>@0E A 02;>< 5B@>28G5<
1K;> >3@0645=85 >B >1O70==>AB59, >B
070@>2 >:07K205BAO <>@0;L=> A8;L=55 8 2KE>48B
«BFK 8 45 B8 (@CA. 4>@5D. BFK 8
A0<>AB>OB5;L=>AB8 8 B@C40. !=5& =5 157 8@>=88
87 =8E ?>1548B5;5<. > =0AB>OI8< 35@>5< =5
cB8) @><0= @CAA:>3> ?8A0B5;O 20=0
@8AC5BAO 1;><>2:0 :0: 42>@O=A:>5 3=574>, :0:
<>65B 1KBL =838;8AB-@07@CH8B5;L.
!5@35528G0 "C@35=520 (1818 1883),
=5:89 CB@0G5==K9 @09, A5<59=>?0B@80@E0;L=0O
5A>AB>OB5;L=>ABL «=838;87<0 070@>20
=0?8A0==K9 2 60-5 3>4K XIX 25:0.
848;;8O, 345 F0@OB A>=, ;5=L 8 540. !:07>G=>ABL,
4>:07K205BAO =5 02;>< 5B@>28G5<, 0 2A5<
235=89 0A8;L528G 070@>2 =838;8AB,
2KAB@>5==>9 ?8A0B5;5< 1;><>2:8,
EC4>65AB25==K< AB@>5< @><0=0.
ABC45=B, CG8BAO =0 ;5:0@O. =838;87<5
?>4G5@:8205BAO 8 1;03>40@O ;N128 >1;><>2F52
>= =0AB02=8: @:048O, ?@>B5ABC5B
A;CH0BL A:07:8 > <5;5-4C@0:5, :>B>@><C 2A5
«@>70 ?L5A0 ;5:A0=4@0 8:>;0528G0
?@>B82 ;815@0;L=KE 8459 1@0BL52
4>AB05BAO 157 B@C40 - «?> ICGL5<C 25;5=8N
AB@>2A:>3> 2 ?OB8 459AB28OE, =0?8A0==0O 2 1859
8@A0=>2KE 8 :>=A5@20B82=KE 273;O4>2
3>4C, 2 >1AB0=>2:5 ?@54@5D>@<5==>3>
A2>8E @>48B5;59. 52>;NF8>=5@-
@><0=5 BFK 8 45B8 (1861) >AB@> ?>AB02;5=0
>1I5AB25==>3> ?>4JQ<0.[1][2] 59AB285 ?@>8AE>48B
45<>:@0B, @07=>G8=5F. :>=FC @><0=0 >=
?@>1;5<0 ?>:>;5=89, ?@>1;5<0 42CE 8AB>@8G5A:8E
;5B>< 2 2K<KH;5==>< 3>@>45 0;8=>25 =0
2;N1;O5BAO 2 48=F>2C, 87<5=OO A2>8<
M?>E (40-E 8 60-E 33.), B.5. 2708<>>B=>H5=89 42CE
15@53C>;38. 564C 3-< 8 4-< 459AB28O<8
=838;8AB8G5A:8< 273;O40< =0 ;N1>2L.
>1I5AB25==KE A8; ;815@0;>2 8 @52>;NF8>=5@>2-
?@>E>48B 10 4=59.
8:>;09 5B@>28G 8@A0=>2 ?><5I8:,
45<>:@0B>2. !>740= >1@07 «=>2>3> G5;>25:0,
!02Q; @>:>DL8G 8:>9, :C?5F, 7=0G8B5;L=>5
;815@0;, >B5F @:048O, 24>25F.
45OB5;L=>3> @CAA:>3> 35@>O, =838;8AB0 070@>20 -
;8F> 2 3>@>45.
N18B <C7K:C 8 ?>M78N.
G5;>25:0 @52>;NF8>==>- 45<>:@0B8G5A:8E
=B5@5AC5BAO ?@>3@5AA82=K<8 845O<8, 2
C15645=89, <0B5@80;8AB0, ?>78B828AB0,
>@8A, ?;5<O==8: 53>, <>;>4>9 G5;>25:,
B>< G8A;5 2 A5;LA:>< E>7O9AB25. =0G0;5
8AA;54>20B5;O-M<?8@8:0, A?>A>1=>3> «45;>
?>@O4>G=> >1@07>20==K9.
@><0=0 >= ABK48BAO A2>59 ;N128 :
45;0BL, >B25@30NI53> «@><0=B8G5A:85 F5==>AB8:
0@D0 3=0BL52=0 010=>20 (010=8E0),
$5=5G:5, 65=I8=5 87 ?@>AB>3> =0@>40, =>
;N1>2L, 4@C61C, 8A:CAAB2>&
1>30B0O :C?G8E0, 24>20.
70B5< 65=8BAO =0 =59.
«8H=89 G5;>25: AB0; ;8B5@0BC@=K< >B:@KB85<
"8E>= 20=>28G 010=>2, 5Q AK=.
@><0=8AB0. -B> 35@>9 30<;5B>2A:>3> B8?0,
0B5@8=0, 3;02=0O 35@>8=O, 65=0 "8E>=0
>1@5G5==K9 =0 =5C40GC 2 ;N1KE ?>?KB:0E
025; 5B@>28G 8@A0=>2 AB0@H89 1@0B
010=>20.
?@8=5AB8 ?>;L7C >B5G5AB2C 8;8 =09B8 ;8G=>5
8:>;0O 5B@>28G0, >BAB02=>9
>D8F5@, 0@8AB>:@0B, 3>@4K9, =59 8 B5@?52H0O >B =55 4065 ?>1>8. # =55 1K;> CAB>52 >1I5AB20: >;55 2A53> 2 @><0=5 O ;N18;
A0<>C25@5==K9, O@K9 ?@825@65=5F A<C3;>5 4>1@>5 ;8F>. <KA;L =0@>4=CN.
;815@0;87<0 . 1K;0 7=0:><0 A 0A:>;L=8:>2K<, :>B>@><C 3.@>1;5<0 >1I5AB25==>9 @>;8 42>@O=AB20.
@:0489 8:>;0528G 8@A0=>2 AB8@0;0 @C10H:8, 0 B0:65 >=0 4@C68;0 A !>=5G:>9 0:>2> 2;8O=8 42>@O=AB20 =0 687=L >1I5AB20 8
=5402=89 48?;><8@>20==K9 0@<5;04>2>9, A :>B>@>9 >1<5=O;0AL :@5AB0<8. . AB@0=K?
A?5F80;8AB !0=:B-5B5@1C@3A:>3> 1K;0 «B8E0O, :@>B:0O, 157>B25B=0O, =0 2A5 4.$8;>A>D8O 8AB>@88. 0:>20 @>;L ;8G=>AB8 2
C=825@A8B5B0 8 4@C3 070@>20. !B0=>28BAO A>3;0A=0O. -B>9 157>B25B=>ABLN ?>;L7>20;8AL 8AB>@88?
=838;8AB>< ?>4 2;8O=85< 070@>20, => <C6G8=K, 8 . 1K;0 ?>AB>O==> 15@5<5==0. > 5.@>1;5<0 8AB8==>3> 8 ;>6=>3> 35@>87<0,
70B5< >B:07K205BAO >B MB8E 8459. 2@5<O C189AB20 A2>59 A5AB@K >=0 =5>6840==> ?0B@8>B87<0. B> 8AB8==K9 35@>9?
0A8;89 20=>28G 070@>2 >B5F 2>72@0B8;0AL 4><>9 8 B>65 AB0;0 65@B2>9 6.@>1;5<0 =@02AB25==KE 8A:0=89. G5< A<KA;
070@>20, >BAB02=>9 0@<59A:89 E8@C@3. 0A:>;L=8:>20. 687=8?
51>30B. #?@02;O5B 8<5=85< 65=K. <5@C !>=5G:0 0@<5;04>20- «0;>3> @>AB0, ;5B 7.@>1;5<0 =07=0G5=8O 65=I8=K 0:>2>
>1@07>20= 8 ?@>A25IQ=, GC2AB2C5B, GB> 2>A5<=04F0B8, EC45=L:0O, => 4>2>;L=> =07=0G5=85 65=I8=K? - !>E@0=5=85 A5<59=>3>
A5;LA:0O 687=L >AB028;0 53> 2 87>;OF88 >B E>@>H5=L:0O 1;>=48=:0, A 70<5G0B5;L=K<8 >G030..
A>2@5<5==KE 8459.. 3>;C1K<8 3;070<8. >GL 0@<5;04>20. 'B>1K 0=@. ><0=-M?>?5O - =081>;55 :@C?=0O 8
@8=0 ;0AL52=0 <0BL 070@>20. ?><>GL 3>;>40NI59 A5<L5, =0G0;0 70=8<0BLAO <>=C<5=B0;L=0O D>@<0 M?8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K.
<5==> 59 ?@8=04;568B 45@52CH:0 ?@>AB8BCF859 -?>?5O 2>?;>I05B 2 A515 AC4L1K =0@>4>2,
070@>2KE 8 22 4CH8 :@5?>AB=KE :@5ABLO=. 0A:>;L=8:>2 ?@87=05BAO 452CH:5 2 A2>5< 8AB>@8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA. ;O M?>?58 E0@0:B5@=0
01>6=0O ?@5ABC?;5=88, ?5@5:;04K205B =0 =55 G0ABL A2>59 H8@>:0O, <=>3>3@0==0O, 2A5AB>@>==OO :0@B8=0
?>A;54>20B5;L=8F0 ?@02>A;028O. <C:8 8 =5=02848B 55 70 MB>. !>=O - B>65 <8@0, 2:;NG0NI0O 8AB>@8G5A:85 A>1KB8O 8
==0 !5@3552=0 48=F>20 1>30B0O ?@5ABC?=8F0. =0 ?@5ABC?8;0 G5@57 A51O @048 ?>2A54=52=>ABL, <=>3>3>;>AK9 G5;>25G5A:89 «E>@
24>20, :>B>@0O ?@8=8<05B 4@C759- 4@C38E 8 >B45;L=K9 «3>;>A, @074C<LO =04 AC4L10<8 <8@0
=838;8AB>2 2 A2>Q< 8<5=88. «@0 BLO 0@0<0 7>2K ?>A;54=89 @><0= $. . 8 8=B8<=K5 ?5@56820=8O &
!8<?0B878@C5B 070@>2C, => ?>A;5 53> >AB>52A:>3>, :>B>@K9 02B>@ ?8A0; 420 3>40. ><0= '5@BK M?>?58 2 >9=5 8 <8@5:
?@87=0=8O =5 >B25G05B 2708<=>ABLN. 1K; =0?5G0B0= G0ABO<8 2 6C@=0;5 « CAA:89 1.3@><=>5 :>;8G5AB2> ?5@A>=0659 (>:>;> 600).
!G8B05B A?>:>9=CN 687=L 157 2>;=5=89 25AB=8: 2.=0G8B5;L=0O ?@>BO65==>ABL 2> 2@5<5=8 (15 ;5B).
206=55 2A53>, 2 B>< G8A;5 206=55 ;N128. $Q4>@ 02;>28G 0@0<07>2 3.(8@>:89 >E20B ?@>AB@0=AB20: 5B5@1C@3, >A:20;
0B5@8=0 (:0B5@8=0 !5@3552=0 <8B@89 0@0<07>2 ?><5AB. KAK5 >@K, B@04=>5; 2AB@8O, !<>;5=A:,
>:B520[3]) A5AB@0 ==K !5@3552=K 20= 0@0<07>2 >@>48=>...
48=F>2>9, B8E0O, =570<5B=0O 2 B5=8 ;QH0 0@0<07>2 4. CAA:0O 2>5==0O 8AB>@8O ((5=3@015=A:0O 8
A5AB@K 452CH:0, 83@05B =0 :;028:>@40E. ! !B0@5F >A8<0 (8=>289) CAB5@;8F:0O 18B2K, "8;L78BA:89 <8@, 2>9=0 1812
=59 @:0489 ?@>2>48B <=>3> 2@5<5=8, 3@0D5=0 ;5:A0=4@>2=0 !25B;>20 (@CH5=L:0) 3>40, >@>48=A:0O 18B20, ?>60@ >A:2K,
87=K20O >B ;N128 : ==5 0B5@8=0 20=>2=0 5@E>2F520 ?0@B870=A:>5 42865=85) .
025; !<5@4O:>2 5.!>1KB8O >1I5AB25==>9 8 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 687=8
8E08; 0:8B8= (<0A>=AB2>, 70:>=>40B5;L=0O 45OB5;L=>ABL
«@5ABC?;5 =85 8 =0:070=85 @><0= $Q4>@0
!?5@0=A:>3>, ?5@2K5 >@30=870F88 45:01@8AB>2).
8E09;>28G0 >AB>52A:>3>, 2?5@2K5
>9=0 8 <8@ (1863-1869). AB>@8O A>740=8O. 6.!>F80;L=K5 >B=>H5=8O ?><5I8:>2 8 :@5ABLO=
>?C1;8:>20==K9 2 1866 3>4C 2 6C@=0;5 « CAA:89
">;AB>9 ?8A0; @><0= =0 ?@>BO65=88 6 ;5B. > (M:>=><.?@5>1@07>20=8O L5@0, =4@5O; 1C=B
25AB=8:
A2845B5;LAB20< A>2@5<5==8:>2 >= 2@CG=CN 1>3CG0-@>2A:8E :@5ABLO=; 2>7<CI5=85 <>A:>2A:8E
0A:>;L=8:>2 >48>= ><0=>28G 3;02=K9 35@>9
?5@5?8A0; 53> 7 @07, 0 >B45;L=K5 M?87>4K @5<5A;5==8:>2). 7>1@065=85 @07;8G=KE A;>52
@><0=0. ><0=B8:, 3>@40O 8 A8;L=0O ;8G=>ABL.
?5@5?8AK20; 4> 26 @07. =0A5;5=8O (?><5AB=>5, <>A:>2A:>5, ?5B5@1C@3A:>5
825B 2 5B5@1C@35 =0 AJ5<=>9 :20@B8@5. @09=5
I B>< - 1805 3>4. 42>@O=AB2>; G8=>2=8:8; <5I0=5; 0@<8O;
1545=. K2H89 ABC45=B N@848G5A:>3> D0:C;LB5B0,
II B><
:>B>@K9 >= >AB028; 87-70 154=>AB8 8 A2>59 B5>@88. - 1806- 1811 3>4K. :@5ABLO=5).
III B>< - 1812 3>4. 7.(8@>:0O ?0=>@0<0 1KB>2KE AF5= 42>@O=A:>9
!>7=0=85 35@>O <CG0NB 420 2>?@>A0: «?>72>;5=>
IV B>< - 1812- 1813 3>4K. 687=8 (10;K, 25;8:>A25BA:85 ?@85<K, >154K,
;8 A>25@H8BL <0;>5 7;> @048 1>;LH>3> 4>1@0,
-?8;>3 - 1820 3>4. >E>B0, B50B@K, 4@.).
>?@024K205B ;8 1;03>@>4=0O F5;L ?@5ABC?=>5
!5<0=B8:0 =0720=8O: >9=0 8 <8@ >9=0 1812 3. :C;L<8=0F8>==K9 F5=B@ @><0=0.
A@54AB2>? 8 «"20@L ;8 O 4@>60I0O 8;8 ?@02>
>9=0 A;><0;0 ?@56=85 CA;>28O 687=8,
8<5N. 'B>1K @07@5H8BL 8E, 0A:>;L=8:>2 C18205B
>9=0 -- MB> =5 B>;L:> 2>5==K5 459AB28O
@07@CH8;0, E>BO 1K 2@5<5==>, A>F80;L=K5
AB0@CEC-?@>F5=BI8FC 8, A;CG09=>, 55 C1>3CN
2@064CNI8E 0@<89, => 8 2>8=AB25==0O
?5@53>@>4:8, 2K428=C;0 =0 ?5@2K9 ?;0= 3;02=CN
15@5<5==CN A5AB@C 87025BC.
2@06451=>ABL, 03@5AA82=>ABL ;N459 2>>1I5.
8AB>@8G5A:CN A8;C - =0@>4.
C68= 5B@ 5B@>28G 45;>2>9 G5;>25: 45-B8 ;5B,
«>9=0 87-70 =0A;54AB20 3@0D0 57CE>20.
«A >AB>@>6=>N 8 1@N73;82>N D878>=><859.
==0 0@5=8=0 1873-1877
8@ -MB> 687=L 157 2>9=K.
'>?>@=K9, C3@N<K9 8 2KA>:><5@=K9. K182H8AL
;02=0O 35@>8=O ==0 @:04L52=0 0@5=8=0
1.?>4?8A0==>5 A>3;0H5=85 (70:;NG8BL <8@)
87 =8GB>65AB20, >= 2KA>:> F5=8B A2>9 C< 8
=0BC@0 B>=:0O, A>25AB;820O. ! 3@. @>=A:8< 55
2.:@5ABLO=A:89 AE>4 (:>;;5:B82, A>1>@=>ABL).
A?>A>1=>AB8, ;N1C5BAO A>1>9. >;LH5 2A53> 2
A2O7K205B =0AB>OI55 GC2AB2>. C6 ==K -
3.8 25AL =0@>4 2 F5;>< (=020;8BLAO 2A5< <8@><).
687=8 C68= F5=8B 45=L38, 8=B5@5AC5BAO B>;L:>
2KA>:>?>AB02;5==K9 G8=>2=8: 0@5=8= :065BAO,
4.1@0BAB2> ;N459 =57028A8<> >B =0F8>=0;L=KE 8
8<8. > >= E>G5B ?>:070BLAO A254CI8< 8
1574CH5= 8 G5@AB2, E>BO >= A?>A>15= : 2KA>:8<
:;0AA>2KE @07;8G89.
?@>3@5AA82=K< G5;>25:><. >MB><C C68=, A> A;>2
G5;>25G5A:8< GC2AB20<. ". A>7405B >1AB>OB5;LAB20,
5.A25BA:0O 687=L (AC5B0 <8@A:0O) 2
A2>53> 4@C30 5157OB=8:>20, @073;03>;LAB2C5B >
:070;>AL 1K, >?@024K20NI85 ==C. =0 >B:@KB0,
6.?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL <>=0ABK@A:>9, F5@:>2=>9
@>;8 «=0C:8 8 M:>=><8G5A:>9 ?@024K 2 687=8
G5AB=0, =5 A:@K205B A2>8E >B=>H5=89 A @>=A:8<,
687=8.
G5;>25:0. C68=, ?>@065==K9 :@0A>B>9 8
AB@5<8BAO 4>18BLAO @072>40 C <C60. B5< =5
7.1;8609H55 >:@C65=85 G5;>25:0 (A5<LO).
>1@07>20==>ABLN C=8 0A:>;L=8:>2>9, 45;05B 59
<5=55 ">;AB>9 O2=> >AC6405B ==C. 0A?;0B>9 70
8.8 25AL A25B, 2A5;5==0O.
?@54;>65=85.
AC?@C65A:CN 87<5=C AB0;> A0<>C189AB2>. @8 MB><
@>1;5<0B8:0:
87025B0 <;04H0O, A2>4=0O A5AB@0 AB0@CE8-
A<5@BL 35@>8=8 MB> ?@>O2;5=85 1>65AB25==>3>
1.;02=0O ?@>1;5<0 2K@065=0 2 A0<>< =0720=88 -
?@>F5=BI8FK. «KA>:0O, =5C:;N60O, @>1:0O 8
AC40.
?@>1;5<0 2>9=K 8 <8@0.
A<8@5==0O 452:0, GCBL =5 848>B:0, 35-B8 ;5B,
"@8 AN65B=K5 ;8=88 - B@8 A5<59=K5 8AB>@88
2.5 <5=55 206=0 ?@>1;5<0 AC4L1K =0@>40, B.:.
1K2H0O 2 ?>;=>< @01AB25 C A5AB@K A2>59,
A>548=5=K @><0=5.
=0@>4, ?> "., - >A=>20 =@02AB25==KE 8 <>@0;L=KE
@01>B02H0O =0 =55 45=L 8 =>GL, B@5?5B02H0O ?5@54
1.==0 2K18@05B ;N1>2L, 3C18B A5<LN. 07@K2 7) Nazwij krytyków literackich drugiej połowy XIX
A5<L8 4@0<0B8G5=. ;O 4CH52=> GCB:>3> G5;>25:0 wieku. 5;8=A:89 8 >1@>;N1>2; 8:>;09
>= =587156=> 2;5G5B 70 A>1>9 =@02AB25==>5 02@8;>28G '5@=KH52A:89; <8B@89 20=>28G
2>7<57485. >B ?>G5<C 2 ;N128 : @>=A:><C ==0 8A0@52
8A?KBK205B =0@0AB0NI55 >ICI5=85 ?@5ABC?=>AB8
8) Nazwij znanych dramaturgów drugiej połowy XIX
A2>53> AG0ABLO.
wieku. @0<0BC@38O II ?>;>28=K XIX 2. 1K;0
2.>;;8 - 65=0 1@0B0 ==K - !B82K 1;>=A:>3>,
?@54AB02;5=0 ?L5A0<8 . . !CE>2>->1K;8=a; . .
@048 AG0ABLO 8 1;03>?>;CG8O 45B59 ?@8<8@O5BAO A
AB@>2A:>3>.
87<5=82H8< 59 <C65<. @0<0B8G=0 8 B0:0O
157;N1>2=0O A5<LO, 345 ?@83;CH5=K 8;8 2>>1I5
9) Nazwij pisarzy-narodnikow.
>BACBAB2CNB GC2AB25==K5 A2O78 <564C AC?@C30<8.
>A;54>20B5;8 =0@>4=8G5AB20 >1I5AB25==>-
3.>=AB0=B8= 528= 65=8BAO =0 N=>9 A5AB@5 >;;8
?>;8B8G5A:>3> 42865=8O 2 >AA88 2> 2B>@>9
- 8B8 )5@10F:>9, AB@5<OAL A>740BL 4CE>2=K9 8
?>;>28=5 XIX 2. (1860 1880 33.), >B@0602H53>
G8ABK9 1@0:, 2 :>B>@>< <C6 8 65=0 AB0=>2OBAO
845>;>38N :@5ABLO=A:>9 45<>:@0B88.
548=K< ACI5AB2><, AE>4=> GC2AB2CNI8< 8
4C<0NI8<. > 8 =0 MB>< ?CB8 <0AA0 8A:CH5=89 8
.. '5@=KH52A:>3>, .. 5:@0A>20, !.. !B5?=O:0-
B@C4=>AB59.
@02G8=A:>3>, .!. 5A:>20, .!. "C@35=520, $..
>AB>52A:>3>,
STOPY METRYCZNE
O<1 _ _ ->akcent na druga sylabe
10) Nazwij popularne rosyjskie żurnały drugiej
E>@59 _ _ -> akcent na pierwszÄ…..
połowy XIX wieku.
40:B8; _ _ _ -> akcent na pierwszÄ…
;815@0;L=K9 6C@=0; ..@052A:>3>
0<D81@0E89 _ _ _ -> akcent na środkową
"B5G5AB25==K5 70?8A:8"; " CAA:89 25AB=8:"
0=0?5AB _ _ _ ->akcent na ostatniÄ… ..0B:>20; C@=0; "@5<O", 8740202H89AO
1@0BLO<8 >AB>52A:8<8.
1)Czas akcji ,,Ojców i Dzieci" 20.05.1859
">;>A" , "!>2@5<5==8:", ">2>5 2@5<O" , "820",
"B5G5AB25==K5 70?8A:8", " C AA:0O <KA;L",
2) "5<=>5 F0@AB2> 8:>;0O ;5:A0=4@>28G0
" CAA:0O @5GL", " CAA:89 25AB=8:",
>1@>;N1>20
">A:28BO=8="5;> ,5AB=8: 2@>?K, CAA:>5
!B0BLO ?>A2OI5=0 4@0<5 AB@>2A:>3> «@>70. A;>2>,@5<O 8 -?>E0
=0G0;5 5Q >1@>;N1>2 ?8H5B > B><, GB>
«AB@>2A:89 >1;0405B 3;C1>:8< ?>=8<0=85<
@CAA:>9 687=8. 0;55 >= ?>425@305B 0=0;87C
AB0BL8 >1 AB@>2A:>< 4@C38E :@8B8:>2, ?8H5B >
B><, GB> 2 =8E «>BACBAB2C5B ?@O<>9 273;O4 =0
25I8.
3) 480;5:B8:0 4CH8
- ?>=OB85, :>B>@K< >1>7=0G05BAO 45B0;L=>5
2>A?@>872545=85 2 EC4>65AB25==>< ?@>872545=88
?@>F5AA0 70@>645=8O 8 ?>A;54CNI53>
D>@<8@>20=8O <KA;59, GC2AB2, =0AB@>5=89,
>ICI5=89 G5;>25:0, 8E 2708<>459AB28O, @0728B8O
>4=>3> 87 4@C3>3>, ?>:07 A0<>3> ?A8E8G5A:>3>
?@>F5AA0, 53> 70:>=><5@=>AB59 8 D>@<
(?5@5@0AB0=85 ;N128 2 =5=028ABL 8;8
2>7=8:=>25=85 ;N128 87 A8<?0B88 8 B. ?.).
0?@8<5@, 2 @><0=5 .. ">;AB>3> ">9=0 8 <8@"
4) ;02=0O G5@B0 E0@0:B5@0 0B0HK, >9=0 8 <8@
0B0H5 87=0G0;L=> 70;>65= @CAA:89
=0F8>=0;L=K9 E0@0:B5@. >AB>2K MB> A0<0O
@CAA:0O A5<LO, A @CAA:8<8 B@048F8O<8. /@G5 2A53>
MB> ?@>O2;O5BAO C 0B0H8. AF5=5 ?>A;5 >E>BK
0B0H0 A C4>2>;LAB285< A;CH05B 83@C 8 ?5=85
4O4NH:8, :>B>@K9 ?5; B0:, :0: ?>5B =0@>4 , 0
70B5<, =5>6840==> 4;O 2A5E, >=0 =0G8=05B
B0=F520BL.
5) Jaki chrześcijański obraz jest motywem
przewodnim ,,Zbrodni i Kary"
@8BG0 > 070@5.
Wyszukiwarka
Podobne podstrony:
Historia literatury rosyjskiej cz 1Historia literatury rosyjskiej ChlebnikowHistoria literatury rosyjskiej cz 3Orłowski Jan Kraszewski o Rosji i literaturze rosyjskiej! Średniowiecze bogurodzica jako ciekawy zabytek dla historyka literaturyZagadnienia na egzamin z Historii PolskiGyörgy Lukács Marksizm a historia literatury [1922]12 13 AiU pytania egzaminacyjne historia i teoria architekturywięcej podobnych podstron