92661

2257

Bomb et al. / Energy Policy 35 (2007) 2256-2267

Foedstock

Conversion Process

Fuol

7ramęstertficabon (wńh methenof)

Blodlesel

haOyacdirticnyf

Mon

Plant oil, anlmal fat

• g.

Jtaugrttarttoui*

«•««»

Formerfobon (omymatk)

Sugar <    ---Bloethanol

tg.wgiruw.

tuęerbeM

Starch

• g łwiw. nhecr.

Enzymbc bnakd&Mi

Sugar

Enrymibc breekdcwi or actd hyttrolysls

FermenMon (enzymetic) i    O Bloethanol

Cellulose «g. r«*t. erami

Biomass

ONsrart

iMKUOCiCS

Gasfdcation

Fwmentabon (ecuymabc)

Sugar

Bloethanol

Diftennt processes

Gas

•« CH«. CO.N.H,

Fuels

eg .nwitanol. lyitrmec C<r,nt erd petrol. tyłogon

Fig. I. Feedsiocks. conwrsion proccsscs and fuels from hiomass.

* / / / / f f f f

[■ Scdkse Pfcduc cna B o»<hat>ot Prę.:xtlca|

Fig. 2. Productionof biodiescl and bux*thanol in ihc FU 15. Nole: From 1993 to 2003 data is for production in the FU 15. In 2004data is for production in thc LU25. Sourcr. Biofuels Research Advisory Council (BIOFRAC) (2006).

can bc uscd in purc form or any blcnds in convcntional diesel vchiclcs with only minor cnginc altcrations (International Energy Agency (AEA). 2004). For biocthanol. it is gcncrally accepted that all rcccntly produccd conwntional pet roi vchiclcs arc compatiblc with blcnds up to 10% biocthanol and 90% petrol or EIO (International Energy Agcncy (AEA). 2004).

Flcxi-fucl vchiclcscan usc both biocthanol and petrol. Thcy are often designed for blends of 85% bioethanol or E85. In flcxi-fucl vchiclcs thcrc is a sensor system that dclccts the biocthanol and petrol blending currcntly usod and it automatically adjusts the engine (International Energy Agcncy (AEA). 2004). The ability of consumers to switch between biocthanol and petrol in flcxi-fucl \ehicles allows the diffusion of E85 across a nctwork of scrvicc stations. Furthcrmorc, it is feasiblc for biocthanol and biodicsc! to usc the distribution infrastructure designed for petrol and diesel with no major changes. Biodiesel can use the transport, storage and rctail systems of diesel. Biocthanol faccs a fcw difficulties. To avoid some problems it can be converted to cthyl tcrliary butyl ether (ETBE) and then blcndcd with petrol (Biofucls Research Advisory Council (BIOFRAC), 2006).