1 – 07.10.11

Difficult exam FUCK

od Bartka pierwszy slajd

2nd position – download it

Bauer literature (2007) The Linguistic Student's handbook, Edinburgh University Press

Fromkin Victoria; Rodman, Robert (2002) An Introtuction to Language Thomson/Heinle

Ronald W (1973) Language and its structure some fundamental linguistic concepts. Harcourt, Brace and World

1 nieusprawiedliwiona nieobecność

The function of language

• Informative/communicative – The communication of information

• Expressive – reporting feelings or attitude of the speaker/writer

• Directive – causing (or preventing) an action

• Performative – performing the action it reports

• Phatic – maintaining contact (I understand, I see, yeah)

• Metalingustic – using language to talk about language

The main levels of language

• LEXICON – speaker's mental dictionary

• SYNTAX – the study of the structure of sentences

• MORPHOLOGY – the study of the internal structure of words (how words are built up)

• PHONETICS – the study of the complete characteristics of sounds

• PHONOLOGY – the study of how sounds function in a systematic way in a particular language

• SEMANTICS – the study of the meaning of words

• PRAGMATICS - the study of how context influences the interpretation of utterances

• GRAPHOLOGY – spelling and punctuation

Grammar – is a set of principles or rules govering the form and the meaning of words, phrases, clauses and sentences

Description vs prescription

Description – describing how language is used. Want to tell you how people actually do speak and write

Prescriptive grammar – says how the language should work. Want to tell you how you ought to speak and write

The Saussurean (1857-1933) dichotomies

Langue vs parole

Lange – is that part of language which is not complete in any individual or existst only as the collectitity

Parole – is observable in the behavour of the indivbidual

Competence vs. performance and I-language and E-language

Synchronomy vs. diachrony

synchronomic approach – language studied at a particular point in time. The language as it is (or was) at any particular point in time

Diachronic approach – the study of how language changes in the course of time. Language development or changes over time

Paradigmatic vs Syntagmatic

Syntagmatic relationship – present in linearly/sequentially ordered units (dog – relationship between d & o & g / this dog is my food ← relationship between each part one after another).

Paradigmatic relationship – (in the above example cat can be replaced but cat cannot be placed instead of is) Language structured in term of the words (or other) elements) which are not there but which could be. Paradigmatically related elements can optionally fill the same structural slot.

This cat sat on the mat

This girl sat across your bed

Signifier (signifiant) vs signified (signifie)

Every linguistic sign, every word, has its concept (meaning) and it's a acoustic image(the actual string of sounds)

The relation between the signified and the signifier is arbitrary (accidental). It means that there is no natural link between a sound sequence and the meaning

SING

signifier signified

form concept

Arbitrariness – the absence of any necessary connection between a linguistic form and its meaning

English tree, German baum and French arbre

The phonetic string of segments is shared by different words in English

The decision as to which words shall have which meaning is entirely is matter of convenction. Different languages have different conventions (that's part of the reason they are different languages) and conventions can and do change

Iconicity is a direct correlation between form and meaning

An exeption to thei universality of the Saussurean image of a linguistic sign is the case of onomatopeia defined in Bolinger as a direct imitation of a sound in nature, wheter it represents the sound itself (bang, whoah, cough) or something for which the sound stands (a relationshipof metonomy e.g. cuckoo, blast “party”)

1st chapter What is language

ch. Morphology

chapter: Sentence patterns of language (syntax)

chapter: Semantics

chapter: phonetics

chapter: pholology